...Definition: What is literature? Why do we read it? Why is literature important? Literature is a term used to describe written or spoken material. Broadly speaking, "literature" is used to describe anything from creative writing to more technical or scientific works, but the term is most commonly used to refer to works of the creative imagination, including works of poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction. Generally, most people have their own ideas of what literature is. When enrolling in a literary course at university, you expect that everything on the reading list will be “literature”. Similarly, you might expect everything by a known author to be literature, even though the quality of that author's work may vary from publication to publication. Perhaps you get an idea just from looking at the cover design on a book whether it is “literary” or “pulp”. Literature then, is a form of demarcation, however fuzzy, based on the premise that all texts are not created equal. Some have or are given more value than others. Most forays into the question of “what is literature” go into how literature works with the reader, rather than how the author set about writing it. It is the reception, rather than the writing, which is the object of enquiry. Largely, what we call “literature” is often a subjective value judgment, and naturally, value judgments, like literary tastes, will change. Etymologically, literature has to do with letters, the written as opposed to the spoken word...
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...THE CONCEPTS OF LITERATURE IN WESTERN AND ISLAMIC TRADITION By NUR 'ABIDAH ABD SAMAD Literature can be defined as a man’s creation using fictional quality, described with language, in order to serve certain purposes. Literature entails a vast array of forms including prose, novel, drama and poetry. This discussion covers the concepts of literature in the Western and Islamic tradition. To further explore the above dichotomy, this paper identifies the unifying function of both literatures as enhancing knowledge of self. Besides, this essay also clarifies the function of literature as a didactic instrument of teaching from both different traditions. In addition, by comparing these two traditions, there is a clear explication of the elements of fantasy and reality infused in both literary traditions. Lastly, this essay concludes with the value-judgment of evaluating good or bad literature. Muhammad Qutb defines ‘Islamic literature’ as literature written by people belonging to Muslim writers as well as works by non-Muslim writers who deal with Islamic values in their views (M. Badawi, 1993, p. 50). Islamic conception of literature is significantly derived from the very first word of the Qur’anic revelation iqra’, an instruction to read, followed by the word ‘al-Qalam’ which carries the meaning that reads: “it was God who taught man with pen” (96: 4), which indicates the ultimate role of reading and knowledge to Muslim...
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...which literature reflects societal values. Use any of the texts to demonstrate your ideas. It is widely acknowledged that literature mirrors society and encompasses both positive and negative values. In order for society to realise their mistake and therefore make amends, literature will mirror ill morals. Furthermore, in order for people to emulate and embrace good values and virtues are also projected. It can be said that literature is an imitation of humanistic character, representing the thoughts and behaviours of people in society. By incorporating Sylvia Plath’s novel ‘The Bell Jar’, societal values such as relationships, identity and stereotypes are the predominant ideas. Literature can be considered as a mirror image of...
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... * Feudal Values (Introduce what feudal values means for the reader.) * Identify at least three characters that reflect feudal values. * Discuss some main problems Tagore identifies and wants to change in the society. Also what types of change does his literature attempt to bring about? * Discuss the mental, emotional, and or psychological effects these values have on the characters’ lives. * Discuss how British took advantage of feudal customs and values in order to maintain social control of the society. * Discuss the cost and consequences of these values for individuals and for India’s society as a whole. * CRITCAL THINKING!!! * Bengal Renaissance Values (Introduce what B.R.V. means for the reader.) * Identify at least three characters that reflect Bengal Renaissance Values. * Explain how the concept of Swaraj relates to Bengal Renaissance values. * Discuss how at least two of Tagore’s characters reflect the values of swaraj and Bengal Renaissance values. * Discuss the ways in which Tagore wants these characters to serve as models in Indian society. * Explain the benefits and consequences of these values for India’s society in the light of the British Empire and dominance in India. * How does BRV reflect the essay “East and West? * CRITCAL THINKING!!! * Tagore’s Contributions to India’s Society * Explain the types of social responsibility Tagore hopes to instill through his literature in the educated...
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...The Importance Of Multicultural Literature For as long as societies have been able to document their stories and experiences, literature has been an important part of connecting different societies helping to shape a broader understanding on how various cultures operate around the world. Multicultural Literature gives readers insight into a wide range of different cultures and walks of life that they may not have experienced otherwise. Each culture is as unique as individuals are, each with their own complexities, and with distinct features and characteristics that make them unique and set them apart from other individuals. Just like no two people are like, even twins, no two cultures are alike, even if they are within the same country. When reading multicultural literature it is important for the reader to read with an open mind. Often times the readers will find themselves immersed in a completely different culture and feel as if they are unable to relate to what they are reading, however they may still find values that parallel their own if they are able to explore the literature with an open perspective. Multicultural literature allows a rare opportunity for the reader to travel down the path of individuals with a different cultural viewpoint than that of the readers and this path can simply be travelled through he reading of text. Multicultural Literature grants the reader a rare opportunity to live through a different life experience and be able to garner valuable...
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...Multicultural Literature Analysis Paper Multicultural Literature In this paper I will discuss and analyze multicultural literature. I will define what multicultural literature is and what forces produce multicultural literature. I will determine what makes a work multicultural or not and finally how the quality of multicultural literature should be judged. Literature, a major carrier of content, can be used as a powerful way to understanding the world (Tway, 1989). Experts in multicultural education frequently emphasize the importance of using literature to increase cultural awareness (Tway, 1989). The literature used should accurately portray the history, customs, values, and language of a particular cultural group (Cutter, 2005). Through sharing literature that reflects the multitude of cultural groups, students can learn to understand and to appreciate a literary heritage that comes from many diverse backgrounds. For example in the story “Good Girls Are Bad News” by Subhadra Sen Gupta Bineeta is caught smoking in public, this starts a feud with the parents who try to make her think that smoking will affect her grades in some way and are very disappointed in her. In the Asian culture it looked down upon for a woman to smoke cigarettes with a very low number that actually do. Bineeta proved to everyone that smoking did not have any effect oh her grades and that her main point was to prove that the decisions she makes will always be what is best for...
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...What makes American literature American? America has long been fans of the superior writers, such as Hemingway and Fitzgerald for their various works including “The Great Gatsby” and “The Old Man in the Sea”, America has been known for its fondness of short stories. American literature aims to embody the values and morals of the American culture. The foundation of American values include the rights to liberty, justice, freedom, equality, love, and family, American literature usually will be centered in one or more of these ideals. American literature incorporates the story of an American character and their encounters with the land and the people, exemplifying the human need to control and understand their environment. “Whitman emerges here both as an exemplar of the dominant literary theory and as a precursor of our contemporary value schema, with its enshrinement of the "me" (San Francisco Chronicle (Pre-1997 Fulltext)). Whitman was known for his fresh perspectives of the past and domination of literary theories. What is literary canon? How does literary canon relate to what is going on in society? Literary canons are the classifications of books and their influence upon the culture and society of a specific region or country. Literary canons outline the influential literature of a culture, society, country, or secular community. Society looks to literary canons to understand cultural influence and to research the issues that are most important to the people of the country...
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...The researcher emphasis is on the children’s literature as literature, rather than creating a book of instructional exercises or teaching aids. The best tools any teacher can have for presenting literature to students are a love of books, a sense of the beauty of language, and a joy in the magic of story. Only then the literature can be shared effectively with children. The Context for Children Literature i. History of Children’s Literature ii. The Study of Childhood iii. The Study of Literature iv. Picture Storybook v. Fantasy In researcher courses, the emphasis on the primary works-the picture books, folktales, poetry, fantasies, realistic novels, and information books. The text is intended as a supplement, to provide background about the...
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...As I child, I sat in the corner of my bed reading about Narnia and the adventures of Jack and Annie in the Magic Tree House series. I was transported to different towns, worlds, and dimensions. Appreciation for literature was simple, and as a child it didn’t take much thought. Literature taught in classrooms today is focused on the moral of the story rather than the beauty of writing. The pleasure of reading should come from stepping foot in the world of the book, not simply learning its shallow message. Students are given a book to read which is viewed as another assignment instead of being looked at as something to appreciate. The complexity and beauty of literature is overshadowed by the overall message that is interpreted from the book....
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...ACKNOWLEDGEMENT MARY M. VICENTE D.H.L. President, Bestlink College of the Philippines, for inspiring and impressing in the mind of the researcher to be must diligent to make and also inculcate to the mind of the individual researcher the importance of this research work CHARLIE I. CARINO PH.D, Vice president, Director for instruction, Bestlink College of the Philippines, for his support and guide to make this research work. ENGR. DIOSDADO T. LLENO, School Director, Director for non- instruction for his support and concern critism in making a scholarly output. MAXIMA D.C MITRA, PH.D, Crad Director for her assistance and versatile ideas from the start of this study until its completion this research works. AMELIA S. ABLEN PH.D, Dean, College of Teacher Education, for her support and teach to make this research work. And also to guide us the importance of this research work. MINERVA A. ABLEN,MAED, Thesis adviser for her technical advice that gave this work a professional touch and clear direction; for her support, genuine concern and flexible efforts to make this research work; to help and correct this research work. Member and Panel of Examiners. For their graceful effort in evaluating this study which has improved its content and substance. Above all. TO THE ALMIGHTY GOD, who showered the peaceful knowledge and capability to make all things possible. To guide us and gave a wisdom of knowledge to finish it. DEDICATION We dedicate...
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... September 2012 Value congruence in organizations: Literature review, theoretical perspectives, and future directions Yuanjie Bao Simon Dolan Shay S. Tzafrir ESADE Working Papers Series Available from ESADE Knowledge Web: www.esadeknowledge.com © ESADE Avda. Pedralbes, 60-62 E-08034 Barcelona Tel.: +34 93 280 61 62 ISSN 2014-8135 Depósito Legal: B-3449-2012 Value congruence in organizations: Literature review, theoretical perspectives, and future directions Yuanjie Bao* ESADE Business School, Future of Work Chair, Ramon Llull University Av. Torreblanca 59, 08172, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain yuanjie.bao@esade.edu Simon L. Dolan ESADE Business School, Future of Work Chair, Ramon Llull University Av. Torreblanca 59, 08172, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain simon.dolan@esade.edu Shay S. Tzafrir Department of Human Services, University of Haifa Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel stzafrir@research.haifa.ac.il September 2012 Abstract Extant literature on value congruence is fragmented due to different methodological treatments and theoretical perspectives. Proposing a typology of the value congruence concept, this paper reviews several key themes in value congruence research including staffing, socialization, leadership, job attitudes, performance, among others. By reviewing related antecedents and outcomes, discussing underlying theoretical perspectives, and highlighting future directions, this paper integrates value congruence research...
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...Texts are products of time Focusing of 2 texts from different eras, discuss how text reflect values of their context. Medieval literature and the renaissance literature was a period of time where religion and values were important, good and evil was widely distinct and the political structure was highly valued depending on the individual’s background. These factors had huge influence on how and why literature was raised. Middle ages was a more a time of religious fears and, scientific and cultural progress was considered evil which made stories more conservative, harsh and heroic. One of the famous medieval text includes Thomas Malory and the Morte D’Arther. The text is a fusion of historical and pre-Christian magical elements. On the other hand, the renaissance was quiet different to medieval period, it was the rebirth of individualism, humanism and free thinking. Renaissance writing, by contrast showed interest in writing, arts and culture. One of the key philosophical elements of the renaissance was the rise of humanism and precursor to the age of enlightenment. Renaissance literature and arts became more invested in the hands of rich and powerful. One of the famous renaissance text includes a Petrarchan sonnet called the Holy Sonnet 10 by John Donne. The sonnet has a lot of religious and biblical context of god, death and eternal life. It highlights the insignificance of death that it should not be feared, it reveals human dignity and happiness and individual freedom. These...
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...Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the energy of combustion for benzoic acid pellet and Di-Butyl Phthalate (DBP) in excess oxygen under constant volume. To perform this experiment we set up the apparatus for a bomb calorimeter, which would help to find the change in internal heat of the combustion of DBP. We also find the molar enthalpy of combustion by using the resulting equation. The experimental molar heat of combustion was precisely close to the literature value,-8628.85 kJ/mol, for trial 1 of DBP. But for trail 2, the percent error was higher than trail one making the accuracy and precision slightly off. The percent values of DBP trial 1 were 1.61% and 5.33% for trial 2, resulting that the data for trial 1 was more accurate and precise than trial 2. Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the heat of combustion under constant volume and excess oxygen. We identify ∆H°comb, heat of combustion, as the change in heat when the reaction between oxygen and two moles of DMP at a temperature of 298K and a pressure of 1 atm. The reaction for the combustion is expressed as…. 2 (l) + 39 O2 (g) → 32 CO2 (g) + 22 H2O (l) (1) A Parr bomb calorimeter was used in the experiment. As starting the experiment the volume was constant in the process. We can also say that changes in internal energy and molar enthalpy related with chemical changes are independent of pressure. Having a good understanding of the principles of calorimetry and...
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...When it boils down to it, everything in literature is a matter of perspective. If you were to read a book implying a conspiracy about the crises in Palestine and pinning all the blame on Canada, would you believe it? It’s quite likely - because when you read a book, you begin to see things from the perspective of the author, or, the perspective the author wants you to see things through. The author’s passages and vivid imagery would figuratively allow you to see, hear, and feel things from a perspective that ultimately influences your views, beliefs, and values. Eurocentrism is the practice of viewing things from a European perspective and it’s effects are usually subconscious in a way that those affected don’t realize they’re affected. So to what extent exactly does literature force us to consider the long term effects of eurocentrism? Now, as they have taught the next generations, which compose themselves of their own children and immigrated families, these traditions get passed on to them, and so on. However, the key point here is that they aren’t passed on as ‘eurocentric beliefs’, rather, they are passed on as ‘normal’ beliefs and traditions. Literature certainly allows us to consider the long-term effects of eurocentrism to a great extent, and it does this by modelling everyday examples where eurocentrism takes place in a way that allows us to see where and when eurocentrism takes it’s effects. Through the deconstruction of literature, we are able to study the long-term effects...
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...give for literature is "written books that have value and are timeless". The thing about good literature is that it does not have to be recent. Many works of literature from hundreds of years ago are still interesting and valueable to the modern day reader. Although times have changed, human nature really has not. People still can relate and have the same feelings as the characters in a book from centurys ago. Humans still have man vs self conflict, experience madness, jealousy, joy and sadness and can really appreciate literature that portray emotions that they have experienced. Literature can not be any old book, it has to be good. A book that does not interest the reader or provide any significant value will not stand the test of time. Good literature is drama-filled and will keep the reader on edge guessing what will come next. Also, it is helpful if the literature has a lesson or value. Humans from the 21st century are able to learn from the themes of older literature and relate them to what they have going on in their modern day lives. A meaningless book can be entertaining but will not have the same effect as a book that is able to hook the readers interest but also apply to everyday life. 3. Iv never been a person who has loved to read literature. A lot of times i have found myself bored and uninteristed in what i am reading. With that said i have learned to appreciate good literature. In my opinion the best type of literature to read is dramatic literature. Personally...
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