...). The business might make more technical products and need better employees to build what they need. Or maybe the employees are older and they don’t have the skill to make modern products in their job. And maybe changes in the law regarding workers skill requirements. 6). A job description is a script that has a job and shows what skills you have to have for that job and a person specification is a script that shows the persons skills and education in order to get the right job for his or hers skills. 9). The costs of training is weighed against it because training is expensive and a well trained employee deserves higher pay and does bring the company some big expenses but untrained employees are less productive and they also cost the business money too because they have to pay them and if they are untrained they can mess something up in the company and cost a lot of money. 10). Staff development is very important. Having a fully developed staff motivates other employees to be better than the developed ones. It will also benefit from a substantial input from other business managers. This will also motivate them because if there is a business goal no employee will want to let his or hers company down so they work harder so they don’t look like an idiot. 13). Dismissal is being dismissed from a job due to incompetence or breach of discipline and redundancy is when a job is no longer required for the business so the business lets the employee go due to no job for the employee. Revision...
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...curve and the budget line; (ii) a kink in an indifference curve; (iii) a “corner” where the consumer specializes in consuming just one good. Here is how you find a point of tangency if we are told the consumer’s utility function, the prices of both goods, and the consumer’s income. The budget line and an indifference curve are tangent at a point (x1 , x2 ) if they have the same slope at that point. Now the slope of an indifference curve at (x1 , x2 ) is the ratio −M U1 (x1 , x2 )/M U2 (x1 , x2 ). (This slope is also known as the marginal rate of substitution.) The slope of the budget line is −p1 /p2 . Therefore an indifference curve is tangent to the budget line at the point (x1 , x2 ) when M U1 (x1 , x2 )/M U2 (x1 , x2 ) = p1 /p2 . This gives us one equation in the two unknowns, x1 and x2 . If we hope to solve for the x’s, we need another equation. That other equation is the budget equation p1 x1 + p2 x2 = m. With these two equations you can solve for (x1 , x2 ).∗ Example: A consumer has the utility...
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...Chapter 6: CPU Scheduling • • • Basic Concepts Scheduling Criteria Scheduling Algorithms Operating System Concepts 6.1 Basic Concepts • Maximum CPU utilization obtained with multiprogramming. • CPU–I/O Burst Cycle – Process execution consists of a cycle of CPU execution and I/O wait. – Example: Alternating Sequence of CPU And I/O Bursts – In an I/O – bound program would have many very short CPU bursts. – In a CPU – bound program would have a few very long CPU bursts. Operating System Concepts 6.2 1 CPU Scheduler • The CPU scheduler (short-term scheduler) selects from among the processes in memory that are ready to execute, and allocates the CPU to one of them. • A ready queue may be implemented as a FIFO queue, priority queue, a tree, or an unordered linked list. • CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a process: 1. Switches from running to waiting state (ex., I/O request). 2. Switches from running to ready state (ex., Interrupts occur). 3. Switches from waiting to ready state (ex., Completion of I/O). 4. Terminates. • Scheduling under 1 and 4 is nonpreemptive; otherwise is called preemptive. • Under nonpreemptive scheduling, once the CPU has been allocated to a process, the process keeps the CPU until it releases the CPU either by terminating or by switching to the waiting state. Operating System Concepts 6.3 Dispatcher • Dispatcher module gives control of the CPU to the process selected by the short-term scheduler;...
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...computer It estimates that it will take competitors at least two yeas to produce equivalent products. The demand function for the computer has been estimated to be P = 2,500 - .0005Q The marginal (and average variable) cost of producing the computer is $900. a. Compute the profit-maximizing price and output levels assuming Pear acts as a monopolist for its product. Answer: The monopolist would equate marginal revenue (MR) with marginal cost (MC) Total revenue (TR) = P*Q = 2500Q-Q^2 MR = dTR/dQ = 2500-2Q We have MC = 900 So MR= MC implies 2500-2Q= 900, implies monopoly output Q* = 800 (in units of 100) And monopoly price P = 2500-0.0005*800 = 2499.6 b. Determine the total contribution to profits and fixed costs from the solution generated in part (a). Answer: Total profit = P*Q-MC*Q = 800*2499.6 900*800 = $ 1279680 (in units of 100) Pear Computer is considering an alternative pricing strategy of sliding down the demand curve. It plans to set the following schedule of prices over the coming two ------------------------------------------------- years. Branding Iron Products, a specialty steel fabricator, operates a plant in the town of West Star, Texas. The town has grown rapidly because of recent discoveries of oil and gas in the area town. Many of the new residents have expressed concerns at the amount of pollution (primarily particulate matter in the air and waste water in the town's rivers) emitted by Branding Iron. Three proposals...
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...CPU SCHEDULINGCPU scheduling in UNIX is designed to benefit interactive processes. Processes are given small CPU time slices by a priority algorithm that reduces to round-robin scheduling for CPU-bound jobs.The scheduler on UNIX system belongs to the general class of operating system schedulers known as round robin with multilevel feedback which means that the kernel allocates the CPU time to a process for small time slice, preempts a process that exceeds its time slice and feed it back into one of several priority queues. A process may need much iteration through the "feedback loop" before it finishes. When kernel does a context switch and restores the context of a process. The process resumes execution from the point where it had been suspended.Each process table entry contains a priority field. There is a process table for each process which contains a priority field for process scheduling. The priority of a process is lower if they have recently used the CPU and vice versa.The more CPU time a process accumulates, the lower (more positive) its priority becomes, and vice versa, so there is negative feedback in CPU scheduling and it is difficult for a single process to take all the CPU time. Process aging is employed to prevent starvation.Older UNIX systems used a 1-second quantum for the round- robin scheduling. 4.33SD reschedules processes every 0.1 second and recomputed priorities every second. The round-robin scheduling is accomplished by the -time-out mechanism, which tells...
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...Market I. Economic model: A simplified representation of reality A. An example – Rental apartment market in Shinchon: Object of our analysis – Price of apt. in Shinchon: Endogenous variable – Price of apt. in other areas: Exogenous variable – Simplification: All (nearby) Apts are identical B. We ask – How the quantity and price are determined in a given allocation mechanism – How to compare the allocations resulting from different allocation mechanisms II. Two principles of economics – Optimization principle: Each economic agent maximizes its objective (e.g. utility, profit, etc.) – Equilibrium principle: Economic agents’ actions must be consistent with each other III. Competitive market A. Demand – Tow consumers with a single-unit demand whose WTP’s are equal to r1 and r2 (r1 < r2 ) p r2 r1 1 2 – Many people 4 Q p p Q Q ∞ consumers 4 consumers B. Supply – Many competitive suppliers ¯ – Fixed at Q in the short-run C. Equilibrium – Demand must equal supply p p∗ p ¯ Q Q Q ¯ → Eq. price (p∗ ) and eq. quantity (Q) D. Comparative statics: Concerns how endogenous variables change as exogenous...
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...|Assignment brief – QCF BTEC | |Assignment front sheet | |Qualification |Unit number and title | |BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma In Business |Unit 16: Human Resource Management in Business | |Learner name | Assessor name | | | C Graham, F Mooney, J Robinson, E Smith | |Date issued | Hand in deadline |Submitted on | |1 W/E 26/01/2015 |W/E 27/02/15 | | |2 W/E 26/01/2015 |W/E 27/03/15 | | |3 W/E 26/01/2015 |W/E 17/04/15 | | |4 W/E 26/01/2015 |W/E 15/05/15...
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...Problem Al Kobaisi Group is a ready mix company which has three plants in various locations among Kingdom of Bahrain. They signed a contract with Al-Moayed contracting to supply them with concrete mix for three different projects located at three different areas. The following tables show the amount of concrete mix each plant can provide and required quantities for each project: Al Kobaisi Group Plants | Supply | P1 | 200 m3/day | P2 | 450 m3/day | P3 | 325 m3/day | Project Name | Demand | M1 | 100 m3/day | M2 | 375 m3/day | M3 | 500 m3/day | Al Kobaisi Group will rent the trucks from a transportation company to transfer the concrete mix from the plants to the sites. Sales manager of Al Kobaisi Group wants to know the optimum way of assignment of trucks in which the cost will be minimum. Use the below table in order to help the manager in taking the decision using one of the L.P models. P/M | M1 | M2 | M3 | Supply | P1 | 20 | 5 | 13 | 200 | P2 | 9 | 18 | 7 | 450 | P3 | 11 | 16 | 23 | 325 | Demand | 100 | 375 | 500 | | In order to solve the above mentioned problem we are going to use transportation model. However, before starting the solution a brief description of the model will be illustrated as follow: Transportation Problem Many practical problems in operations research can be broadly formulated as linear programming problems, for which the simplex this is a general method and cannot be...
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...volume, V= cf/ (p- cv) V= 55000/ (21- 8) V= 4230.77 recap tires, 2. monthly break even volume V= cf/ (p- cv) We have Cf= 30000, cv= 0.16, p= 0.40 V= 30000/ (0.4- 0.16) V= 125000 units 3. If the new price is p= 0.60, Then the break even volume will decrease. We don’t need to sell as much units as before to break even. Proof: V= 30000/ (0.6- 0.16) V= 68181.81 units 4. If we increase advertising, that means CF increases, then the Break even volume will increase, because the cost of the production increased. Proof; V= 30000+ 14000/ (0.6- 0.16) V= 100000 units 5.we have Cf= 5600, cv= 0.35, p= ?; v= 2000 (note: Cf= 2500+3100; Cf= $5600) a.What price should be charged to break even? Break even means Profit = 0, then TR=TC Meaning V*P= cf+ V*cv, then P= (cf+ V*cv)/ V P= (5600+ 2000*0.35)/ 2000 P= $3.15 b. If during the season, there are less guest than expected, to break even, she needs to increase the prices. 6. we have Cf= 360000, cv= 12000, p= 17000; a. determine V , V= cf/ (p- cv) , V= 360000/ (17000- 12000) V= 72 units. b. if we have V= 75, Profit = ? , Profit= V*P- ( cf+ V*cv), Profit= 75*17000- ( 360000+ 75*12000) Profit = 1275000-1260000 Profit = $ 15000 c. If the tuition increase, to p= 22000; the volume become v= 35, should the college consider doing this? let's check the...
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...Price Elasticity of Demand A. Definition Price Elasticity of Demand is a measure of how much the quantity demanded of good responds to a change in the price of that good. B. Formula [pic] this value is normally negative. Notes: • Since the demand curve is downward sloping the above fraction will have a negative value. To change the negative value into a positive value the absolute value is taken. • Elasticity is different from slope. Slope is measured by ∆QD/∆P C. Five Classifications 1. Perfectly inelastic demand does not change [pic] % change in QD = 0 2. Inelastic demand little change [pic] % change in QD < % change in P 3. Unit elastic demand [pic] % change in QD = % change in P The only way it can be equal to one is if its curve linear. 4. Elastic demand [pic] % change in QD > % change in P 5. Perfectly elastic demand [pic] % change in P = 0 III. Income Elasticity of Demand A. Definition Income Elasticity of Demand is a measure of how much the quantity demanded of good responds to a change in the income of consumers....
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...HYDRAULICS LAB #1 The objective of this lab is to test the fluid flow provided by the power unit at various discharge pressures, and create a power unit characteristic curve. 1. Build on the trainer the hydraulic circuit shown in the figure below, using the components listed here. hydraulic power unit (2) pressure gauges flow control valve (FCV) – simulated load flow-meter Page 1 of 2 2. Initial setup: a. Fully close (CW) the FCV, and fully open (CCW) the pressure relief valve on the power unit. b. Start the power unit, and slowly adjust the pressure relief valve until pressure gauge P1 reaches 50 bar. Let the unit run for a few minutes then check and adjust P1 if necessary. c. Do not touch the pressure relief valve for the remainder of the lab. d. Fully open the FCV. 3. Test: a. Record the pressures P1, P2 and the flow rate under the “Min.” column in the table below. b. Slowly turn the FCV CW, adding a simulated load to the system. When the pressure at P1 increases to 15 bar, stop and record pressure P2 and the flow rate. c. Repeat for all columns listed in the table. The final column, listed as “Max Pres.” should be run with the FCV fully closed. Note the sound of the power unit during this test. You should detect changes in tone as the load (pressure) is increased. P1 Pressure (bar) P2 (bar) Flow Rate (lpm) Min * 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 46 47 48 49 Max. Pres. * minimum pressure attained, with flow control fully open HYDRAULICS LAB #1 Page 2 of 2 Lab Report: ...
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...Chapter 5: CPU Scheduling Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Chapter 5: CPU Scheduling Basic Concepts Scheduling Criteria Scheduling Algorithms Thread Scheduling Multiple-Processor Scheduling Operating Systems Examples Algorithm Evaluation Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 5.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Objectives To introduce CPU scheduling, which is the basis for multiprogrammed operating systems To describe various CPU-scheduling algorithms To discuss evaluation criteria for selecting a CPU-scheduling algorithm for a particular system Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 5.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Basic Concepts Maximum CPU utilization obtained with multiprogramming CPU–I/O Burst Cycle – Process execution consists of a cycle of CPU execution and I/O wait CPU burst distribution Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 5.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Alternating Sequence of CPU and I/O Bursts Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 5.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Histogram of CPU-burst Times Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 5.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 CPU Scheduler Selects from among the processes in ready queue, and allocates the CPU to one of them Queue may be ordered in various ways Switches from running to waiting state Switches from running...
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...dynamically balance the load among servers and improve utilization of resources. There are still some areas that are needed to be focused on in cloud computing. Resource Management Task Scheduling The task scheduling goals of Cloud computing is provide optimal tasks scheduling for users, and provide the entire cloud system throughput and QoS at the same time. Scheduling is the process of allocating tasks to available resources on the basis of tasks need [5].The main purpose for scheduling is to maximize the utilization of resources. Following are the needs of job scheduling in cloud computing: CPU utilization – keep the CPU as busy as possible (from 0% to 100%) Throughput – # of processes that complete their execution per time unit Turnaround time – amount of time to execute a particular Process Waiting time – amount of time a process has been waiting in the ready queue...
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...Notes CIMA Paper P2 Management Performance For exams in 2013 theexpgroup.com CIMA P2 Performance Management ExPress Notes Contents About ExPress Notes 1. 2. 3. 4. Pricing and Product Decisions Cost planning and analysis Budgeting and Management Control Control/Performance Measurement of Responsibility Centres 3 7 22 31 37 Page | 2 © 2013 The ExP Group. Individuals may reproduce this material if it is for their own private study use only. Reproduction by any means for any other purpose is prohibited. These course materials are for educational purposes only and so are necessarily simplified and summarised. Always obtain expert advice on any specific issue. Refer to our full terms and conditions of use. No liability for damage arising from use of these notes will be accepted by the ExP Group. theexpgroup.com CIMA P2 Performance Management ExPress Notes START About ExPress Notes We are very pleased that you have downloaded a copy of our ExPress notes for this paper. We expect that you are keen to get on with the job in hand, so we will keep the introduction brief. First, we would like to draw your attention to the terms and conditions of usage. It’s a condition of printing these notes that you agree to the terms and conditions of usage. These are available to view at www.theexpgroup.com. Essentially, we want to help people get through their exams. If you are a student for the CIMA exams and you are using these notes for yourself only, you...
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...Demand and Supply: The Basics 21 FUNDAMENTALS OF ECONOMICS FOR BUSINESS - (Second Edition) © World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. http://www.worldscibooks.com/economics/6794.html Chapter 2 Introduction The most basic, and in many ways the most lasting, lesson to be learnt from “Economics 101” relates to the fundamental concepts of demand and supply and their interaction. These are usually presented in a simple graphical format involving demand and supply “curves”. The word is in quotes because in this chapter, for simplicity, we will actually assume only straightline relationships between price and quantities demanded and supplied. The main issue that is important in reality is the direction of the relationship between prices and quantities. Will a reduction in price lead to an increase in the quantity demanded of any particular product or service? Will an increase in price lead to an increase in supply? And so on. The principal technical tools for analyzing demand and supply conditions in particular markets, then, are the demand and supply schedules or curves. The demand curve shows an estimate or conjecture about the relationship between the price of any particular product or service and the quantity of that product that will be demanded by consumers. It is usually assumed to slope downward, in the general case, for most products and services. In other words, the lower the price of the item, the greater the quantity of it that will be demanded. Technically, this...
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