...European Journal of Operational Research 224 (2013) 507–519 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect European Journal of Operational Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ejor Production, Manufacturing and Logistics Pricing decisions for complementary products with firms’ different market powers Jie Wei a,⇑, Jing Zhao b, Yongjian Li c a General Courses Department, Military Transportation University, Tianjin 300161, PR China School of Science, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300160, PR China c Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China b a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 25 July 2011 Accepted 5 September 2012 Available online 11 September 2012 Keywords: Pricing Complementary products Market power Stackelberg game a b s t r a c t This article reports the results of a study that explores the pricing problems with regard to two complementary products in a supply chain with two manufacturers and one common retailer. The authors establish five pricing models under decentralized decision cases, including the MS-Bertrand, MS-Stackelberg, RS-Bertrand, RS-Stackelberg, and NG models, with consideration of different market power structures among channel members. By applying a game-theoretical approach, corresponding analytic solutions are obtained. Then, by comparing the maximum profits and optimal pricing decisions obtained in different decision cases, interesting and valuable managerial...
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...research papers Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography ISSN 0907-4449 Protein imperfections: separating intrinsic from extrinsic variation of torsion angles Glenn L. Butterfoss,a Jane S. Richardsonb and Jan Hermansa* a Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7260, USA, and bDepartment of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina 27710-3711, USA Correspondence e-mail: hermans@med.unc.edu In this paper, the variation of the values of dihedral angles in proteins is divided into two categories by analyzing distributions in a database of structures determined at a resolution of Ê 1.8 A or better [Lovell et al. (2003), Proteins Struct. Funct. Genet. 50, 437±450]. The ®rst analysis uses the torsion angle for the CÐC bond (11) of all Gln, Glu, Arg and Lys residues (`unbranched set'). Plateaued values at low B values imply a root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of just 9 for 11 related to intrinsic structural differences between proteins. Extrapolation to high resolution gives a value of 11 , while over the entire database the RMSD is 13.4 . The assumption that the deviations arise from independent intrinsic and extrinsic sources gives $10 as the RMSD for 11 of these unbranched side chains arising from all disorder and error over the entire set. It is also found that the decrease in 11 deviation that is correlated with higher resolution structures...
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...4.1 Framework Control Objectives Management Guidelines Maturity Models COBIT 4.1 The IT Governance Institute® The IT Governance Institute (ITGITM) (www.itgi.org) was established in 1998 to advance international thinking and standards in directing and controlling an enterprise’s information technology. Effective IT governance helps ensure that IT supports business goals, optimises business investment in IT, and appropriately manages IT-related risks and opportunities. ITGI offers original research, electronic resources and case studies to assist enterprise leaders and boards of directors in their IT governance responsibilities. Disclaimer ITGI (the “Owner”) has designed and created this publication, titled COBIT® 4.1 (the “Work”), primarily as an educational resource for chief information officers (CIOs), senior management, IT management and control professionals. The Owner makes no claim that use of any of the Work will assure a successful outcome. The Work should not be considered inclusive of any proper information, procedures and tests or exclusive of other information, procedures and tests that are reasonably directed to obtaining the same results. In determining the propriety of any specific information, procedure or test, CIOs, senior management, IT management and control professionals should apply their own professional judgement to the specific circumstances presented by the particular systems or IT environment. Disclosure Copyright © 2007 by the IT Governance...
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...4.1 Framework Control Objectives Management Guidelines Maturity Models COBIT 4.1 The IT Governance Institute® The IT Governance Institute (ITGITM) (www.itgi.org) was established in 1998 to advance international thinking and standards in directing and controlling an enterprise’s information technology. Effective IT governance helps ensure that IT supports business goals, optimises business investment in IT, and appropriately manages IT-related risks and opportunities. ITGI offers original research, electronic resources and case studies to assist enterprise leaders and boards of directors in their IT governance responsibilities. Disclaimer ITGI (the “Owner”) has designed and created this publication, titled COBIT® 4.1 (the “Work”), primarily as an educational resource for chief information officers (CIOs), senior management, IT management and control professionals. The Owner makes no claim that use of any of the Work will assure a successful outcome. The Work should not be considered inclusive of any proper information, procedures and tests or exclusive of other information, procedures and tests that are reasonably directed to obtaining the same results. In determining the propriety of any specific information, procedure or test, CIOs, senior management, IT management and control professionals should apply their own professional judgement to the specific circumstances presented by the particular systems or IT environment. Disclosure Copyright © 2007 by...
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...4.1 Excerpt Executive Summary Framework COBIT 4.1 The IT Governance Institute® The IT Governance Institute (ITGITM) (www.itgi.org) was established in 1998 to advance international thinking and standards in directing and controlling an enterprise’s information technology. Effective IT governance helps ensure that IT supports business goals, optimises business investment in IT, and appropriately manages IT-related risks and opportunities. ITGI offers original research, electronic resources and case studies to assist enterprise leaders and boards of directors in their IT governance responsibilities. Disclaimer ITGI (the “Owner”) has designed and created this publication, titled COBIT® 4.1 (the “Work”), primarily as an educational resource for chief information officers (CIOs), senior management, IT management and control professionals. The Owner makes no claim that use of any of the Work will assure a successful outcome. The Work should not be considered inclusive of any proper information, procedures and tests or exclusive of other information, procedures and tests that are reasonably directed to obtaining the same results. In determining the propriety of any specific information, procedure or test, CIOs, senior management, IT management and control professionals should apply their own professional judgement to the specific circumstances presented by the particular systems or IT environment. Disclosure © 1996-2007 IT Governance Institute. All rights reserved. No part of...
Words: 14485 - Pages: 58