Biodiversity - variety & # of life forms on earth
Species - breed that can interbreed naturally
Morphological Species Concept: species r organisms that look anatomically similar
Recognition Species Concept: species r organisms that can recognize each other as potential mates
Biological Species Concept: species r individuals in a population that can breed under natural conditions and produce fertile offspring
Hybridization- crossbreeding between species (rare) (ex, liger, mule)
Types of Biodiversity * genetic diversity: sexual reproduction cases unique inherited combinations of traits * ecosystem diversity: variety of organisms and their environment * diversity of interactions: interdependence of species = stability * diversity of habitats: structural diversity increases biodiversity

Loss of biodiversity
-affects food -medicine -economics -carbon cycle
______________________________________________________________________________
Taxonomy (to arrange) - the science of identifying, classifying, and naming organisms
- classification based on similarities in structure and function
- classifying helps us find/identify and understand
Seven Levels Remember
Katy Perry's Cat Ordered Fine Guacamole Sunday
King Phillip Came Over From Germany, Stinky
1. Species
2. Genus
3. Family - animals end in "-idae" , plants end in " -aceae"
4. Order
5. Class
6. Phylum
7. Kingdom

Classification for humans:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: sapians

Binomial Nomenclature:
1. Genus (capitalized) (italics/underlined)
2. Species (not capitalized)(italics/underlined)
Ex; Urses maritimus (polar bear)

Dichotomous Key: tree diagram that divides by 2 each time
- used to identify organisms
Phylogeny: study of evolutionary relationships between species
Phylogenetic tree: diagram that goes back in time
- every intersection is a common ancestor clade: smaller taxonomic group (includes ancestor + descendants)
Cladogram: same as phylo tree but doesnt indicate time

Kingdoms
1) Archaea (ex, methanogen)
2) Bacteria (ex, sulfur bacteria)
3) Protista (ex, algae)
4) Fungi (ex, mushrooms)
5) Plants
6) Animals

Prokaryotic -cells w NO membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic-cells WITH membrane bound organelles
THREE DOMAINS: 1) Bacteria (ex; carbon-eating bacteria) 2)Archaea (ex; salt-loving microbes)
3)Eukaryote (ex; plants, animals, fungi, protists)

PROKARYOTES: bacteria & archaea
- single celled, prokaryotic (no membrane bound organelles)

Bacteria:
- pathogens (infectious) ; mutualistic (help host organism and itself) ; commercial (yogurt, anti-biotics)
- has ONE chromosome in nucleoid
- has ribosomes
- uses flagella to move
- pili to stick to stuff
- MAY contain PLASMID (loop of DNA that provides advantage to bacterium)
- cell wall contains peptidoglycan that provides strenght + a capsule
Shapes of bacterium:
- COCCUS (circle)
1 coccus = MONOCOCCI
2 cocci = DIPLOCOCCI chain of cocci = STREPTOCOCCI cluster of cocci = STAPHYLOCOCCI
- BACILLUS (like a cheeto)
- SPIRILLUM (spiral)
Metabolism: autotrophic or heterotropic
- obligate aerobes = need oxygen
- obligate anaerobes = cannot survive in oxygen
- facultative anaerobes = can undergo aerobic and anaerobic respiration

REPRODUCTION
Binary Fission (asexual)
-exact replica is made
- contain Plasmid (DNA outside nucleoid region)
Conjugation (sexual, most common)
- 2 bacteria come together via Protein Bridges and transfer plasmid
- the bacteria that receives Plasmid now might have genetic favour in changing conditions

Transformation (unfacourable conditions)
- bacteria picks up DNA from environment (dead cell)
- (if DNA is from a different species, it's called horizontal transfer)

Endospore Formation (asexual, unfavorable conditions)
- bacteria form spores
- spores form thick wall that surrounds DNA and cytoplasm

Archaea
- cell walls dont have peptidoglycan
- can live in extreme environments
Ecamples: Methanogens (produce methane), halophiles (like salt), thermophiles (hotsprings), Psychrophiles (like cold)

Viruses, Viroids, Prions
Viruses
- RNA/DNA (genetic material) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)
- not alive -no metabolism, do not grow or reproduce
- Cause HOST cell to make new viruses
- smaller than cells
- ALL are infectious * plant viruses: spread by direct contact between plants & seeds (VIA INSECTS) * animal viruses: spread by cough/touch/insect & animal vectors
- viruses can only invade its specific type of cell * classified based on size, shape, genetic material
Bacteriophages: viruses that infect bacteria

- How virus makes host organism make new viruses?? 1. LYTIC CYCLE