...Abstract In the original Greek “oikos” means, “house”. So ecology is “the study of the house” the place where you live, or the environment which technically includes all those factors, both nonliving and living, that affect an organism. Ecology then is the study of the interactions of organisms in their environment includes both the living (biotic) and physical (abiotic) factors of the environment. It is also the science, which formulates and test hypotheses about environment. Keywords: ecology, environment, organisms, science, interaction, affects, temperate deciduous forest Ecology is the relationship, identification and analysis of problems common to all areas. Ecology studies the relationships between organisms and their environments and its responses to environmental change (Ecology.com Aug. 2011). Ecology encompasses a wide range of considerations, such as the position of organisms in the food chain and the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. There is a variety of environmental issues that impact ecosystems and the organisms that live within them. Biomes are large, distinctive complex of plant communities created and maintained by climate, also known as ecoregions. A study published in 1999 concluded that there are 150 different "ecoregions" in North America alone (Biologypages.com August 2011). The temperate deciduous forest biome occupies most of the eastern part of the United States, including Ohio and a small strip of southern Ontario. The temperate...
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...------------------------------------------------- Ecology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Ecology (disambiguation). Ecology | | | | Ecology addresses the full scale of life, from tiny bacteria to processes that span the entire planet. Ecologists study many diverse andcomplex relations among species, such aspredation and pollination. The diversity of life is organized into different habitats, from terrestrial(middle) to aquatic ecosystems. | Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, "house"; -λογία, "study of"[A]) is the scientificstudy of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other and with their abiotic environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), number (population) of organisms, as well as competition between them within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such asprimary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services. Ecology is an interdisciplinary field...
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...of Both Human and Ecological Systems………………………………10 Conclusion ….12 References 13 Introduction Human activities on land and in the ocean are changing ecosystems and threatening their ability to provide important benefits to society, such as healthy and abundant sources of food, clean air, and fresh water. The argument that the ecosystem ought to be managed in whole ecological units based on integrative biological, physical and/or socio-economic assessments is not a new one. However the argument is gaining urgency as a result of continuing and increasing problems in environmental management based on old areal units, and it is gaining relevance as a result of new developments in related areas of theory and practice such as landscape ecology, ecosystem health and integrity, protected areas management, and sustainable development. Ecosystem-based management, or an ecosystem approach to planning and management, is...
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...Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, "house", or "condition"; - λογία, "think about of") is the logical examination and investigation of collaborations among life forms and their condition. It is an interdisciplinary field that incorporates science, topography, and Earth science. Ecology incorporates the investigation of collaborations that life forms have with each other, different living beings, and with abiotic parts of their condition. Subjects important to biologists incorporate the assorted variety, appropriation, sum (biomass), and number (populace) of specific living beings, and additionally participation and rivalry between creatures, both inside and among ecological communities. Ecological systems are made out of progressively interfacing...
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...CHAPTER 3: THE MACRO ENVIRONMENT MGMT 488 – STRATEGY AND POLICY OVERVIEW The macro environmental analysis is the first step in creating the Environmental Analysis. The macro environment examines the general business climate as it relates to the organization, but has nothing to do with the organization itself. The macro environment is primarily concerned with major issues and upcoming changes in the environment. The acronym for the macro analysis is “STEEP.” The five areas of interest are Socio-cultural and demographics; Technology; Economic conditions; Ecology and physical environment; and Political and legal. SOCIO-CULTURAL AND DEMOGRAPHICS Societal values and lifestyles change over time, and the most important of these should be discussed. For example, over the past generation, it has become acceptable for women to work outside the home – or not; smoking is not as acceptable as it once was; people are not retiring at 65; students going to college are older; and people are more aware of the environment and healthful living styles. The changes in values and lifestyles may come from many sources: medical (smoking, healthy eating, exercise); science (global warming, going “green”); economic (people working longer, women in the workforce); cultural diversity (music preferences, foods, living accommodations, medicine); and technologies (Internet dating, biodegradable plastic) are just a FEW examples. Some changes in values and lifestyles will be important to the industry...
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...Prepare a 1,400- to 1,650-word paper in which you analyze the effect of population density and noise on individuals. As a part of your analysis be sure to address the following items: Describe the concepts of territoriality, privacy, and personal space. Examine how the concepts of territoriality, privacy, and personal space have become increasingly important as populations become denser. Clarify the effect nature (e.g., zoos, parks, gardens) has on individuals living in urban environments. Describe the concept of noise and examine the effect that it has on individuals. Examine at least two strategies that can be used to reduce noise in the workplace or in the living environment. The Effects of Population Density and Noise Paper The first line of strategy is to do what an individual can do to minimize the noise pollution he or she can control in their environment. For instance, if an individual lives next to a noisy freeway or airport, he or she can invest in double panel windows in their home (cite). The double panel windows action server two purposes, one purpose is keep the noise out and the purpose is keep the hot sun and cold winter out (cite). For example in the home individual can control noise pollution by their home by turn off television when not been watched and radio and stereo at low volume. Another strategy to minimize or reduce noise pollution is to try to minimize noises directly from the source. In the workplace...
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...In this essay I will give a brief overview of the natural ecosystem of Cedar Hill State park. I will examine the major structural and functional dynamics of that ecosystem and how it has evolved over time, how humans may have affected biogeochemical cycles in that ecosystem, how knowledge about that ecosystem’s structure and function can help or has helped to develop plans for its management and restoration. Cedar Hill State Park is a 1,826 acre nature preserve located on the Joe Pool Reservoir. Cedar Hill State Park has a climax ecosystem meaning that the environment consists of a variety of plants and animals which through the process of succession the development of vegetation has reached a steady rate. The park is dominated by upland forests that include cedar elm, honey locust, mesquite and juniper trees. This park host a variety of common animals that include bobcat, coyote, fox, and raccoon, as well as aquatic species ranging from large- mouth bass, white bass, and crappie. Over the years this ecosystems functional dynamics have changed because of the development of homes and retail shopping centers that have diminished the cedar forest that covered the land. The Golden-cheeked Warbler suffered due to habitat destruction and was on the verge of extinction but because of the unique habitat found at Cedar Hill State Park the Golden-Cheeked Warbler was spotted in 2004. The tall grass prairie was a migratory habitat for the Eskimo Curlew now thought to be extinct. These are...
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...CHAPTER 3: THE MACRO ENVIRONMENT MGMT 488 – STRATEGY AND POLICY OVERVIEW The macro environmental analysis is the first step in creating the Environmental Analysis. The macro environment examines the general business climate as it relates to the organization, but has nothing to do with the organization itself. The macro environment is primarily concerned with major issues and upcoming changes in the environment. The acronym for the macro analysis is “STEEP.” The five areas of interest are Socio-cultural and demographics; Technology; Economic conditions; Ecology and physical environment; and Political and legal. SOCIO-CULTURAL AND DEMOGRAPHICS Societal values and lifestyles change over time, and the most important of these should be discussed. For example, over the past generation, it has become acceptable for women to work outside the home – or not; smoking is not as acceptable as it once was; people are not retiring at 65; students going to college are older; and people are more aware of the environment and healthful living styles. The changes in values and lifestyles may come from many sources: medical (smoking, healthy eating, exercise); science (global warming, going “green”); economic (people working longer, women in the workforce); cultural diversity (music preferences, foods, living accommodations, medicine); and technologies (Internet dating, biodegradable plastic) are just a FEW examples. Some changes in values and lifestyles will be important to...
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...WHAT IS ECOSYSTEM An ecosystem consists of the biological community that occurs in some locale, and the physical and chemical factors that make up its non-living or abiotic environment. There are many examples of ecosystems -- a pond, a forest, an estuary, grassland. The study of ecosystems mainly consists of the study of certain processes that link the living, or biotic, components to the non-living, or abiotic, components. Energy transformations and ecosystem components are the two main topics that comprise the field of ecosystem ecology. COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM ABIOTIC COMPONENTS | BIOTIC COMPONENTS | Sunlight | Primary producers | Temperature | Herbivores | Precipitation | Carnivores | Water or moisture | Omnivores | Soil or water chemistry (e.g., P, NH4+) | Detritivores | etc. | etc. | These include the non-living, physico - chemical factors such as air, water, soil and the basic elements and compounds of the environment. Abiotic factors are broadly classified under three categories. Climatic factors which include the climatic regime and physical factors of the environment like light, humidity, atmospheric temperature, wind, etc. Edaphic factors which are related to the structure and composition of soil including its physical and chemical properties, like soil and its types, soil profile, minerals, organic matter, soil water, soil organisms. It comprises the living part of the environment, which includes the association of a number of interrelated...
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...Vision Mission Goal Tarket maket Environmental Factors According to Milliken (1987), environmental uncertainty arises from the organisation’s inability to predict its environment, or in other words, to predict the factors that characterise its environment. These factors are usually classified into two groups (Bourgeois, 1980) i.e. ‘‘general’’ and ‘‘task’’ external business environmental factors. • Micro Environment (General External Business Environment ) The Micro environment is a relatively remote environment and the elements that compose it have an indirect influence on the organization. This environment is typically composed of factors such as social values, educational, political, economic, legal, behavioral, demographic, natural environment, natural resources, and technological (Asheghian & Ebrahimi, 1990; Grant, 1999). A PESTEL analysis is a framework or tool used by marketers to analyze and monitor the macro-environmental (external marketing environment) factors that have an impact on an organization. The result of which is used to identify threats and weaknesses which is used in a SWOT analysis. PESTEL ANALYSIS of Australia stands for: Political : The political atmostphere of Australia is stable and the country enjoys a democratic structure based on English common law. Capitalist venture are welcome and encouraged.the queensland area is a major hub of development,and the government is involved in ensuring that safty...
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...and participate in our workshop. (I was also lucky enough to be seated next to him at dinner where he regaled me with the stories about how he began his career as an ecologist, his time in government, and his passion for conservation.) Dr. Chidumayo’s presentation, “Environmental Impacts of Charcoal Production in Tropical Ecosystems of the World,” is a treasure trove of information. In addition to the scholarly research, my favorite part is the takeaway message, which I’ve transcribed below: The charcoal industry has great potential to contribute to rural development because production utilizes locally available and potentially renewable resources. The charcoal industry can generate employment and local income in both rural and urban areas. Additionally, Dr. Chidumayo points to the following necessary changes in policies: 1. Recognition of charcoal as a key source of energy. 2. Establishment of specific institutions to implement wood energy policies....
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...environmental impact * Entropy (?) * Spaceman Economy living within our means, don’t worship production vs. costs… more conservation concerned * Fracking is a good example of us still in a cowboy mode although we are shifting toward Spaceman * Reference to Ethics—ethics, it is us, it is a plural term… we have an ethical obligation to think of future generations * Solutions at the end of the article * 1) Using taxation to deter others * 2) Correction to price system higher price higher quality * 3) Legislative action 2) Garrett Hardin: “The Tragedy of the Commons” (1968) * Background: * Lived in US (1915-2003) * Professor Human Ecology at UC Santa Barbara * Known for Hardin’s First Law of Ecology: stating the impossibility...
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...NEWS FEATURE Vol 460|16 NATURE|Vol 460|23 July 2009 RAGAMUFFIN EARTH A small group of ecologists is looking beyond the pristine to study the scrubby, feral and untended. Emma Marris learns to appreciate ‘novel ecosystems’. J oe Mascaro, a PhD student in a T-shirt and floral print shorts, is soaking in the diversity of the Hawaiian jungle. Above, a green canopy blocks out most of the sky. Aerial roots wend their way down past tropical trunks, tree ferns and moss-covered prop roots to an understorey of ferns and seedlings. The jungle is lush, humid and thick with mosquitoes. It is also as cosmopolitan as London’s Heathrow airport. This forest on Big Island features mango trees from India (Mangifera indica); Cecropia obtusifolia, a tree with huge star-shaped leaves from Mexico, Central America and Colombia; rose apples (Syzygium jambos) from southeast Asia; tasty strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum) from the threatened Atlantic coast of Brazil; and a smattering of Queensland maples (Flindersia brayleyana) from Australia. It also has candlenuts (Aleurites moluccana), a species that humans have moved around so much that its origins have become obscure. There is at least some native Hawaiian representation in the form of hala, or screwpine (Pandanus 450 tectorius), which is pictured on the crest of Punahou School, where US President Barack Obama studied. There are no Hawaiian birds here though. Mascaro sees plenty of feral pigs, descendants of those brought by settlers...
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...动物化与自然回归 ——对《百种神秘感觉》的生态解读 Animalization and Return to Nature An Ecological Reading of The Hundred Secret Senses By QIN Yuanyuan A Thesis Submitted to the School of English and International Studies Beijing Foreign Studies University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Chinese American Literature Course Supervised by Professor Pan Zhiming June 2014 Animalization and Return to Nature A Ecological Reading of The Hundred Secret Senses I Introduction Amy Tan, born in 1952, is acclaimed for her lyrically written tales of sensibility and conflicts in Chinese-American mother-daughter relationship, in which generational and cultural divergence is highlighted. Themes of loss and reconciliation, hope and failure, friendship and familial conflict, added with mystic oriental flavor and healing power, have made Tan’s writing emblematic and well-received. Following the publication of The Joy Luck Club (1989), The Kitchen God's Wife (1991), Amy Tan’s third novel The Hundred Secret Senses (1995) again enjoys a high popularity and evokes strong responses from both readers and critics. Despite the fact that The Hundred Secret Senses still exhibits Tan’s trademarks of “a strong sense of place, a many-layered narrative, family secrets, generational conflict, Chinese lore and history”, unlike the previous two that are generally praised, this novel gets mixed opinions. Most reviewers receive the...
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...Environmental Factors According to Milliken (1987), environmental uncertainty arises from the organisation’s inability to predict its environment, or in other words, to predict the factors that characterise its environment. These factors are usually classified into two groups (Bourgeois, 1980) i.e. ‘‘general’’ and ‘‘task’’ external business environmental factors. • Micro Environment (General External Business Environment ) The Micro environment is a relatively remote environment and the elements that compose it have an indirect influence on the organization. This environment is typically composed of factors such as social values, educational, political, economic, legal, behavioral, demographic, natural environment, natural resources, and technological (Asheghian & Ebrahimi, 1990; Grant, 1999). A PESTEL analysis is a framework or tool used by marketers to analyze and monitor the macro-environmental (external marketing environment) factors that have an impact on an organization. The result of which is used to identify threats and weaknesses which is used in a SWOT analysis. PESTEL ANALYSIS of Australia stands for: Political : The political atmostphere of Australia is stable and the country enjoys a democratic structure based on English common law. Capitalist venture are welcome and encouraged.the queensland area is a major hub of development,and the government is involved in ensuring that safty and growth of its people and environment...
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