...IJRESS Volume 3, Issue 1 (January 2013) ISSN: 2249-7382 NEED ASSESSMENT FOR URBAN HEALTH IN SLUMS OF JAIPUR Dr. Manoj Kumar ABSTRACT This paper attempts to analyze the spatial distribution of Health Care Delivery System with a focus on Reproductive Child Health and its relation to geographical distance from the slum population. The socio- demographic profile and its correlation to the barriers for accessing the health-care is also attempted. The suggestions include removing spatial inequities, a region specific plan for health care for increasing accessibility of the inhabitants in the slum and designing an integrated and sustainable primary healthcare service delivery with emphasis on improved family planning, maternal health and child health services in the urban poor living in slums. International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences http://www.euroasiapub.org 52 IJRESS Volume 3, Issue 1 (January 2013) ISSN: 2249-7382 INTRODUCTION Slum are characterized by poverty, dilapidated housing, over crowding, concentration of lower class, racial segregation, crime, health problems, broken houses, alienation and an unhygienic environment. Different terms have been used for slums in different cities and countries. In India, they are known by various names. For example, in Delhi they are known as Katras, Gallis, Jhuggi- Jhopadpatti. Similarly, they are known as Chawls in Mumbai, Ahatas in Kanpur, Bustee in Calcutta, Cheris in...
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...“State” is defined as the politically organized people of a particular land(Antai& Moradi, 2010). When it comes to the cohesion and stability of modernized state, it refers to the condition of a system which is the condition of Nigeria as a whole. In this essay, the threats on the cohesion and stability of Nigeria induced by industrialization and urbanization are assessed in threefold: health threats, criminal threat and threat regarding food insecurity. The aforementioned threats to be analyzed are intertwined with the concept of urbanization and industrialization and the repercussions of food insecurity and the physical health threat in urbanized cities are interrelated with the criminal threat, which could be accounted by mental illness(Antai& Moradi, 2010). With this introductory overview, the essay proceeds to outline the modern situation of urbanization and industrialization in Nigeria with definitions conceptualized. The following part is an evaluation of the health threats comprised of two section, in which the overcrowding issue is explored and illustrative case study focusing on health surveillance in Niger Delta is examined. The next part dwells on the positive correlation between crime rate and urbanization. In the final part, the risk of imperative food insecurity and its negative impact on political stability are analyzed. Industrialization and Urbanization in Nigeria The term ‘industrialization’ is used to describe the process in which a society transforms...
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...Urbanization Insert Name Here Insert Affiliation Here Urbanization/CASE Urbanization refers to the reallocation from a rustic to an urban social order due to shifts in global variants. It is a product of economic, political and social advancement that has paved the way for the emergence of large metropolis, cause a spike in the population density of the region. A survey predicted that half of the earth’s inhabitants would reside in urban centers towards the end of 2008 (United Nations). Intimately connected to the processes of modernization, industrialization and rationalization, the phenomenon has it genesis in the Renaissance period. Continuous attacks by the Turks caused the Christians to migrate from the east to the west of Europe. Consequently, the volume of trade rose and European cities besides the coastline progresses impressively. An additional push was given to urbanization upon the advent of the Industrial Revolution; the population density of European and American cities continued to intensify. For instance, the city of Chicago saw it population rise from fifteen individuals to over twenty million in a timeframe of seventy eight year. Yet, the phenomenon took hold of the Asian and African region only after sovereignty from colonial subjugation; in the first and second half of the 20th century, respectively (Howard Gillette Jr.). As mentioned before, the process of urbanization takes place when individuals abandon their rural lifestyle and migrate to...
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...An Urban Nation Yakema Whiteside History Of the United States July 28 2014 Decades of studies have proved the United States has changed from a rural to an urban nation. The most important city, New York, probably contained fewer than 22,000 people at the time of the Revolution. And only one person in twenty lived in a place with a population greater than 2,500—a size even then hardly considered urban. The course of the nineteenth century saw the North American landscape literally transformed by urbanization. But so, for that matter, was most of the Western world: compared to Britain, for instance, the United States has always been less urban. Thus while urbanization represents a dramatic change, it would have been far more remarkable for the United States to have stayed rural. . Rapid urban growth is responsible for many environmental and social changes in the urban environment and its effects are strongly related to global change issues. The rapid growth of cities strains their capacity to provide services such as energy, education, health care, transportation, sanitation and physical security. Because governments have less revenue to spend on the basic upkeep of cities and the provision of services, cities have become areas of massive sprawl, serious environmental problems, and widespread poverty. The Creative Class is not a class of workers among many, but a group believed to bring economic growth to countries that can attract its members. The economic benefits conferred...
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...growing significantly in size and number with the continuation of mass migration. At the start of the 20th century only about 17.8% of the entire population of a third world country lived in a city, but today the proportion of urban and rural dwellers is approximately equal, in-fact today 3 Billion of the world’s population are urban residents, accounting for half the world’s population at the rate of a 180,000 people moving into cities each day (60 Million a year). It is projected that at this rate many of the cities in developing regions of the world such as Africa and Asia may double in size to compensate to this process. Rapid urbanization has presented a series of issues in the third world and has thus been a leading factor in shaping third world politics. Urbanization in the third world has drastically increased by as much as 50% over the last century. For instance Bangladesh has an urbanization rate of 3.5% resulting in 27% of the country’s population being urban settlers; which has been on the rise over the past century from a mere 1.1% urbanization rate. Urbanization was in part the result of population increase, both due to natural causes and immigration. This has been a common characteristic with third world urbanization. Drastic increases with urban populations with drops in rural populations, the process can be attributed into two categories of...
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...Rational Urban Planning Amid Emotion and Politics Much has been discussed about rationality versus emotion and politics when it comes to the topic of urban planning. Although I believe it is possible to design cities from a rational viewpoint, emotional bias and political interests tend to inhibit the manifestation of such a utopia. The idea of “rational planning” is not overrated, however the process by which it is attempted is highly inefficient. The first inhibitor of rational planning is emotion. During the planning process this will often come into play when individuals have concerns with certain aspects or have opposing viewpoints. It is almost impossible to get a unanimous vote on every component of the plan. For example, a proposal is made to demolish a popular sports stadium to make way for a new facility and park. Although many people involved in the planning see this proposal as a way of attracting new visitors into the city, fans of the old stadium have major concerns. Instead of seeing the new facility plan as a positive project for their city, their emotions come into play, and greatly influence their decision to move the planning process forward. Nostalgia is just one example of how emotion influences urban planning. Political interests also greatly influence rational planning. The political system does strive for the best possible solution, but disagree on what that solution is. Consider a plan to develop an efficient public transportation system, reducing...
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...Robert Hayes II Geog 413 Midterm November 10, 2013 Megacities or Suburbs? Urbanization and growth rely on each other like cause and effect. However; when one asks does urbanization trigger economic growth and development, or is economic growth and development the result of urbanization is like asking which came first the chicken or the egg? Urbanization and growth rely on each other, however; does there come a point in which the diseconomies start to outweigh the benefits of agglomeration? Annez and Buckley state in Urbanization and Growth: Setting the Context that “Urbanization is necessary to sustain growth in developing countries.” Annez and Buckley point out that urbanization affects the growth process through the enhanced flow of ideas and knowledge attributable to agglomeration in cities. They drew in evidence from Landes (1969 cited in Willamson 1987, p. 6) whom believes “Urbanization is an essential ingredient in modernization”. (Anez & Buckley p. 1 & 2) Industrialization is triggered by urbanization which leads to modernization. Modernization leads to economic development which allows people to use current technology. Part of the modernization process is education and creation of a centralized bureaucracy. These creations enable their people to advance and compete in the modern world. All these concepts are related and rely on each other. Annez and Buckley show in several graphs as countries become urbanized their GDP rises. In almost every...
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...The Effects of Population Density and Noise Paper PSY460 Introduction Living different types of lifestyles can be from being raised in an urban or rural environment. Daily stressors are formed from the simplest things in life to the most over populated part of a city. During this paper we are able to learn about the concept of each affects that territory, privacy and personal spaces. How nature can affect the way of living to urban areas or how it can help other areas in the urban city. Noise to most people can be understanding and yet very draining depending on the situation. Learning about different environments makes a better understanding of how each person reflects on life and how they live it. Territory A territorial area is what is most important to humans, their property that they want to keep secluded from others. This is easily the privacy and personal space of humans that the owner wants others to see being territorial ties into all aspect s of privacy and personal. Not only are humans territorial but so are animals. There are many different signs for animals to show another animals territory. With birds singing, bears making claw marks in the trees to cats peeing to mark their territory making others know where they stand. As the cultures of others become to clash and become different is when people start to mark they land, they property making it know that what once was welcomed is not trespassing. Most people who have territory make it know with sign...
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...Discuss the impact of the automobile’s rise on urban form during the twentieth century and critically evaluate planning measures used to limit the negative social and environmental aspects Since the rise of the automobile, there have been many dramatic changes to urban form in attempts to accommodate this new mode of transport. Focusing on America and Britain, this discussion considers influences on all scales ranging from reclassification of physical roads to the decentralization of urban cores. The rising social and environmental concerns caused by the increase in vehicle usage include pedestrian safety, residential livability, and environmental deterioration. I have decided to explore this question by considering features that have both affected urban form and also acted as planning measures to limit negative social and environmental impacts, these include motorway developments, the garden city urban planning approach and Greenbelts. With over 15 million units of Ford Motor T sold between 1908 and 1927 (Flink, 2001), urban form was most dramatically influenced in American cities during the correlating time period. Planners began to oppose the conventional Roman-grid layouts, where streets were arranged at perpendicular angles to each other. Rising traffic congestion at intersections placed pressure on city planners to reorganise the structural layout in attempts to liberate these chaotic streets. Pedestrians were heavily victimised...
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...Urbanization is defined as a population shift from rural areas to urban areas. Due to China’s economic boom, China is currently experiencing a rapid movement of people from rural areas to urban areas. The article, “The End of Agricultural in China” estimates that one-quarter of China’s rural population, about 200 million people, are moving to urban areas in search of work. This movement of people has resulted in urban areas having to expand to in order to accommodate the increase in population. But as a law of physics states, with every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Therefore as urban areas increase in size and population this has resulted in rural areas both decreasing in size and in population. As globalization becomes more common, many businesses and companies have looked to China as a country that shows a great potential for expansion and investment. As a result China is experiencing a tremendous growth in their economy. Urban areas in China have expanded with new buildings and factories being built to keep up with demand. But this urban expansion has come at the cost of losing agricultural land. Many farmers who owned land in rural areas are losing their land as the government has mandated the land be sold to the state so the state can then turnaround and sell it to companies looking to build factories in China. This had led to farmland that was once abundant with agricultural crops, now being used to house factories. As the article states, seizure...
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...Market Analysis Geographically situated in Malaysia, A-Life’s target market will be located from the 28 million of Malaysian total population. 4.1 Market Segmentation To launch our new product Offrey, we will be focusing on a target group in Malaysia with the following characteristics: * Urbanised Malaysian community is currently undergoing a wave of urbanisation. According to the CIA World Factbook (2011), 72% of Malaysian total population live in urban areas. These urbanised Malaysians appear to be a group of young, educated and affluent consumers. They have more sophisticated taste and preference, technologically savvy and seen to have adapted a more westernised culture. They also lead a busier lifestyle. * Health Conscious Due to the higher education level in urban areas, most urbanised Malaysians are health conscious. They usually have knowledge on ways to take care of their health and emphasize more on healthy lifestyle. Aware of the importance of health, they are usually more willing to spend on health-oriented products. * 25-40 years old Malaysians ranging from 25 to 40 years old stand a portion of approximately 4 million over the 28 million of total population in Malaysia. (Euromonitor International, 2011) They are characterised as well-educated, socially mobile and affluent group of people in Malaysia. (Euromonitor International, 2012) They have been identified as a valuable consumer segment by most of the industries due to their strong willingness...
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...who live at New Providence? During the 20th century the population of Nassau climbed significantly through a combination of high birth rates among Bahamians and an influx of immigrants from Haiti who also tended to have high birth rates. The influx of Family Islanders also boosted the capital island’s numbers. Beginning around the middle of the last century, the mutual forces of majority rule and black economic empowerment ignited an urban expansion. With considerable rapidity, the majority of the island’s population shifted beyond Nassau. Urbanization has engendered many benefits as well as significant challenges for New Providence. These varied challenges include ongoing infrastructural needs in the areas of housing, ground transportation networks, public services and facilities, and reliable utilities, among others. There are also a complex of sociological challenges including increased crime and violence, social alienation by some and the changing nature of social networks such as neighbourhoods. The environmental and health challenges related to urbanization are also significant. What we are continuing to get our hands and collective imagination around are a broad variety of interrelated challenges cum master questions. The questions have been provoked by the transition from the City of Nassau to the City of New Providence, a geographical reality...
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...“Life and Misery of Gypsies in Lahore Date: 24th November 2010 SUMMARY Gypsies are a social group of nomads that mostly suffer discrimination from the rest of the society. These gypsy communities in Lahore are living in great misery. They don’t have even the basic facilities of life such as electricity, health, education and clean water for drinking instead there are masses of rubbish and pools of filthy water all around. The children of gypsies run here and there, naked and with dirty hairs and skin, the males are addicted and the ladies move towards the Bazars for begging and prostitution. Government must stop being negligent of these 700,000 people and has to provide them with space for housing, basic facilities of life and provide them with employment to sort out their financial problems. INTRODUCTION The Gypsies are one of the most segregated and neglected ethnic groups in all over the world are living a dejected life on the various margins of the globe. In this report the problems and hardships of the gypsies encountered particularly in Lahore will be highlighted. The major issues are improper settlement of gypsies, lack of basic facilities of life for them, lack of education, unemployment and poverty which results in increase in crime rate. The Governments mostly turn their heads from these settlements, regarding them as "lumps" in the body of society. We will discuss different means by which we can over come this problem...
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...Suburbanisation is the process of outward growth of an urban conurbation as people move out of the inner city towards the suburbs. This often results in the engulfing of towns and cities to create one large urban area. This is also known as urban sprawl. This process of suburbanization and urban sprawl often occurs due to urban push factors pulling people away from the CBD and inner city towards the suburbs. These push factors include cheaper land meaning both business and families can have bigger homes and premises. Abundance of cheaper land also means that homes are not as crowded as when compared to those within the inner city and CBD. Suburbs also have better schools, a safer feel and have larger open spaces. This means that many suburbs can be ideal for families. In addition suburbs often are very well connected to the rest of the city resulting in suburbs being ideal for commuting. All of the aforementioned factors can be witnessed within the megacity of LA with suburbs such as woodland hills having large houses situated on green leafy streets. In addition woodland hills also has the warner center which is a large shopping center situated within the suburb. This large shopping center means that for many of the residents there is often no need for them to travel into the center of the city. This has an effect on the city whereby a donut city begins to occur. Donut cities are where the center of a city such as Los Angeles began to decline leading to dereliction and concentrations...
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...URAN SPRAWL: DIAGNOSIS AND REMEDIES Throughout this article, the main focus is urban sprawl and the non-endearing remedies to fix this growing concern. Three influential forces are the end results of urban sprawl: a growing population, rising incomes, and falling commuting costs. Although these sound positive to societies well being, market failures are distorting their positive social desirability. The allocation of agricultural land converted to urban usage has justified the criticism of urban sprawl by not accounting for the benefits of open space, social costs of road congestion, and developers failing to pay for the infrastructure costs generated. The remedies projected for these market failures in hope of alleviating the spatial size of the city are developmental taxes and congestion tolls (1). Critics raise a few questions about urban sprawl and the possible remedies policy makers could enact. But, are they are justifiable? The first one is, is urban sprawl truly a growing problem affecting American society? Throughout the article, Brueckner states both views on urban sprawl: The criticism against it and how to prevent it, and the benefits of urban sprawl to American society. Another question addressed is, is urban sprawl contributing to the decay of downtown areas? With the growth of urban development, the incentive to rebuild land and housing closer to the city center is reduced. This is because developers can purchase large amounts of farmland further away from...
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