...…………………………………..………….…3 What is a good description of Western Equine Encephalitis?................................................4 What kind of disease is it and how does the disease work?...................................................4 When was Western Equine Encephalitis Discovered / History?............................................4 Which animals/species/age group are at risk for Western Equine Encephalitis?..................5 What diseases can WEE be confused or misdiagnosed for?.................................................5 What are the symptoms of Western Equine Encephalitis?....................................................5 Is Western Equine Encephalitis treatable and what is the treatment?...................................6 Is Western Equine Encephalitis zoonotic?............................................................................6 Why is Western Equine Encephalitis relevant to our local environment?............................6 Is Western Equine Encephalitis preventable and what are the preventions?........................7 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………....8 References / Bibliography…………………………………………………………………9 Appendix A……………………………………………………………………………….10 Appendix B………………………………………………………………………………..11 Appendix C………………………………………………………………………………..12 Abstract In this research paper I will discuss, in detail, the specifics of Western Equine Encephalitis / Encephalomyelitis. I have used credible resources to back my findings on...
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...Europe’s journal on infectious disease epidemiolog y, prevention and control Special edition: Chikungunya and Zika virus October 2014 Featuring • Spread of chikungunya from the Caribbean to mainland Central and South America: a greater risk of spillover in Europe? • Aspects of Zika virus transmission • Cases of chikungunya virus infection in travellers returning to Spain from Haiti or Dominican Republic, April-June 2014 www.eurosurveillance.org Editorial team Editorial advisors Based at the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), 171 83 Stockholm, Sweden Albania: Alban Ylli, Tirana Telephone number Belgium: Sophie Quoilin, Brussels +46 (0)8 58 60 11 38 E-mail eurosurveillance@ecdc.europa.eu Editor-in-chief Ines Steffens Austria: Reinhild Strauss, Vienna Belgium: Koen De Schrijver, Antwerp Bosnia and Herzogovina: Nina Rodić Vukmir, Banja Luka Bulgaria: Mira Kojouharova, Sofia Croatia: Sanja Musić Milanović, Zagreb Cyprus: to be nominated Czech Republic: Bohumir Križ, Prague Denmark: Peter Henrik Andersen, Copenhagen Senior editor Estonia: Kuulo Kutsar, Tallinn Kathrin Hagmaier Finland: Outi Lyytikäinen, Helsinki Scientific editors Karen Wilson Williamina Wilson France: Judith Benrekassa, Paris Germany: Jamela Seedat, Berlin Greece: Rengina Vorou, Athens Hungary: Ágnes Csohán, Budapest Assistant editors Iceland: Haraldur Briem, Reykjavik Alina Buzdugan Ireland: Lelia Thornton...
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...THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE UK HEALTH By Name Course Professor’s Name Institution State Date In the modern society, human practices influence the environment in a negative way. Specifically, industrial, agricultural and domestic activities exacerbate the ecological system, affecting humans, animals, and plants. Greenhouse emissions, agricultural chemicals, and domestic toxics cause air and water pollutions that affect human health. Therefore, climate change is an imperative factor that needs proper redress in protecting the health of the UK citizen. Accordingly, this paper examines the holistic health experience associated with climate change. Particularly, the paper explores climatic changes such as pollution and flooding and their direct influence in human health through infection and diseases. Climate change in the twenty-first century plays a vital role in the issue of public health. The rapid population growth rate of the modern world endangers human development and weakening the capacity of the contemporary communities to adapt and respond to climate change. The interrelation of population and climate changes lies in mitigation and adaptation. For this reason, people should reduce the levels of greenhouse emission and subsequently decrease the vulnerability of the population to the effects of climatic change. The science of climate changes integrates profoundly with the dynamics of the population. For example, the mass...
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...OF MOSQUITOES BY OCHIENG’ JAMES WYCLIFFE S12/21157/12 A research proposal submitted to the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Science & Technology of Egerton University. EGERTON UNIVERSITY 2015 DECLARATION I, Ochieng’ James Wycliffe, hereby declare that this proposal is my original work and has not been presented for award of a degree in any other university. Candidate: Sign ……………………………… Date……………………………….. …. RECOMMENDATION Supervisors: This proposal has been submitted for examination with my approval as supervisor Dr. Vincent Adunga, Department of Biochemistry and molecular Biology, Egerton University. Sign: …………………………………………Date: …………………………………… ABSTRACT The development and spread of insecticide resistance in the population of Anophene species, a major vector of malaria in Kenya, presents a serious threat to the progress made in malaria control interventions. This has significantly contributed to negative gains in eradication of mosquito population that spread malaria hence increased cases of deaths due to the disease. With this resistance to insecticides on the rise, surveillance of the target population for optimal choice of insecticides is a necessity. The objective of this study is thus to assess the level of insecticides resistance in malarial vectors population along river Njokerio in Egerton University region using...
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...RESOURCES----------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 A listing of links and papers we used to help compile this document. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ------------------------------------------------------ 5 SECTION I: INTRODUCTION Foreword ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Purpose------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Goals---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 SECTION II: SITUATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS----------------------- 8-9 SECTION III: CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS A. Incident Identification---------------------------------------------------------- 10 B. Notification and Action Triggers--------------------------------------------- 10 C. Communication----------------------------------------------------------------- 11 D. Interstate Coordination--------------------------------------------------------- 11 E. Food Team----------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 F. Response Actions--------------------------------------------------------------- 12 SECTION IV: SCENARIOS OF COORDINATION A. Scenario I------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12 Incident involving a contaminated food product; no known disease B. Scenario II-----------------------------------------------------------------------...
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...and willing to contribute, as scientists in the sustainable development of our country as we strongly believe that Zambia can truly develop only through advancement in science and technology. This Policy Brief is in line with the aspirations of the Constitution of the Academy and specifically Articles 4 and 5 that empowers the Academy to initiate studies or can be requested by stakeholders including Government or persons to undertake such research for purposes of scientific advice, guidance or for purposes of advancing science and technology in Zambia. It is in recognising this important role that the first Policy Brief addresses climate change and food security. Climate change is a challenge universally considered the single most threatening situation facing mankind today since time immemorial. This Policy Brief tackles impacts of climate change on agriculture and food security as well as Zambia’s long time reliable Agro Ecological Regions Zoning that has been used since late 1970s to guide planning, agricultural production, scientific research and investment. The reliability of this Tool and the entire agriculture sector is threatened by climate change. Our decision to undertake a comprehensive review of the...
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...BASF-Grameen launches magic mosquito net in Bangladesh by News Desk March 24, 2012 |[pic]Print |[pic]Send |[pic]Comment |[pic]RSS |Share: [pic] [pic] |[pic] | | | | | |[pic] | | Click Image to Enlarge[pic] A joint venture project of world-famous German company BASF and Nobel Prize winner Dr. Yunus' Grameen has started commercial production of Magic Mosquito net in Bangladesh from March 23, 2012. Effective up to 20 washes, depending on local conditions, the fendozin-rich net would kill mosquitoes and other bugs within 20 minutes after they come in contact with it, said officials. The nets are already available across the country and cost TK 650~700 [US$ 8-9] a piece. The nets meet the requirements of the World Health Organization and are "extremely safe" for humans and other mammals, said Saria Sadique, managing director of BASF Bangladesh. The country's first Long Lasting Impregnated Net [LLIN] plant, which has been set up in the industrial park, cost TK 124 million and has created jobs for 800 people. The plant owned and operated by Grameen Fabrics and Fashions will manufacture the nets under the brand name Interceptor. BASF Grameen Limited will market the product. In near future, this magic mosquito net will also be exported to a number of countries in the world. The plant can now produce up to 3,000 nets a day and its capacity would enhance in days to come...
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...Hepatitis B is a communicable disease that affects the liver via the hepatitis virus (HBV). Hepatitis B is the most common liver infection in the world. The virus is transmitted via blood and infected bodily fluids. This can occur through activities that involve percutaneous punctures through the skin, or mucosal contact with infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of ways that an individual could contract Hepatitis B might include: Sex with an infected partner; Birth to an infected mother; Coming in contact with the blood or sores of someone infected with Hepatitis B; (exposure to infected blood via a blood transfusion) Needle sticks with a dirty or contaminated needle or sharp instrument; Sharing items with an infected person such as toothbrushes or razors; RISK FACTORS: -Transfusion of unscreened blood; -Sexual promiscuity; - Sharing of or re-using of syringes between injection drug users; -Tattooing; -Working or residing in a health-care facility; -Living in a correctional facility; -Renal dialysis -long-term household or intimate non-sexual contact with and HBs Ab-positive individual. HBV is not spread through food or water, sharing common objects such as kitchen utensils, via hugging or kissing, casual contact or by being exposed to someone with HBV who may cough or sneeze. This virus can live for as long as 7 days outside of the human body and still be able to produce infection in a new host. ("Centers for Disease Control & Prevention," 2013) ...
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...Hepatitis B is a communicable disease that affects the liver via the hepatitis virus (HBV). Hepatitis B is the most common liver infection in the world. The virus is transmitted via blood and infected bodily fluids. This can occur through activities that involve percutaneous punctures through the skin, or mucosal contact with infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of ways that an individual could contract Hepatitis B might include: Sex with an infected partner; Birth to an infected mother; Coming in contact with the blood or sores of someone infected with Hepatitis B; (exposure to infected blood via a blood transfusion) Needle sticks with a dirty or contaminated needle or sharp instrument; Sharing items with an infected person such as toothbrushes or razors; RISK FACTORS: -Transfusion of unscreened blood; -Sexual promiscuity; - Sharing of or re-using of syringes between injection drug users; -Tattooing; -Working or residing in a health-care facility; -Living in a correctional facility; -Renal dialysis -long-term household or intimate non-sexual contact with and HBs Ab-positive individual. HBV is not spread through food or water, sharing common objects such as kitchen utensils, via hugging or kissing, casual contact or by being exposed to someone with HBV who may cough or sneeze. This virus can live for as long as 7 days outside of the human body and still be able to produce infection in a new host. ("Centers for Disease Control & Prevention," 2013) ...
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...IJRESS Volume 3, Issue 1 (January 2013) ISSN: 2249-7382 NEED ASSESSMENT FOR URBAN HEALTH IN SLUMS OF JAIPUR Dr. Manoj Kumar ABSTRACT This paper attempts to analyze the spatial distribution of Health Care Delivery System with a focus on Reproductive Child Health and its relation to geographical distance from the slum population. The socio- demographic profile and its correlation to the barriers for accessing the health-care is also attempted. The suggestions include removing spatial inequities, a region specific plan for health care for increasing accessibility of the inhabitants in the slum and designing an integrated and sustainable primary healthcare service delivery with emphasis on improved family planning, maternal health and child health services in the urban poor living in slums. International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences http://www.euroasiapub.org 52 IJRESS Volume 3, Issue 1 (January 2013) ISSN: 2249-7382 INTRODUCTION Slum are characterized by poverty, dilapidated housing, over crowding, concentration of lower class, racial segregation, crime, health problems, broken houses, alienation and an unhygienic environment. Different terms have been used for slums in different cities and countries. In India, they are known by various names. For example, in Delhi they are known as Katras, Gallis, Jhuggi- Jhopadpatti. Similarly, they are known as Chawls in Mumbai, Ahatas in Kanpur, Bustee in Calcutta, Cheris in...
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...Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trends pages 557–740 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF D. Peter Drotman Associate Editors Paul Arguin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Charles Ben Beard, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Ermias Belay, Atlanta, Georgia, USA David Bell, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Sharon Bloom, Atlanta, GA, USA Mary Brandt, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Corrie Brown, Athens, Georgia, USA Charles H. Calisher, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Michel Drancourt, Marseille, France Paul V. Effler, Perth, Australia David Freedman, Birmingham, Alabama, USA Peter Gerner-Smidt, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Stephen Hadler, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Nina Marano, Nairobi, Kenya Martin I. Meltzer, Atlanta, Georgia, USA David Morens, Bethesda, Maryland, USA J. Glenn Morris, Gainesville, Florida, USA Patrice Nordmann, Fribourg, Switzerland Didier Raoult, Marseille, France Pierre Rollin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Ronald M. Rosenberg, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA Frank Sorvillo, Los Angeles, California, USA David Walker, Galveston, Texas, USA Senior Associate Editor, Emeritus Brian W.J. Mahy, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, UK Managing Editor Byron Breedlove, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Copy Editors Claudia Chesley, Laurie Dietrich, Karen Foster, Thomas Gryczan, Jean Michaels Jones, Shannon O’Connor, P. Lynne Stockton Production William Hale, Barbara Segal, Reginald Tucker Editorial Assistant Jared Friedberg Communications/Social Media Sarah Logan Gregory Founding Editor Joseph E. McDade, Rome, Georgia, USA Emerging Infectious Diseases is published monthly...
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...OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT SPECIAL PROJECT PROPOSAL TITLE: OPPORTUNISTIC SAMPLING AS A TOOL FOR SURVEILLANCE OF PARASITIC DISEASES IN WILD ANIMALS; A CASE OF MIKUMI NATONAL PARK STUDENT NAME: KIBONA, Juma A REG. NUMBER: WLM/D/11/T/0057 A SPECIAL PROJECT PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE BARCHELOR OF SCIENCE IN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT FROM THE SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, MOROGORO – TANZANIA SUPERVISOR: Prof. E.K. BATAMUZI 2013/2014 0 Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................. 2 1.1 BACKGROUND OF INFORMATION ............................................................................................. 2 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem .................................................................................................... 4 1.3 OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.0 General objective ............................................................................................................................. 6 1.3.1 Specific objectives ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS...............................................................................................................
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...Article INTEGRATING DENTAL INFORMATICS IN PLANNING AN EFFECTIVE ORAL HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM IN INDIA - NEED OF AN HOUR Eshani Saxena*1, Pankaj Goel2 , Chandrashekar BR3, Sudheer Hongal 4 , 1. P.G Student , Dept of public health dentistry ,Peoples dental academy , Bhopal 2. HOD, dept of Public health dentistry AIIMS Bhopal 3. Dept of Public health dentistry, People’s dental academy , Bhopal 4. Reader, Dept of Public health dentistry, People’s dental academy , Bhopal Corresponding author: Dr. Eshani Saxena , P.G Student , Dept of public health dentistry ,Peoples dental academy , Bhopal . Received on 16 Jan 2014, Published on 2 feb 2014 ABSTRACT Technology in dentistry is a novel science and it will continue to grow in future. The research field that study dentistry from a technical perspective is dental informatics. Dental informatics engrosses every discipline in dentistry. To review the existing literature on dental informatics in public health practice and discuss the feasibility of integrating dental informatics in planning effective oral health information system in India. A thorough search for the literature on dental informatics and oral health information system was made in biomedical data bases using the search engine for two weeks by one investigator. The retrieved literature was then organized into primary and secondary sources, softwares in clinical dentistry, softwares for public health informatics etc. The literature focusing on the applicability of dental...
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...Management refers to the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the environment and to outbreaks of vector-borne disease—that is, diseases spread by rodents and insects. The tasks of solid-waste management present complex technical challenges. They also pose a wide variety of administrative, economic, and social problems that must be managed and solved. The primary sources of solid waste include waste generated in residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial activities. Certain types of wastes that cause immediate danger to exposed individuals or environments are classified as hazardous; these are discussed in the article hazardous-waste management. All nonhazardous solid waste from a community that requires collection and transport to a processing or disposal site is called refuse or municipal solid waste (MSW). Refuse includes garbage and rubbish. Garbage is mostly decomposable food waste; rubbish is mostly dry material such as glass, paper, cloth, or wood. Garbage is highly putrescible or decomposable, whereas rubbish is not. Trash is rubbish that includes bulky items such as old refrigerators, couches, or large tree stumps. Trash requires special collection and handling. The problem of solid waste management in major cities has acquired alarming dimensions...
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...THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRICHODERMA REESEI IN THE BIOCONTROL OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES A project report submitted for examination in fulfillment of the requirements for the course Unit SBT 414: RESEARCH PROJECT in the Bachelor of Science (Microbiology and Biotechnology) Degree. AMWAYI ANGELA LUKALE I23/3384/2008. Signature…………………… Date……………………….. SUPERVISOR: DR. P.M WACHIRA Signature …………………… Date………………………. SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES. UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI. 2011-2012 DECLARATION iii DEDICATION iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v ABSTRACT vi CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 JUSTIFICATION 2 1.2 OBJECTIVES 3 1.2.1 Broad objective 3 1.2.2 Specific objectives 4 CHAPTER TWO 4 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 2.1 Trichoderma Spp. 4 2.2 Fusarium species 8 CHAPTER THREE 11 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY. 11 3.1 Media Preparation 11 3.2 Isolation of pathogenic fungi (Fusarium spp). 12 3.4 Dual culture inoculation 13 CHAPTER FOUR 13 RESULTS 13 CHAPTER FIVE 18 DISCUSSION 18 CHAPTER SIX 20 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 20 REFERENCES 21 8. Dudley, N. S. (2007). Pathogenicity of four Fusarium species on Acacia koa seedlings. Missoula, MT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, Forest Health Protection. 21 12. James, R. L. (2002). Biological control of Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium proliferatum on young Douglas-fir seedlings by a nonpathogenic strain of Fusarium oxysporum. Missoula, MT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service...
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