...Fall 2010 Abstract The consumption of bottle water has been growing over the past decade. There has been many studies and research done on the two. The research proves if you have safe drinking water in your municipal you should drink the tap water. There are benefits of drinking municipal water because studies found bottle water and municipal water the same in safety. Do You Know What Evian is Spelled Backwards? Naive Water is an essential part to human life. We as humans need around eight to twelve cups per day to make up for the fact that throughout normal functions such as breathing and sweating we lose an average of ten cups per day. To make sure that we are healthy and everything runs properly, we must make sure we drink the right amount of water (Diet and Health). The one question when thinking about water is what type of water will you drink? Many people in the world today are switching from drinking tap water to drinking bottled water. The number of people who drink bottled water has been rising over the past few decades and by an average of 7% per year. Some reasons for this could be because bottled water is convenient and is said to taste better and be healthier for you than tap water. However this is not always the case. The water that you just paid for could have possibly come out of the municipal water supply. The global consumption of bottled water was 154 billion liters in 2004, up 57 percent from the 98 billion liters consumed...
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...THE RENATIONALIZATION OF YPF UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW; A CASE STUDY Nina van Limburg Stirum Brouwersgracht 48-1, 1013GX Amsterdam 0621500446 Ninavls@hotmail.com 10127305 Bachelor essay supervisor: Jim Mathis Contents THE RENATIONALIZATION OF YPF UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW; A CASE STUDY Introduction 3 Chapter 1: Expropriation and Nationalization in general 3 Chapter 2: Nationalization under international law 5 1: Public Purpose 6 2: Discrimination 7 3: Due Process 8 4: Compensation 9 Investment Treaties 9 Chapter 3: YPF; Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales 13 Short history 13 April 2012 14 Chapter 4: Nationalization of YPF under international law 15 Access to the ICSID 17 Application of the law 18 Ad. 1: Public interest 18 Ad. 2: Discriminatory measures 19 Ad. 3:In accordance with the law (Due process) 20 Ad. 4: Adequate compensation 20 Conclusion 23 Bibliography 24 Introduction On the 16th April 2012 Argentine president Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner stated that her government was going to renationalize 51 per cent of the 58 per cent share of Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF) owned by Repsol. YPF is the biggest Argentine oil company, since 1999 partly owned by the Spanish multinational Repsol. After months of negotiations the Argentine government accused Repsol of not investing sufficiently in YPF to maintain or recover reserves. Due to Repsol’s alleged neglect towards YPF the country...
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...How Does Leaders Communication Style in Multinational Organization Impact Upon the Achieving of Goals Table of Contents Introduction 3 Universal Leadership in Multinational Companies 4 Interpersonal Acumen and Leadership Communication in MNCs 4 Various Dimensions of Societal Culture and Effective Leadership 5 Cross-Cultural Dimensions of Leadership Communication in Achieving Goals 9 Recognition of Cross-Cultural Leadership for Attaining Goals 9 Conclusion 10 References 12 Introduction Business scenario at present is changing. This change in business environment has been dealt from different aspects in the form of emerging markets, globalization, exponential rate of change, different competitors, new technologies and many such. In short, it is to be identified that all these aspects lead to development of the concept called multiculturalism. Multiculturalism surely affects multinational companies and ultimately people and business worldwide. Due to changing business environment considerable changes in leadership communication styles have also taken place to cope up with the dynamic market trends. There had been a significant change in management and control focus to that of alignment focus. Also, significant change has occurred in the communication styles as different modes of communication and system of close interaction between the management and the rest of the organization are being introduced. As an inevitable consequence, the culture in multinational...
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...What’s the Buzz on Smart Grids? CASE STUDY What’s the Buzz on Smart Grids? CASE STUDY T T he existing electricity infrastructure in the United States is outdated and inefficient. Energy companies provide power to consumers, but the grid provides no information about how the consumers are using that energy, making it difficult to develop more efficient approaches to distribution. Also, the current electric- ity grid offers few ways to handle power provided by alternative energy sources, which are critical compo- nents of most efforts to go “green.” Enter the smart grid. A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using digital technology to save energy, reduce costs, and increase reliability and trans- parency. The smart grid enables information to flow back and forth between electric power providers and individual households to allow both consumers and energy companies to make more intelligent decisions regarding energy consumption and production. Information from smart grids would show utilities when to raise prices when demand is high and lower them when demand lessens. Smart grids would also help consumers program high-use electrical appliances like heating and air condition- ing systems to reduce consumption during times of peak usage. If implemented nationwide, proponents believe, smart grids would lead to a 5 to 15 percent decrease in energy consumption. Electricity grids are sized to meet the maximum electricity need, so a drop in peak demand...
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...Chapter 7 Cultural Diversity in Cross-Border Alliances Susan E . Jackson Randall S . Schuler Introduction Increasingly, firms are using cross-border alliances to strengthen and maintain their position in the market place . Although often seen as a relatively fast and efficient way to expand into new markets and incorporate new technologies, the success of cross-border alliances is by no means assured . To the contrary, such alliances often fall short of their stated goals and objectives . While some failures can be explained by financial and market factors, the failure of others can be traced to neglected human resource issues and activities associated with managing the cultural diversity present in these organizations . This chapter describes the special challenges that cultural diversity creates for effectively managing human resources within cross-border alliances . Drawing upon the extensive literature regarding the management of domestic alliances and domestic diversity, we offer suggestions for how human resource management practices might be used to improve the success of cross-border alliances . Regardless of industry, it appears that it has become all but impossible in our global environment for firms to successfully compete without growing and expanding through deals that result in cross-border alliances (CBAs) (Lucenko, 2000) . In some industries, e .g., insurance, cross-border alliances provide a means for moving into new markets . In other...
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...MANAGERIAL LEADERSHIP AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCES OF EASTERN EUROPEAN ECONOMIES Darryl J, Mitry and Thomas Bradley National University School of Business and Technology http://marketing.byu.edu/htmlpages/ccrs/proceedings99/mitrybradley.htm Key Factors: ~ Global Business, Colliding cultures & Changing Economies ~With the accession of the 21st Century, the developing globalization of business and other expanding pluralistic organizations we need to reconsider the topic of managerial leadership within a much larger perspective than has been the usual practice. Therefore, we offer some observations from empirical research and suggest theoretical directions. We review the subject as it relates to the challenges of transnational business and more specifically with reference to business operations in the emerging and transforming economies of Eastern Europe such as the newly independent regions of the former Soviet Union (FSU). The observed “globalization” of business is the precursor to the growing interdependency of peoples around the world; the development of a “Global Community.” This appears to be an inescapable and major event that is contributing to the dissolution of boundaries between customary disciplines of knowledge, information, technology, countries and peoples around the world. Associated with this phenomenon is an intensifying need to provide a strategic global approach in management education.(Mitry & Thomas, 2000) ~ In the new era of...
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...Dana Coleman, Research Assistant, and Sarah Benatar, Graduate Research Assistant at the Institute on Crime, Justice, and Corrections at George Washington University provided substantial assistance in the preparation of this document. Introduction Capital punishment is among the most hotly debated issues in American politics. Passions run high for both those who want the death penalty abolished and those who seek to preserve or expand its use. What follows is a summary of key issues in the death penalty debate, research findings on the application of capital punishment, and a discussion of policy considerations. The American Society of Criminology (ASC) is greatly concerned with the death penalty and its application in the United States. This year, ASC President Ronald Huff and the ASC Executive Board authorized the ASC’s National Policy Committee (NPC) to develop a policy paper that would focus on the death penalty issue. The ASC Board has emphasized that the NPC paper would not speak for the Society but to its membership. The recommendations contained in this report reflect a concern that the Society needs to set a research agenda that is independent of the federal government and perhaps independent of conventional wisdom. The NPC hopes that this paper will stimulate a healthy and...
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...Unethical Marketing of Prescription Drugs: Misleading Direct-To-Consumer Advertising and Disease Mongering. October 3, 2011 Unethical Marketing of Prescription Drugs Introduction The purpose of this ethical paper is to investigate the marketing tactics being used by pharmaceutical companies and discuss the ethical issues involved. The primary source of information discussed in this paper was gathered from analysis of business and scholar journals, case studies, and current news articles. The main focus of my research was placed on the unethical practices of pharmaceutical companies and the current marketing regulations in the United States. The unethical practices primarily covered in this paper include disease/fear mongering, and the misuse of direct-to-consumer & physician-directed marketing to increase the profits of pharmaceutical firms. But before we get into the unethical practices taking place in today’s pharmaceutical industry, let’s take a look at the idea of ethics. So, what exactly is ethics? Merriam-Webster defines ethics as “the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation,” and “a theory or system of moral values” (Merriam-Webster, 2011). As you can see, this is a complex but vague definition to say the least. In today’s world of international business where firms operate across cultural boundaries and face stiff competition in the fight for profits, it’s even more difficult to clearly define the meaning of...
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...head: CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT AND HUMAN SERVICE DELIVERY Contingency Management and Human Service Delivery Table of Contents Introduction …………………………………………………… ..Page 3 What is Contingency Management? …………………………….Page 3 Traditional delivery of Treatment …………………………….....Page 4 What is the role of the Human service Worker?…………………Page 5 What Does Outcome Studies Report? …………………………..Page 7 Conclusion ………………………………………………………Page 11 References ………………………………………………………Page 13 Abstract Contingency management in medicine is a treatment plan that gives immediate rewards for desired changes in behavior. It is based on the principle that if a good behavior is rewarded, it is more likely to be repeated. This is often used in the treatment of drug and alcohol abuse, and is being studied as a smoking cessation method. Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit substance in the United States, with approximately 5.5 million regular weekly users and high prevalence among young adults. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in marijuana use as well as in rates of marijuana use disorders among adults in the 18- to 29-year old age range, most markedly among members of ethnic groups. This paper will define contingency management and how it is implemented by a competent and trained human service worker. By using contingency management the effective...
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...Coventry university Business school Human Resources Management M47BSS COURSE: MBA Management Best Practice VS Best Fit A Case study of United Bank for Africa (UBA) By Name: Foluso Akintunde Fapohunda Student Id: 5471799 Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 2.1 Human Resources Management (HRM) 4 2.1.1 Best Practice as an Approach in HRM 4 2.1.2 Characteristics of best practice 5 2.1.3 Advantages of Best Practice: 6 3.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 9 3.1 Distinct Human Resources Practice: 9 3.2 Hofstede Model of Cultural Dimension: 10 3.2.1 Power Distance: 10 3.2.2 Uncertainty Avoidance: 10 3.2.3 Individualism: 11 3.2.4 Masculinity: 11 3.3 HRM Best Fit Model 11 3.4 Differences between Best Practice and Best Fit 12 3.5 Key Issues in Implementing HRM Strategies 13 4.0 CONCLUSION 14 5.0 RECOMMENDATION 15 REFERENCES 16 1.0 INTRODUCTION The battle for survival among companies such as in the banking Industry in Nigeria has led to the liquidation, amalgamation, merger and acquisition of banks. This in effect brought down the number of banks in Nigeria to 25 solid banks (Gunu, 2009). The manufacturing and aviation industries have also incorporated the adoption of many principles, plans, forecast and strategy practices in the day to day trading activities. So many authors have written different reviews and articles on Best Practice and Best Fit as strategic tools of achieving the...
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...the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences of the University of Bern, Switzerland Professor: Prof. Dr. Norbert Thom Teaching Assistant: Anja Habegger, lic. rer. pol. Supervising Professor in Seattle: Prof. Richard B. Peterson Institute for Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management Engehaldenstrasse 4 CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland Department for Management and Organization, University of Washington Business School Seattle, WA 98105-3200, United States of America by: Annette Bossard from Luzern, Switzerland Student ID number: 98-102-544 4714 17th Ave NE # 11 Seattle, WA 98105 United States of America Seattle, April 27, 2003 Expatriate Experiences I Preface “You cannot do anything without patience if you’re going abroad.”1 I wish to express my thanks to all the people who supported me and made it possible for me to have this great opportunity of spending half a year in the USA and writing a thesis on a topic which has always interested me and which I found more and more fascinating, the longer I was working on it. First of all, I have to thank Prof. Norbert Thom from the University of Bern whithout whose consent and support I would not have been able to do this in the first place. I am very grateful to Prof. Richard B. Peterson from the University of Washington who has been a great support for me during these past six months and has helped me in so many ways. I would also like to thank my parents and my boyfriend Christof in Switzerland who supported...
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...or entity based in another country. The investment provides the firm with an opportunity to access new markets and marketing channels, cheaper production facilities, access to new technology, products, skills and financing (Goingglobal.com 2015). Accurately assessing marketplace factors is essential when evaluating whether to invest in a foreign market, especially when it comes to making decisions requiring foresight and conviction. “The world is changing very fast. Big will not beat small anymore. It will be the fast beating the slow.” Rupert Murdoch’s quote concisely illustrates the current state of the global marketplace; it simply isn't as big as it once was and it's changing faster than ever. Understanding and tapping into emerging markets is of the utmost importance for companies looking for future success in the global marketplace. According to a United Nations estimate from 2014, FDI in emerging markets eclipsed $700B. This milestone signified the first time that emerging markets were responsible for over half of global FDI....
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...- DRAFT - International Dimensions of Ethics Education in Science and Engineering Case Study Series Bhopal Plant Disaster – Situation Summary by MJ Peterson Revised March 20, 2009 During the night of 2-3 December 1984, a leak of some 40 tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas mixed with unknown other gasses from a chemical plant owned and operated by Union Carbide (India) Limited, a partly-owned subsidiary of the US-based Union Carbide Corporation, caused one of the highest-casualty industrial accidents of the 20th century. At least 2000 people died immediately and another 200,000 to 300,000 suffered respiratory and other injuries of varying severity. Property damage consisted mainly of contamination to nearby areas by various chemical residues. The defoliation of trees immediately afterward is clearly attributable to the gas leak; contamination in the nearby settlements may have multiple sources, the contamination of the plant site resulted from many years of general production activity. India’s Economic Ambitions When India attained independence from Great Britain in 1947, its new political leaders wanted to make the country wealthier by encouraging development of modern industry. It had strong support from the citizens, who generally agreed that India’s current lack of industrialization and economic development were the result of these colonial-era policies. Thus the new government could expect widespread support for any policy that appeared to set the country...
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...Monitoring the Future Surveys were used to investigate the differential effects of cigarette price on the intensity of youth cigarette smoking. Methods: Respondents are classified into nonsmokers; individuals who smoked less than one cigarette per day; individuals who smoked one to five cigarettes per day; individuals who smoked one-half pack a day; and individuals who smoked one pack or more a day. A Threshold of Change Model was estimated with information on cigarette prices as the main explanatory variables. Results: Dummy variables indicating medium and high prices were found to have varying effects on different levels of smoking intensity, even though higher prices were associated with lower smoking in all cases. The differences are more striking in the high price case. The effects of higher prices are largest at the heaviest smoking levels. Conclusion: Cigarette prices an effective tool to discourage youth smoking....
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...Management and Organization Review 5:1 75–89 doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8784.2008.00137.x The Future of Chinese Management Research: Rigour and Relevance Redux Mary Ann Von Glinow1 and Mary B. Teagarden2 1 Florida International University, USA, and 2Thunderbird School of Global Management, USA ABSTRACT We use the parable of the blind men and the elephant to suggest that Barney and Zhang (2009) and Whetten (2009) analogously touch on only a part of the Chinese management research puzzle. Their analyses remind us of many attempts at anchoring the research purpose – etic versus emic approaches, exploration versus exploitation approaches, rigor versus relevance scenarios – touched on by the many commentators in this issue. We suggest researchers first answer the ‘purpose’ questions before embarking on the research design. The research design should fit the purpose of the knowledge, which is either to improve the performance of Chinese organizations (meeting the relevance criterion) or to replicate, extend or refine a theory developed in the US (meeting the rigour criterion). We believe the strength of applied management research allows us to create knowledge that can meet the criteria of both rigour and relevance. We support the use of academic international research teams and dialectic debate as tools to move the field of Chinese management research forward. KEYWORDS context, polycontextuality, relevance, research team, rigour It was six men of Indostan To learning much...
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