...DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER COVER PHOTO CREDIT George Hoffman Joel Hollenbeck Yana Mermel Jennifer Manias Erica Horowitz Lucille Buonocore Sujin Hong Amy Scholz Jesse Cruz Allison Morris Elena Santa Maria Harry Nolan Madelyn Lesure ©lightkey/iStockphoto This book was set in 10/12 Times Roman by Laserwords and printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley-JC. The cover was printed by R. R. Donnelley-JC. Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is...
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...INTRODUCTION Background of the Case Study of the UNITES STATES POSTAL SERVICE The evolution of the United States Postal Service is interlaced with the history of our federal government. Today, the Postal Service is the second largest civilian employer in the United States. It has over 700,000 employees, affects an economy that employs 9 million people and represents 8% of the United States gross domestic product in a $900 billion mailing industry (United States Postal Service [USPS], 2002b). This organization reaches every United States household and its operations are often perceived as an indication of the efficiency of the entire federal government as a whole. After the historic gridlock of the Chicago Post Office in 1966, Postmaster General Lawrence O’Brien sought the political support of President Johnson for systemic change in the organization. President Johnson formed a “blue ribbon” commission of well-known business leaders and academia’s to study the Post Office Department. Their mission was to recommend how to change the Post Office Department and to also describe the best governmental organization model for its function. The President’s Commission on Postal Organization (Commonly called the Kappel Commission after its Chairman) presented the President with a plan in 1968, which lead to congressional testimony, but legislative action did not soon follow. Various factions, including the strong postal unions representing 740,000 votes, opposed the government corporation...
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...Prepared by: Lisa Fell The Effect of the “Right to Work” Law on Unions and Union Workers in the United States Capstone Co-ordinator: Ted Seath Faculty Advisor: Gary Gannon Table of Contents CHAPTER I 1 DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM 1 Background Statement 1 Problem Statement 2 Purpose Statement 3 Limitations of Study 3 Reliability 4 Availability 4 Timeliness 4 Precision Error 4 Researcher Prejudice 5 CHAPTER II 5 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 Selected Review of Literature 5 The Effect of Right-to-Work Laws on Workers and Wages 5 Right-to-Work Laws are Beneficial to Unions and Union Workers 10 Right-to-Work Laws Negatively Affect Unions and Union Workers 16 Free-Riders are the Cause of Union Demise 23 Free-Riders Make Unions More Accountable 26 Results Summary 28 Right-to-Work Laws Weaken Labor Unions 28 Workers Gain Fewer Benefits from Economic Growth under Right-to-Work Laws 28 The Broader Economic Effects of Right-to-Work Laws are Difficult to Separate 29 CHAPTER III 29 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 29 Conclusions 29 Recommendations 30 WORKS CITED 32 CHAPTER I DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM Background Statement The typical factory worker in the late nineteenth century worked ten hours a day, six days a week. Unskilled workers were paid between $1.00 and $1.50 per day. Children were a significant part of the labour force after the Civil War. Workplace accidents were common, and the idea of compensating workers...
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...Pigeonhole: 336 Bachelor Paper I Version: Final Date: 22-July-2011 Word Count: 5,988 Structure: Introduction p.3 1. Actorness - the Construtivist Dimension p.4 2. Capability in EU’s Foreign Policy p.6 2.1 Institutional Settings p.6 2.2 The EU at the UN(SC) p.7 2.3 Institutional Capability p.8 3. Approaching Presence p. 8 3.1 Normative Values Approach p.8 3.2 Normative Values in EU Policy p.9 4. Presence in the Context of UNSC Reform p.10 4.1 The Reform of the UNSC p.10 4.2 EU Member States’ Attitudes p. 11 4.3 Two Positions – One Identity? p.13 Conclusion p.16 Illustrations: Table 1 p.11 Table 2 p.12 Introduction “Intellectually and conceptually, the European Union and the United Nations are built on the same foundations. If this ground becomes shaky, both structures are in danger.” (Fassbender, 2004, p.884) Different scholars have found that Europe only has two decades left – at best – to have an important impact on global political developments (Mayer, 2008, p.64; Schnabel, 2005, p.75). Therefore, European political conduct in the domain of foreign policy finds itself in a decisive time. On the one hand, the Lisbon Treaty has just been adopted about one and a half years ago and was too contested to make further large-scale changes likely in the near future. On the other hand, it appears that...
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...The Hormone Beef Trade between the United States and Europe Jesse Shirley POL-300 Fall 2011 Final Examination Project 12/12/2011 Beef Trade 1 Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………….2 Findings………………………………………………………………………………………....3-4 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………...5 Figure 1……………………………………………………………………………………………6 Figure 2……………………………………………………………………………………………7 Timeline………………………………………………………………………...…………………8 References…………………………………………………………………………………….…...9 Beef Trade 2 The way beef is viewed in the United States is far different than the way beef is viewed in Europe. Europeans are opposed to genetically-modified crops and food containing growth hormones. They commonly refer to this food as “frankenfood”. On the other hand in the United Sates these practices in modifying food is considered routine and risk-free. This has caused a trade disagreement involving beef that has lasted nearly three decades. This trade disagreement has caused trade barriers on products exported from the United States and Europe. Since the 1980s, the European Commission has been blocking meat from U.S. cattle containing growth hormones. Specifically in 1989 the European Commission banned all...
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........................................................................ 10 Minimum-wage effects on skilled and unskilled labor ..................................................... 11 E. Unemployment Insurance and the Length of Job Search .......................... 13 A simple model of job search ........................................................................................ 13 Unemployment benefits and search duration ................................................................. 15 Optimal search duration ............................................................................................. 17 F. Unions and Unemployment .............................................................. 18 An economy-wide labor union ..................................................................................... 18 A two-sector model of unions and unemployment .......................................................... 19 G. Sectoral Shifts and Unemployment...
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...Somoza dynasty, Sandinistas were getting in bed with America’s enemies. A lot of the members of the FSLN went to the Soviet Union to get educated, as well as trained in countries such as Cuba, Czechoslovakia, and North Korea (all considered communist countries). One could safely deduce that in many ways the Sandinistas shared the pro-Soviet, anti-American stance of a number of Third World “liberation movements” of the 1960s and 1970s (Hager, 1993: 114-119). Initially, when the very left Sandinistas overthrew Nicaragua’s dictatorship, the United States under President Carter, let the Sandinistas properly run the country with no U.S interference. In fact, if it weren’t for the Carter administration withdrawing...
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...International and Global Economic Studies, 4(1), June 2011, 1-10 1 NAFTA and the U.S.-Mexican Trucking Dispute Robert J. Carbaugh* Central Washington University ______________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Although the charter of the North American Free Trade Agreement established a schedule that would have opened the border states of the United States to competition from Mexican trucking companies in 1995, and all of the United States to this competition in 2000, the full implementation of these provisions has been delayed due to concerns about the safety of Mexican trucks and drivers. This delay has resulted in much frustration for Mexico, which, in 2009 implemented retaliatory tariffs on products imported from the United States. In March, 2011 the two countries unveiled a deal to resolve this dispute which could help ease tense relations between the two neighbors. This paper discusses the nature and significance of the trucking dispute between Mexico and the United States. Keywords: Transportation, trucking, NAFTA JEL classification: A10, F13, F23 ______________________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction The economic ties between Mexico and the United States are of importance to policymakers because Mexico borders the United States and because of the significant economic links connecting the two countries. It is also of strategic importance for the United States to have a prosperous...
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...Elasticity Analysis : 30 Conclusion 32 References 33 Appendices 35 Introduction Food habits vary in finction of countries and regions. In Morocco, the wheat production have reached 3400 million metric tons in 2012 ("Index mundi," ), which makes Morocco wheat production ranked in the 24th place, excluding EU. All over the world, people consumption of wheat has increased in the majority of countries. Wheat is more and more used in every meal. Due to its importance in the Moroccan alimentation, we decided to to conduct a study related to the imported quantity of common wheat. The objective of this study is to determine the factors influencing the quantity demanded of common wheat in Morocco. In this project, we will make use of statistical tools like regression analysis. Our analysis will be through time for the period 1961-2010. Before to start this study, we expect to find a negative relationship between the quantity demanded and the price of wheat and a positive relationship between the dependent variables and the price of substitute, the GDP per capita and the...
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...UNION SENIORITY SYSTEMS Introduction Seniority systems have played a major role in the everyday aspect of American and International labor relations. And in enacting Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Congress provided a special exemption for seniority systems. Seniority systems popularity the work places makes the interpretation of the seniority exemption very important to both those who support seniority systems, Labor Unions, and those who support the broadest possible application of Title VII, Employers. The concept of seniority systems entails employment preferences based on an employee’s length of employment at a given employer. The basic concept is as the employee’s length of service increases so does their employment benefits and rights. There are two basic types of seniority systems – competitive and benefit seniority. Competitive seniority is used to determine an employee’s priority for job security, promotion, transfer, scheduling, and training opportunities. Benefit seniority involves the employee’s access to fringe benefits entitlements without regard to the status of other employees. Labor unions have been the strongest advocate for seniority systems, seeing three labor-oriented advantages: 1) employee’s have a degree of independence from employers in the areas of laid off and promotions, 2) the union has a guide when it comes to defending jobs for employees, and 3) seniority systems gives a sense of security and predictability for employee’s...
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...LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS AND WAGE INEQUALITY WINFRIED KOENIGER, MARCO LEONARDI, and LUCA NUNZIATA* The authors investigate how labor market institutions such as unemployment insurance, unions, firing regulations, and minimum wages have affected the evolution of wage inequality among male workers. Results of estimations using data on institutions in eleven OECD countries indicate that changes in labor market institutions can account for much of the change in wage inequality between 1973 and 1998. Factors found to have been negatively associated with male wage inequality are union density, the strictness of employment protection law, unemployment benefit duration, unemployment benefit generosity, and the size of the minimum wage. Over the 26-year period, institutional changes were associated with a 23% reduction in male wage inequality in France, where minimum wages increased and employment protection became stricter, but with an increase of up to 11% in the United States and United Kingdom, where unions became less powerful and (in the United States) minimum wages fell. W age inequality is substantially lower in continental European countries than in the United States and United Kingdom, and its evolution over time has differed greatly across countries. The same holds true for the skill (or education) wage premium. Changes in the supply of and demand for skills are unlikely to fully account for these marked differences (Acemoglu 2003). A substantial amount of research on...
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...Wal-Mart Case Study 22 Heather Rourk MBA 6301 October 30, 2012 Wal-Mart is a billion dollar company that has thousands of stores and millions of employees. Naturally issues are going to arise in any organization, but when there is a company as large as Wal-Mart, these issues will be public and become headline news. Wal-Mart has been the center of attention over the past decades regarding the ethical and unethical practices within the organization. Many lawsuits were filed by current and previous employees in regard to the unethical practices of Wal-Mart. Some of these unethical practices are making employees work-off-the-clock, sexual discrimination, health benefits, and the use of illegal aliens for employment, unions, and child labor laws. In the following paragraphs, this case study will be broken down into further explore these unethical issues with Wal-Mart and how Wal-Mart decided to handle each of these issues The major issue regarding Wal-Mart recently is the “off-the-clock work” that management enforces inside their stores. According to Stanwick and Stanwick (2009), between 2000 and 2001, 11 states had pending lawsuits against Wal-Mart for “refusing to pay overtime for workers and failing to compensate workers when they worked during their scheduled breaks.” The company settled many of these lawsuits, but the practices still continued throughout the years. One employee stated in his or her complaint against Wal-Mart...
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...precious words “I do!” In America there is a growing population that is not granted the right to walk down the aisle or have their relationship legally recognized. Regardless of sexual orientation, everyone is entitled to the same rights. Yet in most states, the estimated 3.1 million same-sex couples in this country (Bernstein, 247) cannot legally marry. The controversial topic of legalizing same-sex marriages is not a matter of heterosexual versus homosexual; it’s a matter of the laws of our nation not providing equality. As a straight Christian female, I object to homosexuality but I don’t pass my judgment on to others. More importantly, as a citizen, I know, religious beliefs Christian or any other have no weight in arguments regarding the laws of this democracy. I am outraged by this injustice in America and it’s seems to me that same sex marriages should by all means be legal. This is considered bureaucratic power. Bureaucratic power is a system of government in which most of the decisions are by state rather than elected officials. There are so many reasons why gay (or lesbian) marriages should be legal in the United States. First, look at the document on which this country was founded on, the Declaration of Independence, which states “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, which among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” It’s clear to see, this document’s...
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...politicians, who call themselves progressive, continue to beat the drum of creating a living wage? The reason; to get more votes. A wage floor is strictly a political issue disguised as a social problem needed to help the poor. Raising the minimum wage has taken on a fever pitch in Congress this year, regardless of the fact that there is not a widely accepted empirical economic study suggesting it is the correct policy to assist the working poor. This paper consists of research conducted by the author from both the government activist and laissez-faire positions. In addition to the list of works cited at the end of this paper, several public policy institute web site were reviewed for pertinent material. These sites include: the Heritage Foundation, American Federal of Labor-Congress of Industrial Union (AFL-CIO), Employment Policies Institute and the Economic Policy Institute. Before the passage of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938, several attempts were made at the state level to institute a minimum wage floor. In the early 1900’s, women were not allowed to join labor unions nor did they have the right to vote. Early...
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...The Effects of Labor Unions Article Summary The article I have chosen for the case study is titled “California’s Oranges are Rotting on the Docks”. This article focuses on the efforts of the International Longshore Workers Union to reach an agreement with the Pacific Maritime Association. Negotiations between the two organizations have been proceeding for several months now, since July 2014. The two groups are attempting to iron out details for about 13,500 port workers to increase salaries, improve healthcare, and pension plans. These 13,500 workers span across the pacific coast, covering about 29 ports which serve as primary shipping ports between the United States and Asia. 70% of the United States’ imports and exports with Asia are serviced using the affected ports. The article notes that since negotiations begin, workers have gone on strike, cutting down the amount of hours worked each week. This cut back in labor has caused delays at the ports reducing the amount of goods being imported and exported. Produce has been rotting in shipping containers, meat is being held in freezers, and auto makers are not receiving needed parts. This strike has trickled down, affecting a number of different industries, which have all had to reduce production. Some firms have begun to seek alternative shipping methods, but none are as cost effective as using the Maersk ships carrying 18,000 shipping containers. (www.cnn.money.com) This article focused on a number of concepts...
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