...LEDC Montserrat volcanic eruption 1995-97 [pic] Montserrat is a small island in the Caribbean. There is a volcanic area located in the south of the island, called Soufriere Hills. The volcanic peak in this area is called Chances Peak, which had been dormant for over 300 years. Then in 1995, the volcano began to give off warning signs of an eruption (small earthquakes and eruptions of dust and ash). Once Chances Peak had woken up it then remained active for a period of 5 years. The most intense eruptions occurred in 1997. Montserrat is a small island is situated in the Caribbean and 12 miles long and 7 miles wide. It is known as the 'Emerald Island' and is mountainous with plenty of woodland. It has attracted many rich people to the island and was famous for rock stars recording their However much of the population are poor and rely on farming which is for their subsistence. Before the eruption of 1995, over 12,000 people lived on the island but less than 5000 do today The Causes of the Montserrat Eruption Montserrat lies on a compressional plate boundary. The volcano is caused by subduction of the North American/Atlantic plate under the Caribbean plate. As the two plates merge the oceanic plate is forced down or sub ducted under the continental plate. As it is forced down pressure increases which triggers earthquakes and at the same time heat produced by friction melts the descending crust to form molten magma. The hot magma tries to rise to the surface and when...
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...volcanic eruptions to earthquakes which themselves create many other effects that will impact the surrounding environment and people. In all recent eruptions at the volcanos I am going to discuss there has been no deaths to the local people. Apart from at the Chaiten volcano, in Chile, where 1 person died, reportedly from stress. At this volcano an eruption in 2008 caused 5000 people to be evacuated from nearby towns. An eruption at Montserrat in 1995 also caused 5000 people to be evacuated and placed into temporary shelter. Whereas when the Eyjafjallajokull volcano, in Iceland, erupted in 2010 around 500 people were evacuated from the area, although 10 million airline passengers were affected due to the vast ash cloud. In the 1991-1993 eruption of Mount Etna many people were evacuated and subsequently lost their homes to the lava flows. Other impacts of volcanic activity at Mount Etna were that there was a contaminated water supplies which was also seen at the Chaiten and Eyjafjallajokull volcanic eruptions. There was also many crops and farmland destroyed at Etna along with Montserrat. In The Chaiten eruption 80-90% of the town was damaged with 20-30% of it being completely destroyed, which when compared the eruption in Iceland is far more as there was no towns surrounding the volcano. At the Chaiten Montserrat and Icelandic eruptions, airports were closed which resulted in a huge fall in trade, however in Chile it was completely destroyed! The most environmental impacts were...
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...infrastructure, farmland and the economy of the area. However there are many factors involved that can cause differences in the severity of destruction caused by a volcano such as, settlement, monitoring, plate boundaries and the economic wellbeing of a country. One factor that would cause differences in the hazards posed by volcanoes is the location and therefore the aspects of the area around. For example, Eyjafjallajökull is located in Iceland meaning that the volcano is covered by a large glacier. This added to the local hazards due to when the volcano erupted the glacier melted causing major flooding within the area which had major effects on the many farmers that resided in the local area as 500 had to be evacuated from around the volcano, which along with the closure of main roads will have had a major effect on the local economy. However it wasn’t just this economy that was effected by this eruption as many flights across Europe had to be cancelled as the massive plume of tephra from the eruption would have wreaked havoc on the engineering of the planes. This shows that the hazard effected a number of different locations as well as the people who rely on farming near the volcano as these individuals will have lost both their homes and their livelihoods. These considerations can also be applied to Montserrat which is a LEDC contrasting with Iceland which is an MEDC. The hazards for this eruption were only localised to this location but this eruption had a much more damaging...
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...plates where there is a large amount of heat flow in these areas. An example of this is Hawaii, which has a number of volcanoes. We can explore why some places are affected more than others by considering two contrasting countries. A MEDC; Mt Etna in Sicily, Italy and an LEDC; Soufriere hills in Montserrat. Mt Etna rests on a subduction boundary where the African tectonic plate is being pushed under the Eurasian plate. The munch denser African plate is being pushed down due to a process called slab pull. The benioff zone is where there is increasing heat and friction, this causes earthquakes and melts the oceanic crust. The oceanic crust melts as it reaches the mantle, plutons of molten sediment melt their way upwards through the crust to form composite volcanoes. Magma directly from the Earth’s mantle is being sucked into the space created by the tilting plate. At 3350m tall and covering an area of 1250 km^2. Mount Etna dominates the landscape of northeastern Sicily, Italy. Mount Etna has the longest documented record of eruptions of any volcano in the world. Similarly, the island of Montserrat lies on an island arc on a destructive plate boundary between the caribbean plate and North...
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...January 2011 Plate Tectonics and Associated Hazards (25 marks) a) The Philippines are located on the Philippine plate which is largely involved in the tectonic activity of the Pacific Ring of fire where you can find volcanoes and earthquakes which are two primary tectonic hazards, this is due to its location and the fact that numerous trenches are a strong piece of evidence to the presence of the sub-duction of tectonic plates. This makes me think that there is a strong degree to which this area of the Philippines is subject to tectonic hazards. Another piece of evidence supporting a strong chance of tectonic activity is the sheer volume of active faults on the islands compared to the actual land area of the countries, these are were the land has sustained damage over the years of plate movement and the rocks beneath are trapped against each other and creating tension that can be released to create an earthquake of a strong magnitude. Also visible from the image is the location of 5 volcanoes nad if these were to become active most of the countries in the Philippines would be in serious danger from tectonic hazards both primary and secondary like volcanic bombs or lahars. b) Hot spots are points where convection plumes are focusing on a single point beneath the crust as hot magma rises from the super-heated mesosphere into the asthenosphere where it cools and then proceeds to sink back down again. As this magma rises it carries radioactive elements with it and these...
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...Volcano Hazards Management 1. Prediction * Long term * Short term LONG TERM PREDICTION * Using recurrence intervals to estimate the next volcanic eruption based on past occurrences and trends. This recurrence interval method is generally not effective for a number of reasons: a) for certain volcanoes, there has been a lack of information of past occurrences, such as the type and frequency of eruptions, to effectively predict the overall behavior of the volcano and b) it is impossible to determine exactly what time frame the volcano may erupt. Example: The US Geological Society also estimated that Mt St Helens may experience another eruption in the next 20-30 years, but such a large time frame is useless in giving governments any accurate information for the preparation of the eruption or mitigation. The 1985 Nevado del Ruiz volcanic eruption was predicted in 1979, quite accurately, however, the damage to the country was devastating as the government did not take the appropriate mitigation measures. 25 000 people and 15 000 animals were killed. 4 500 people were injured, 8 000 people homeless. Some government officials dismissed the report as too alarming and did not want to evacuate people till they were assured of the necessity. A group of scientists visited the crater, saw nothing to suggest eminent danger and did not recommend and evacuation. No emergency plans were made to evacuate people After the Mt Nevado Del Ruiz eruption in 1985, it was predicted...
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...which are very hot high-velocity flows, volcanic gases including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and lava flows. The secondary being lahars; which are volcanic mud flows, flooding through melting of ice caps, tsunamis from giant caldera forming events, volcanic landslides and climate change due to the ejection of vast amounts of volcanic debris into the atmosphere that can reduce global temperatures. These hazards have caused incidents such as when lahars devastated the Colombian town of Armero after the eruption of Nevado Del Ruiz in November 1985. From this we can deduce the high level destruction that these hazards can cause. Two volcanic events where the hazards have affected the area around them are the Chances Peak eruption in Montserrat, 1995 and the Mount Etna eruption in Sicily, 2001. For example at Chances Peak there were fires caused by pyroclastic flows that killed 19 people, which shows the damage to human life that this hazard can cause. This group of people that were killed were farmers who chose not to evacuate with the fellow 11,000 people after the warning signs of the...
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...World Cities: With reference to examples, assess the degree to which the level of economic development of a country affects planning and management in urban areas. (40 marks) Define planning and management: Sewage systems/housing/waste disposal LEDC’s – naturally expect them to be less sustainable, overcrowded and less efficient because lack money for good infrastructure 1. Stage 2 DTM high birth rate therefore overpopulation overcrowding so demand for housing/schools/roads/transport high but lack money to meet * Leads to illegal squatter settlements where metal scraps used to make homes/overcrowding on the train/poor sewage systems diseases more likely to spread 1. E.g. Dharavi Slum, India – 1 toilet per 400 Could argue that LEDC’s/NIC’s have poorer planning and management and when they did try to regenerate via Partnership scheme (slum clearance programme) – left in hands of developers who dumped them all on outskirts therefore very poor 2. On the contrary – Curitiba, Brazil which is BRIC country (GDP per capita in both cities is roughly same, with Curitiba earning $300 per head more) – population not growing as rapidly as MUMBAI but still quite significant. They had different approach – more sustainable: 1. Bus rapid transit system 2. Green exchange system – poor collect recycling and receive bus pass or food vouchers in return 3. Pedestrianisation * Extremely eco-friendly and though not fully developed and on par with USA and...
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...However, while it is undisputable that these hazards effect everyone, I agree to a partial extent that they do have the greatest impact on the world’s poorest people. Volcanoes appear in both developed and undeveloped countries. They are dictate by plate boundaries; they never appear at a transform boundary. They always appear on a divergent boundary where the two plates are pulling apart from each other, forming new crust. This creates a gentler volcano, as there is pure mantle forming the magma. They sometimes appear on a convergent boundary. When the two pieces of land are oceanic and oceanic, and oceanic and continental, volcanoes will appear. This is because you will get a subduction zone, where the denser plate will be forced under, and consequently melts. This then forms a volcano with mixed magma, both pure mantle, and melted earth’s crust, making these more violent. They do not appear when there are two continental plates. There are times were volcanic eruptions effect both the rich and poor. The Caribbean island of Montserrat is situated on a convergent plate boundary. A...
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...Hazards will be an unfortunate result of a volcano. They are defined by their ability to effect any property and life that can be lost due to the hazard and halts and slows the productive sustainability of a population. Ultimately the physical effects of a volcano will define the hazards. In different places that the volcanoes occur there are different plate margins (Destructive and constructive) that will create different types of hazards. These hazards will include; lava flows, mudflows, pyroclastic flows, ash clouds etc. The majority of the hazards that occur are posed by physical reasons. The underlying reason that the hazards occur is due to the plate margins. The first type of plate margin is Constructive. Constructive plate margins will create a volcano due to the plates moving apart form each other. Due to the immense pressure on the plates, it causes the mantle to melt, producing magma. This magma will rise due to its density and erupts as a volcano. An example of a volcano of this nature is in Iceland. Eyjafjallajökull is situated on the island of Iceland classified as an MEDC and has a population of 300,000. Iceland has been prone to volcanic eruptions for centuries, however in 2010 it erupted on a global scale. The main hazard that occurred from the eruption was Joküllhaup. This occurred due to the sublimation of glacial ice mixing with ash, to produce fine glassy ash particles. This was a major set back to the world’s airspace as the ash had entered the international...
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...violent forces of change. Not only can powerful explosive eruptions drastically alter land and water for tens of kilometres around a volcano, but tiny liquid droplets of sulphuric acid erupted into the stratosphere can change the planet's climate temporarily. Eruptions often force people living near volcanoes to abandon their land and homes. Those living farther away are likely to avoid complete destruction, but their cities and towns, crops, industrial plants, transportation systems, and electrical grids can still be damaged by tephra, ash, lahars, and flooding. Studies of the geologic history of a volcano are generally necessary to make an assessment of the types of hazards posed by the volcano and the frequency at which these types of hazards have occurred in the past. The best way to determine the future behaviour of a volcano is by studying its past behaviour as revealed in the deposits produced by previous eruptions. This is very helpful when trying to predict an eruption for dormant volcanoes as they are most complex volcanoes to foresee an eruption for. Once this information has been collected, geologists can then make forecasts concerning what areas surrounding a volcano would be subject to the various kinds of activity should a future eruption occur. This information is then used, with knowledge about the present aspects of the volcano, to make volcanic hazards maps which can aid other scientists, government, and the public to plan for evacuations, rescue and recovery...
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...Wash in gt on St ate Mo del Unit ed Nati ons 2 007 Dear Delegates, Welcome to the fourth GA committee, Special Political and Decolonization. My name is Kristina Mader and I will be your chair. I am junior majoring in Political Science at Western Washington University. My concentration is on the barriers to participation by women in politics, especially in societies that are rebuilding or developing. This is my 7th year participating in MUN conferences, and my third as staff at WASMUN. I’m looking forward to meeting you all and chairing a committee that has so much depth and scope in its topics! The following background guide is meant to serve as a general guide to the issues on our agenda. Your research should not only involve reading the background guide, but should also focus on an in-depth analysis of the history and debates which concern the regions in question. If delegates have any questions concerning the committee, topics or background guides, feel free to contact me at maderk@cc.wwu.edu. I look forward to seeing you in March! Sincerely, Kristina Mader Chair, Special Political & Decolonization WASMUN 2007 Copyright © Washington State Model United Nations 2006-2007 Page 1 of 14 Wash in gt on St ate Mo del Unit ed Nati ons 2 007 History of the Committee At the advent of the United Nations, a system of committees was set up to deal with the many diverse issues before the General Assembly. The First Committee, Disarmament and International Security, was formed to deal...
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...National Disaster Management Committee & Department of Disaster Management [pic] [pic] Training Manual Table of Contents Introduction: The Importance of Communication 4 Emergency Communications and Warning Systems 5 Technologies behind Warning Systems 7 WARNING FLOW DIAGRAM 8 Principles of Emergency Communications 9 The Motorola Pro 5150 Handset Radio 12 Methods of communication 13 HF Radio. 19 VHF Radio. 19 UHF – Mobile / Fixed Trunk. 21 Satellite Communications. 21 POTS or Plain Old Telephone System. 21 Cellular Telephone. 22 Internet. 22 Broadcast Services. 22 Cable. 22 Pager. 23 Civil Communications. 23 Military Communications. 23 Amateur Radios. 23 Private/Commercial Communications. 23 Marine and Aeronautical Communications. 23 Citizens Band (CB) 24 THE ICOM 718 High Frequency (HF) general coverage radio 25 The Main Components of a Typical HF Radio Station: 26 Operating Modes 27 SIMPLEX OPERATION 27 DUPLEX OPERATION VIA REPEATER 27 Radio Relay/Rebroadcast 28 Extending Range 28 Linked Repeater System 29 Proper Use of Repeaters. 30 Radio checks, Signal strength and Readability 31 Preliminary Calls 31 OPERATIONAL INFORMATION 33 INCOMING RADIO MESSAGES 33 INCOMING TELEPHONE MESSAGES 34 OUTGOING MESSAGES 34 RECEPTION OF DISTRESS, URGENCY AND SAFETY MESSAGES 35 Sample Message Form 36 Calling Procedures 37 Collective calls and Radio check...
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...500 extraordinary islands G R E E N L A N D Beaufort Sea Baffin Bay vi Da i tra sS t a nm De it Stra rk Hudson Bay Gulf of Alaska Vancouver Portland C A N A D A Calgary Winnipeg Newfoundland Quebec Minneapolis UNITED STATES San Francisco Los Angeles San Diego Phoenix Dallas Ottawa Montreal ChicagoDetroitToronto Boston New York OF AMERICA Philadelphia Washington DC St. Louis Atlanta New Orleans Houston Monterrey NORTH AT L A N T I C OCEAN MEXICO Guadalajara Mexico City Gulf of Mexico Miami Havana CUBA GUATEMALA HONDURAS b e a n Sea EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA Managua BAHAMAS DOMINICAN REPUBLIC JAMAICA San Juan HAITI BELIZE C a r PUERTO RICO ib TRINIDAD & Caracas N TOBAGO A COSTA RICA IA M PANAMA VENEZUELA UYANRINA H GU C U G Medellín A PAC I F I C OCEAN Galapagos Islands COLOMBIA ECUADOR Bogotá Cali S FR EN Belém Recife Lima BR A Z I L PERU La Paz Brasélia Salvador Belo Horizonte Rio de Janeiro ~ Sao Paulo BOLIVIA PARAGUAY CHILE Cordoba Santiago Pôrto Alegre URUGUAY Montevideo Buenos Aires ARGENTINA FALKLAND/MALVINAS ISLANDS South Georgia extraordinary islands 1st Edition 500 By Julie Duchaine, Holly Hughes, Alexis Lipsitz Flippin, and Sylvie Murphy Contents Chapter 1 Beachcomber Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Aquatic Playgrounds 2 Island Hopping the Turks & Caicos: Barefoot Luxury 12 Life’s a Beach 14 Unvarnished & Unspoiled 21 Sailing...
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...62118 0/nm 1/n1 2/nm 3/nm 4/nm 5/nm 6/nm 7/nm 8/nm 9/nm 1990s 0th/pt 1st/p 1th/tc 2nd/p 2th/tc 3rd/p 3th/tc 4th/pt 5th/pt 6th/pt 7th/pt 8th/pt 9th/pt 0s/pt a A AA AAA Aachen/M aardvark/SM Aaren/M Aarhus/M Aarika/M Aaron/M AB aback abacus/SM abaft Abagael/M Abagail/M abalone/SM abandoner/M abandon/LGDRS abandonment/SM abase/LGDSR abasement/S abaser/M abashed/UY abashment/MS abash/SDLG abate/DSRLG abated/U abatement/MS abater/M abattoir/SM Abba/M Abbe/M abbé/S abbess/SM Abbey/M abbey/MS Abbie/M Abbi/M Abbot/M abbot/MS Abbott/M abbr abbrev abbreviated/UA abbreviates/A abbreviate/XDSNG abbreviating/A abbreviation/M Abbye/M Abby/M ABC/M Abdel/M abdicate/NGDSX abdication/M abdomen/SM abdominal/YS abduct/DGS abduction/SM abductor/SM Abdul/M ab/DY abeam Abelard/M Abel/M Abelson/M Abe/M Aberdeen/M Abernathy/M aberrant/YS aberrational aberration/SM abet/S abetted abetting abettor/SM Abeu/M abeyance/MS abeyant Abey/M abhorred abhorrence/MS abhorrent/Y abhorrer/M abhorring abhor/S abidance/MS abide/JGSR abider/M abiding/Y Abidjan/M Abie/M Abigael/M Abigail/M Abigale/M Abilene/M ability/IMES abjection/MS abjectness/SM abject/SGPDY abjuration/SM abjuratory abjurer/M abjure/ZGSRD ablate/VGNSDX ablation/M ablative/SY ablaze abler/E ables/E ablest able/U abloom ablution/MS Ab/M ABM/S abnegate/NGSDX abnegation/M Abner/M abnormality/SM abnormal/SY aboard ...
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