...Chromatography is a separation technique used to separate the different components in a liquid mixture. It was introduced by a Russian Scientist Michael Tswett. Chromatography involves the sample being dissolved in a particular solvent called mobile phase. The mobile phase may be a gas or liquid. The mobile phase is then passed through another phase called stationary phase. The stationary phase may be a solid packed in a glass plate or a piece of chromatography paper. The various components of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to separate. There are different types of chromatographic techniques such as column chromatography, TLC, paper chromatography, and gas chromatography. Paper chromatography is one of the important chromatographic methods. Paper chromatography uses paper as the stationary phase and a liquid solvent as the mobile phase. In paper chromatography, the sample is placed on a spot on the paper and the paper is carefully dipped into a solvent. The solvent rises up the paper due to capillary action and the components of the mixture rise up at different rates and thus are separated from one another. Distillation Simple distillation is a method used for the separation of components of a mixture containing two miscible liquids that boil without decomposition and have sufficient difference in their boiling points. The distillation process involves heating a liquid to its boiling points, and transferring the vapours into the cold portion of the...
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...bodies are produced when AcetylcoA exceeds krebs cycles capacity. So, when you are starving, ketone bodies are used primarily rather than glucose. Glucose is preserved for brain. Brain, heart, muscle can use ketone bodies. Liver cannot use ketone bodies. Insulin: Insulin helps glucose intake by cells normally. Unsaturated fat is easy to burn off because they produce less energy…hence they are healthier. T-tubles are only found in striated muscles (Skeletal and Cardiac) Reynolds number is proportional to velocity, Radius and density. It is also inversely proportional to viscocity. So basically, lower the velocity, or lower the radius or lower the density, the more laminar the flow is (smaller Ryenolds Number). Higher the Viscosity is, the more...
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...transition temperature •Polymer modification/processing/additives 3 Outline Polymer classification •Step vs. Chain Growth Polymerization techniques •Bulk •Solution •Suspension •Emulsion •Gas-phase •Slurry Applications – Main commercial polymers •Polyolefins •Styrenic polymers •PVC •Waterborne dispersed polymers •Polyesters and polyamides •Thermosets Polymer history/timeline CHG 8187 Introduction to Polymer Reaction Engineering Part 1: Basic Concepts What is a polymer? 4 5 What is a polymer? Polymers are large molecular chains made of many monomers. Several structural units bound together by covalent bonds. 6 What is a polymer? 7 Nomenclature 1. Conventional: prefix “poly” followed by monomer name (e.g., poly(styrene), poly(methyl methacrylate)); condensation polymers from two monomers use name of repeat unit (e.g., poly(ethylene terephthalate). 8 Nomenclature 2. IUPAC* structure-based: similar to conventional but more powerful and general see text by Odian note also rules for copolymers. 3. Trade names (e.g., nylon, Kevlar, plexiglas, teflon, dacron, neoprene, Spandex), common names, abbreviations See table next; note that some are not pure polymers but complex materials (e.g., HIPS, ABS). *IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 9 Nomenclature Abbrev. ABS EPDM Polymer Acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene terpolymer Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber Abbrev. PLA PMMA...
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...PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM VEGETABLE OIL USING LYE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ishu Bala Thakur bearing Registration no. 10804787 has completed her capstone project titled, “Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oil using Lye ” under my guidance and supervision. To the best of my knowledge, the present work is the result of her original investigation and study. No part of the dissertation has ever been submitted for any other degree at any University. The dissertation is fit for submission and the partial fulfillment of the conditions for the award of ......................... Signature and Name of the Research Supervisor: Miss Sugandha Bhatia Designation: School: Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Punjab. Date : DECLARATION I, Ishu Bala Thakur , student of B.Tech (Hons.) Biotech under Department of Lovely Faculty Of Technology and Sciences of Lovely Professional University, Punjab, hereby declare that all the information furnished in this capstone project report is based on my own intensive research and is genuine. This report does not, to the best of my knowledge, contain part of my work which has been submitted for the award of my degree either of this university or any other university without proper citation. Date : ...
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...ANALYSIS OF FOOD PRODUCTS FOOD SCIENCE 581 Instructor Prof. D. Julian McClements Room 238, Chenoweth Lab Tel: 545 1019 Email: mcclements@foodsci.umass.edu Course Description Food products are analyzed for a variety of reasons, e.g., compliance with legal and labeling requirements, assessment of product quality, determination of nutritive value, detection of adulteration, research and development. The lectures will cover the basic principles of analytical procedures and techniques commonly used to provide information about the chemical composition, structure and physical properties of food materials. The aim of the laboratory classes is to give students experience in performing food analysis experiments, analyzing data and reporting their findings. In addition, students are expected to work in teams on a special project where they will identify and critically assess the most appropriate analytical methods for analyzing the properties of a particular food product. [4 Credits]. Textbooks * Introduction to Food Analysis. S.S. Nielsen, 1998. Aspen Publishers - The best general overview of food analysis techniques currently available. (Required). * Food Analysis: Theory and Practice. Y. Pomeranz and C.E. Meloan, Chapman and Hall - General overview of food analysis techniques (Useful) * Food Analysis: Principles and Techniques. D.W. Gruenwedel and J.R. Whitaker, Marcel Dekker - General overview of food analysis techniques (Useful) * Analytical Chemistry of Foods...
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...Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology Course No: CHE 302 Course Name: Chemical Engineering Laboratory- II ________________________________________________________________________ Experiment No: 01 Name of the Experiment: EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM OIL CAKE BY SOXHLET EXTRACTOR _______________________________________________________ Date of Performance: 18/11/15 Date of Submission: 25/11/15 Partners’ Std. Id- 1202012 1202013 1202014 1202015 0902058 Submitted To- Md. Nazibul Islam Lecturer, Department of Chemical Engineering, BUET Partners’ Std. Id- 1202012 1202013 1202014 1202015 0902058 Submitted To- Md. Nazibul Islam Lecturer, Department of Chemical Engineering, BUET Submitted by, Md. Touhidul Islam Std. Id- 1202011 Level- 3, Term- 1 Dept. – Ch.E Group- 03 (A1) ------------------------------------------------- 1.0 SUMMARY The objective of this experiment was to study Soxhlet Extractor and to determine the percent extraction of oil from oil cake and percent recovery of solvent used for extraction. In this experiment, a paper thimble was weighed and then measured amount of oil cake was taken in the thimble and placed in the Soxhlet holder. N-hexane, which was...
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...CHM 1101 Introductory Chemistry Dawn Fox Medeba Uzzi August, 2007 Compiled and edited by Medeba Uzzi Authors’ Note This document is an initiative by the authors in an attempt to deal with what they think may be one of the reasons contributing to the relatively high failure rate in the introductory Chemistry course (CHM 1101) at the University of Guyana. It was brought to our attention that many first year students taking CHM 1101 are unable to efficiently cope with the frenetic pace of the Semester system and even less able to deal comprehensively with the large content in CHM 1101. It is hoped that by providing this paper, students will not need to make lots of notes in lectures and so they can focus on grasping the concepts taught. The document is meant to be a guide to the topics covered in CHM 1101 and is by no means exhaustive. Students are still required to attend classes regularly and punctually and to engage meaningfully in lectures and tutorials. Further, supplemental reading of these topics in any good General Chemistry text is expected. Dawn Fox Medeba Uzzi 2 SECTION 1 – Modules A – D: section deals with the foundation for chemistry. It introduces students to matter & its classification, Atom & its structure, Periodic table and chemical rxns. Introduction to Science and Measurement What is Chemistry? – Chemistry is the study of matter and its transformations Natural sciences refer to the systematic study of the natural world (our...
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...Assignment 1 Bioanalytical Technolog. & Instrument. BIOL-312 Cleio Georgiou 1. What properties determine the sedimentation rate of a particle? The rate of sedimentation of a particle is determined by the size and the density of the particle and the viscosity of the medium. In addition the gravitational force and the speed of rotation affect the sedimentation. 2. Define the terms homogenate and supernatant Homogenate is the material that is obtained after homogenization .It is homogenous tissue which is made by grinding the cells and it is used for laboratory purposes. The homogenate most of the times lacks cellular structures and it is just a suspension of cell fragments and constituents. Supernatant is usually a clear liquid layer that...
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...| | Environmental aspects of lubricants and cooling liquids used in manufacturing processes. | | | | | Contents 1. Introduction..................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Background theory....................................................................................................................3 1.2 History.......................................................................................................................................5 2. Lubricants in manufacturing processes.............................................................5 2.1 Mineral oils...............................................................................................................................5 2.2 Synthetic lubricants..................................................................................................................6 2.3 Boundary lubricants – natural oils and fats........................................................................6 3. Health issues...................................................................................................7 4. Old methods of Lubricant removal and waste treatment.................................7 5. Modern methods of Lubricant removal and waste treatment. ........................7 6. Comparison of old and new.............................................................................8 7. Environmental impact of...
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...(2009) 75–90 www.elsevier.com/locate/apthermeng An axiomatic design approach in development of nanofluid coolants In Cheol Bang a,*, Gyunyoung Heo b b a Energy Sciences, Global Edge Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S6-13 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1 Seocheon-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyunggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea Received 4 September 2007; accepted 4 February 2008 Available online 12 February 2008 Abstract The experimental data for nanofluids in thermal-fluid systems have shown that the new fluids promise to become advanced heat transfer fluids in terms of thermal performance. While enhancing thermal characteristics, the solid–liquid mixtures present an unavoidable disadvantage in terms of pumping cost for economic operation of thermal-fluid systems. In addition, there is a lack of agreement between experimental data provided in the literature. The present work found that there would be no comprehensible design strategy in developing nanofluids. In this work, the Axiomatic Design (AD) theory is applied to systemize the design of nanofluids in order to bring its practical use forward. According to the Independence Axiom of the AD theory, the excessive couplings between the functional requirements and the parameters of a nanofluid system prevent from meeting the functional goals of the entire system. At a parametric level, the design of a nanofluid system is inherently...
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...Physical Science Chapter 14 1. There are two different elements in a water molecule. 2. Atoms heavier than hydrogen were made by nuclear fusion. 3. If we doubled the magnifying power of the most powerful optical microscope in the world, we would still not be able to see an atom. 4. Chemical compounds are made up of about 100 distinct elements. Atoms are the smallest subdivision of matter that still retains chemical properties of a substance. A quark is the smallest particle that exists. Electrons form atoms that in turn determine chemical properties of a substance. 5. The number of protons makes an element distinct. 6. Brownian motion has to do with random motions of atoms and molecules. 7. A quark is the smallest particle. 8. A molecule has structure, mass, and energy. 9. Solid matter is mostly empty space. Electrical forces prevent the solids from falling through one another. 10. Electrical forces determine the chemical properties of an atom. 11. The air in this room had no energy, no weight, and no mass. 12. Assuming all the atoms exhaled by Julius Caesar in his last dying breath are still in the atmosphere, then we probably breathe one of those atoms with each single breath. 13. Nuclei of atoms that make up a newborn baby were made in ancient stars. 14. The reason a granite block is mostly empty space is because the atoms in the granite are mostly empty space themselves. 15. Neutrons are electrically neutral. Protons are electrically positive. Electrons are eclectically...
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...EPOXY RESIN A Technical Report Presented to Prof. Jaime Dilidili Department of Management College of Economics, Management and Development Studies Cavite State University Indang, Cavite In partial fulfillment of the requirements in CENG 28 (Materials of Engineering) ERJHON C. DINGLASAN October 2015 ABSTRACT Knowledge of the materials has always been necessary for those who design. With today’s stringent demand on quality regarding manufacture, materials and execution, it is often assumed that purchasers, architects and contractors posses the necessary knowledge of that with which they work. This paper described one of the commonly used engineering materials nowadays. Epoxy resin which is routinely used as adhesives, coating encapsulates, casting materials, potting compounds and binders. INTRODUCTION Epoxy resins were first commercialized in 1946 and are widely used in industry as protective coatings and for structural applications, such as laminates and composites, tooling, molding, casting, bonding and adhesives, and others. The ability of the epoxy ring to react with a variety of substrates gives the epoxy resins versatility. Treatment with curing agents gives insoluble and intractable thermoset polymers. Some of the characteristics of epoxy resins are high chemical and corrosion resistance, good mechanical and thermal properties, outstanding adhesion to various substrates, low shrinkage upon cure, good electrical insulating properties, and...
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...5.4 Boundary conditions given in Problem setup in ANSYS Workbench Fluent TABLE 5.5 Boundary Conditions S. No Boundary type Annulus Pipe Inside Pipe 1 Mass flow rate at Inlets 0.134 kg/s 0.134 to 0.267 kg/s 2 Temperatures 333 K 300 K 3 Constant heat flux at pipe wall (Insulation) 0 W/m2 --- 5.8 Method of Solution The CFD method follows the use of commercial software ANSYS FLUENT 15.0 to solve the problem. The specified solver in FLUENT uses a pressure correction based iterative SIMPLE algorithm with 2nd order upwind scheme for discretizing the convective transport terms. The convergence criteria for dependent variables are specified as 0.001. The default values of under-relaxation factors are used in the simulation work. In the present analysis, the analytical values of heat transfer coefficients are calculated. The heat transfer coefficients are also obtained using CFD methods and compared with analytical values. Fig. 5.5 Solution methods in ANSYS Workbench Fluent Fig. 5.6 Initialization of Solution in ANSYS Workbench Fluent After determining the important features of the problem following procedure is followed for solving the...
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...the term glass is usually defined in a much wider sense, including every solid that possesses a non-crystalline (i.e. amorphous) structure and that exhibits a glass transition when heated towards the liquid state. In this wider sense, glasses can be made of quite different classes of materials: metallic alloys, ionic melts, aqueous solutions, molecular liquids, and polymers. Of these, polymer glasses (acrylic glass, polyethylene terephthalate) are the most important; for many applications (bottles, eyewear) they are a lighter alternative to traditional silica glasses. Glasses play an essential role in science and industry. Their chemical, physical, and in particular optical properties make them suitable for applications such as flat glass, container glass, optics and optoelectronics material, laboratory equipment, thermal insulator (glass wool), reinforcement fiber (glass-reinforced plastic, glass fiber reinforced concrete), and glass art (art glass, studio glass). Glass transition [pic] [pic]Glassblowing at temperatures just above the glass transition Glass transition or vitrification refers to the transformation of a glass-forming liquid into a glass, which usually occurs upon rapid cooling. It is a dynamic phenomenon occurring between two distinct states of matter (liquid and glass), each with different physical properties. Upon cooling through...
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...test the fuel when it is done being made. They test this fuel in there own labs that we also test it with is called “(third part) lab”. They make these test to make sure that the fuel is meeting the highest standards. The tests that they do on the fuel is: Free Glycerin, Total Glycerin, Water Content, Oxidation stability, Cloud Point, Cold Soak Filtration, Visual inspector, Density, Kinematic Viscosity, Methanol Content, Acid Number, Flash point, Sulfur content, Sulfated Ash Content. These are all the test that they will do after the fuel is done being processed to make sure that they meet all the standard that are required before selling as well as using the fuel. Loyola received a $1000 grant from the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA). This helped the community be able to have a new project which was the the Solution to Environmental Problems. This is were students got together and where able to figure out biodiesel which is made from the waste of the oil from the cafeterias around campus. The student where the ones that came up with how it will work, the models, and the solutions. A couple semesters later they got another $75,00 grant from the Environmental Protection Agency’s. In 2009 the class decided that they wanted to be there own program instead of being with others. The program was ran by only one staff member and the rest were students from campus that did the work. The students and the program are trying to help this get to school, small businesses, as well...
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