...Based on your two given case scenarios for your written assignment. Identify one tertiary (functional problem) that is common to both your patients and then, by highlighting the similarities and differences between the two cases, explain why the underlying primary and secondary problems present and how they result in this tertiary deficit. This following literature will compare two patient case studies, suffering the same functional problem, but with different underlying causes due to differing pathologies. Similarities and differences of each patient’s primary and secondary problems will be discussed, and how they result in their shared functional problem of limited bilateral upper limb function. Primary deficits caused by the initial pathology, result in alterations to the nervous system impacting on normal movement (Shamway-Cook & Woollacott, 2007). This is caused by altered sensory input, and motor output, and an altered cognition in order to process and interpret the information (ref). As a result of these primary problems, patients have further cardio-respiratory and musculoskeletal problems, whereby joint range of movement and alignment are affected (ref). Changes are seen in muscle structure, with a reduction in soft tissue length leading to additional weakness. This is due to disuse or altered movement from these further impairments. Fatigue overrides further movement due to disuse, reducing exercise tolerance and the patient’s ability to regain optimal...
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...It has been reported that up to 85% of stroke survivors experience hemiparesis and that 55% to 75% of stroke survivors have continued to have limitation in upper- extremity functioning (2). Upper limb impairments in people who have had a stroke are well documented and include spasticity, dystonia, and muscle contracture, loss of strength and dexterity, decreased active joint range of motion and lack of movement speed, precision, bimanual coordination, and other common impairment include those of speech and language, vision, cognition and sensation (16,12). Many factors plays a role in determining the long-term of stroke, the site, size of the initial stroke lesion and by the extent of subsequent recovery. The latter is a complex process that probably occurs through a combination of spontaneous and learning-dependent processes, including restitution (restoring the functionality of damaged neural tissue), substitution...
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...Format looks good. Keep the font style and size the same in the header as the rest of the paper, and use the words Running head on the title page. Title in the header should be all in CAPS. The Pediatric Motor Activity Log-Revised: Assessing Real World Arm Use in Children With Cerebral Palsy A Literary Review Mariah Nichols Psychology 232-01 J. Whitaker October 27, 2013 Uswatte at el. (Use all the authors names the first time and always include the date) set out to improve, and find the accuracy, of the Pediatric Motor Activity Log-Revised (PMAL-R) when compared to other measurements, such as the Motor Activity Log (MAL), used on adults. The MAL has patients rate their ability to perform 30 activities, designed for use of the upper extremities, with the arm that is more affected. The MAL tends to be more accurate because the patient is reporting the usage versus the caregiver that gives the report in the PMAL-R. “. . .four developments have contributed to the generation of methods for assessing activity of an impaired upper extremity in daily life” (p 149). Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) supports the movement of upper limbs to help improve arm use. CIMT has been proven to be more beneficial than compensatory tactics, and patients using CIMT have shown greater brain plasticity (include name and date, p. 149). The researchers here wanted to interview the participants in person rather than via a paper survey. This is the way the test was meant to be...
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...patients to return to performing functional activities of daily living? According to Go et al1, an American dies from a stroke every 4 minutes. In the United States, stroke is the 4th leading cause of death and major cause of a serious and long-term disability.1 A stroke occurs when the blood supply is disrupted to the brain or a blood vessel ruptures in the brain, which can defined as an ischemic stroke...
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...Functionality of Upper limb is fundamental for the execution of basic activities of daily living (ADL) like eating, drinking and personal hygiene. One of the most common sequelae in central nervous system injury is impaired upper limb function, which is affected in more than 80% of stroke cases (1) . Stroke is the leading cause of disability in adults in the United States, affecting an estimated 730,000 people per year. It is therefore a major and increasing health care problem and accounts for major economic challenge for the society. Its consequences affect the individual in addition to his or her environment including family and friends. Thus it has negative social repercussions. For example, a person’s ability to perform common tasks can be significantly compromised after a stroke. Similarly, the level of independence and ability to participate in the society can be drastically changed which in turn affects a person’s quality of life(2)....
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...Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Abstract. The paper presents the background, main achievements and components of rehabilitation robotics in a simple way, using non-technical terms. The introductory part looks at the development of robotic approaches in the rehabilitation of neurological patients and outlines the principles of robotic device interactions with patients. There follows a section on virtual reality in rehabilitation. Hapticity and interaction between robot and human are presented in order to understand the added value of robotics that cannot be exploited in other devices. The importance of passive exercise and active tasks is then discussed using the results of various clinical trials, followed by the place of upper and lower extremity robotic devices in rehabilitation practice. The closing section refers to the general importance of measurements in this area and stresses quantitative measurements as one of the advantages in using robotic devices. Keywords: Robot, haptic interface, virtual reality, measurement 1. Introduction The application of robotic approaches in neurological patient rehabilitation was introduced almost two decades ago [1]. Even though the number of robotic rehabilitation systems is large, the number of clinical trials remains quite limited. In fact, it is not yet clear what characteristics should be incorporated in a therapeutic robotic assistant platform. Conventional therapeutic techniques and robot assisted techniques must...
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...What is UCL surgery? UCL surgery better known as Tommy John surgery. Tommy John surgery is a pitcher that plays baseball worst nightmare. The reason why they call it the Tommy John tendon is because he was of the first baseball players to tear their UCL. You can tear your Tommy John tendon many different ways. Such as javelin throwing, gymnastics, soccer, wrestling, football, softball, and cheerleading. Some symptoms of tearing your UCL are pain on the inside of your elbow, and a sense of looseness or instability in the elbow. UCL surgery many interfere with non-throwing activities such as batting for baseball, lifting weights, and running. Sometimes, a doctor can diagnose a UCL injury just through a history and physical examination. Tommy John surgery repairs an injured elbow ligament. It's most commonly done on college and pro athletes, especially baseball pitchers. But it's sometimes done on younger people as well....
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...To fully understand the so called Tommy John injury you will have to know what the UCL is. (Carofino, 2017, para. 1) “The Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL) is a structure that is critical for medial elbow stability (the inside of the elbow). The UCL is a triangular, thick section of tissue that stabilizes the arm bone (humerus) and the ulna.” The UCL provides the most support for the elbow when throwing and is the biggest ligament connecting the forearm and upper arm. The UCL can be loosened by stretching because it is a ligament and it can become tight as well. This ligament is not a very complex structure itself. As you can see in the picture this is really the only major ligament in the elbow. So you can imagine why many elbow injuries come...
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...Passive and Assistive Range of Motion Exercises Range of Motion Exercises Range of motion (ROM) exercises are done to preserve flexibility and mobility of the joints on which they are performed. These exercises reduce stiffness and will prevent or at least slow down the freezing of your joints as the disease progresses and you move less often. Range of motion is the term that is used to describe the amount of movement you have at each joint. Every joint in the body has a "normal" range of motion. Joints maintain their normal range of motion by being moved. It is therefore very important to move all your joints every day. Stiff joints can cause pain and can make it hard for you to do your normal daily activities. Each person with ALS needs a program of exercise tailored to his or her individual needs and abilities. With a prescription your doctor can either send you to an outpatient clinic to see a Physical Therapist or have one come to your home to help you design a personalized exercise program. The therapist will see you until you or your caregiver are independent with a home exercise program that you can follow through with daily. It is important to remember that as the disease progresses, the type of ROM exercises you will need will change. It is important to be proactive when this occurs and ask your doctor to write you another prescription to see a therapist so your home exercise program can be modified. There are different kinds of ROM exercises. There are stretching...
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...Dips Motor Skill Analysis Jamarian Brown, Michael Johnson, Anthony Reynolds Dr. Grant, M. KSPE 3411 Fall 2012 December 6, 2012 Abstract Anatomical and biomechanical aspects go hand and hand together to help with motor development. The dip is an exercise used in strength training that works and mainly targets the muscles in your chest, shoulders, and arms at the same time. Biomechanics, which is our main focal point, is mostly concerned with the basic laws that govern the effects that different forces have on the state of rest or motion of any living system, whereas the applied area of biomechanics deals with solving practical problems (Hamilton, Weimar & Luttgens, 2012). Biomechanics also helps us breakdown skills and exercises down to their points of origin, as well as solve problems regarding specific exercises. Motor learning is the final section that will be discussed on performing the dips exercise. Within this portion there will be several areas covered to fully expand on full exercising a dip and developing the muscles use to complete a successful dip. Areas covered will include three phases of motor learning, learning cues, common errors, general feedback to use, the stages of learning, types of motor skills, information for use within a curriculum, and useful information for lesson plans to include one example lesson plan. When the average person looks at the body they would probably only consider the basics to the body such as; the arms, legs, head and...
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...It is a common misconception that tennis elbow only effect those who play sports that involve the use of a racquet. Unfortunately, it doesn't take much to bring on a case of tennis elbow and it can affect just about anyone. If you suspect you are suffering from tennis elbow, below is your guide to identifying, understanding and treating your elbow pain. What is tennis elbow? Tennis elbow begins as pain, tenderness and/or a burning sensation around your elbow. The pain can radiate down the forearm. When left untreated or undiagnosed, the pain can become so debilitating that you will be unable to grasp objects firmly or extend your arm completely. Pain may be exasperated when: Shaking hands with others Turning door knobs Picking up objects Playing sports Applying pressure to your elbow If you are experience any number of the symptoms listed above, you may be suffering from tennis elbow. Treatment Options Luckily, tennis elbow is a treatable condition. It does requires diligence, patience and follow through on your part to experience full recovery. Your doctor or chiropractor may suggest the following protocol for treatment: Rest Anti-inflammatory medications Physical therapy Cortisone injections Arm brace Surgery If physical therapy is suggested, the exercises can include: Rotating and stretching your wrists and hands Pronation and supination of the bicep muscle Slowly bending your elbow to a 90 degree angle then...
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...An Atlas of Surgical Anatomy An Atlas of Surgical Anatomy Surgical commentary by Alain C Masquelet, MD Illustrations by Léon Dorn © 2005 Taylor & Francis, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group First published in the United Kingdom in 2005 by Taylor & Francis, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Tel.: +44 (0) 1235 828600 Fax.: +44 (0) 1235 829000 E-mail: info@dunitz.co.uk Website: http://www.dunitz.co.uk All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Although every effort has been made to ensure that all owners of copyright material have been acknowledged in this publication, we would be glad to acknowledge in subsequent reprints or editions any omissions brought to our attention. Although every effort has been made to ensure that drug doses and other information are presented accurately in this publication, the ultimate responsibility rests with the prescribing physician. Neither the publishers nor the authors can be held responsible for errors or for any consequences arising...
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...University of Phoenix Material The Muscular System Exercises Exercise 6.1: Skeletal Muscle—Head and Neck, Anterior View Layer 1 (p. 257) A. Surface projection of superciliary arch . B. Philtrum . C. Surface projection of mental protuberance . Layer 2 (p. 257) A. Frontalis m. . B. Orbicularis oculi m. . C. Zygomaticus major m. . D. Levator labii superioris m. . E. Nasalis m. . F. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi m. . G. Orbicularis oris m. . H. Buccinator m. . I. Platysma m. . J. Zygomaticus minor m. . Layer 3 (p. 258) A. Depressor anguli oris m. ...
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...EXSC 322 Wrist and Hand Lab Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _____________ Please perform the following tasks and answer the corresponding questions. All answers must be typed. Palpation of bony landmarks and other structures Palpate for the following structures and mark their locations: 1. Medial epicondyle of humerus 2. Lateral epicondyle of humerus 3. Capitate 4. Outline the “Anatomical Snuff Box” 5. Scaphoid 6. Hook of the Hamate 7. Pisiform 8. Ulnar styloid 9. Radial styloid 10. CMC joint of the thumb 11. MCP joints of the thumb and fingers 12. IP joint of the thumb 13. PIP joint of the fingers 14. DIP joint of the fingers 15. Have your partner perform full finger and wrist extension so the tendons passing into the hand become prominent. Palpate these tendons AND determine to which muscles they belong. 16. Have your partner perform full finger and wrist flexion so the tendons passing into the hand at the wrist become prominent. Palpate these tendons AND determine to which muscles they belong. Identification Following the palpation and marking of the structures above, please identify: -The muscles that perform PIP joint flexion: __First Digit_________________________ -The muscle group(s) that originates from the medial epicondyle: ________________________ -The muscle group(s) that originates from the lateral epicondyle: _________________________ ...
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...Movement Analysis of Throwing a Ball Overhand Throwing a ball overhand involves a stride, hip rotation, trunk rotation and forward arm movement. 1. Phase A/B is a stride. Thrower stands sideways set towards target. When the opposite leg moves out and onto toes at the point of thrust. The pivot foot braces against the ground and provides stability for the subsequent movements. During this phase there is a natural rotation of the hip and the trunk rotation follows. The hips rotate before the trunk and due to the stretching of the torso muscles there is a stronger muscle contraction which allows you to throw with more force. The stride provides balance and stability throughout the act of throwing the ball, and all of the large muscle movements are gross motor skills. 2. Phase B/C Following the trunk rotation the throwing arm cocks back with the forearm in slight external rotation the arm moves into horizontal scapula adduction while grasping the ball tightly, using fine motor skills. 3. Phase C/D following the scapula horizontal adduction the throwing arm pushes forward into horizontal adduction, the elbow joint straightens and the thrower releases the ball. This is where the greatest forces are used to accelerate the ball. All, in the same instant, the throwing side the foot moves forward providing stability while the trunk and hip rotate forward. Phase A-B | | | | Joints Invovled | Movement | Prime Mover/Agonist Muscle | Plane of Movement | Ankle...
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