...Vostok Ice Core Date Analyses Introduction: Vostok is a Russian research station in the East Antarctic. Vostok sits on top of a Subglacial Lake underneath one of the thickest Ice Sheets measuring over 4 km. However, what makes this an ideal location for collect ice core samples is because the ice has remained undisturbed for the last interglacial and the penultimate glacial periods. Data: The Vostok dataset contains columns that give the depth (in meters) of the ice core, the "ice" and "gas" ages (in thousands of years ago), concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane found in the ice bubbles, the hydrogen isotopic ratios, and a column that provides information on dust. Analysis: The age of the ice is obtained by counting layers of ice that are deposited year after year that separate the warm and cold periods with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top. The gas age is calculated assuming that the bubbles of gas can only be trapped effectively in layers of older ice, where the pores in the ice close, sealing the air at a depth well below the surface in a process is called sintering. That is why in figure 1. the gas age is below the ice age as a function of depth. Similarly the isotopic composition of water is indicative of the temperatures of the environment. During cold periods, the concentration of the heavy isotope of oxygen, (18O), relative to, (16O), is lower than during warm periods. The reason for this is that at lower temperature, the moisture...
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...Man’s ability to orbit the Earth was Vostok’s motive. They launched the first human into space, Yuri Gagarin, on Wednesday, April 12, 1961, and he circled the Earth once. Unfortunately, seven years after his historic flight around the Earth, Yuri Gagarin was killed in a crash on March 27, 1968, when he was a test pilot on a MiG-15 fighter jet. To divert, the first and second women in space were also launched by the Soviets. Valentina Tereshkova was on board the Vostok 6 when it launched on June 16, 1963. During this mission, Vostok 5 and Vostok 6 came within five kilometers of one another. The second woman in space was Svetlana Savitskaya, who was on board the Soyuz T-7 mission nineteen years after Valentina Tereshkova. She became the first woman to perform a...
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...spacecraft with or without humans on board. Why did humans thought of space travel. Humans have dreamed about spaceflight since antiquity. The Chinese used rockets for ceremonial and military purposes centuries ago, but only in the latter half of the 20th century were rockets developed that were powerful enough to overcome the force of gravity to reach orbital velocities that could open space to human exploration. 2. Sputnik (Pronounced as Sputnak in English, pronounced as Sputnik in Russian). The first artificial Earth satellite launched by the Soviet Union on October 4 1957. Vostok, translated as the East. It was used to launch the first artificial satellite and the first manned spacecraft in history. Mercury-Redstone 3 or Freedom 7 was the first human spaceflight by the United States on May 5, 1961. It is called Freedom 7 to honor the seven members of NASA’s Astronaut Group 1. Vostok Pronounced as Bastok translated as East. The first human spaceflight in History was accomplished on this aircraft on April 12, 1961 by Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. Making Yuri Gagarin the first person in space and the first person to orbit the earth 3. The Saturn V (spoken as "Saturn five") was an American human-rated expendable rocket used by NASA between 1966 and 1973. The three-stage liquid-fueled launch vehicle was developed to support the Apollo program for human exploration of the Moon, and was later used to launch Skylab, the first American space station. The Saturn...
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...into U.S. air space making the space race an urgent issue.In 1958, the U.S. responded to sputnik by launching its own satellite, Explorer I, designed by the U.S. Army under the direction of forma Nazi rocket scientist Wernher von Braun. That same year, President Dwight Eisenhower signed a public order creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), a federal agency dedicated to space exploration. The space race accelerated In 1959 when the Soviets launched Luna 2, the first space probe to hit the moon and two years later In April 1961, the soviets successfully sent the first man into space cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin in the capsule-like spacecraft Vostok 1.Although the US failed to send a man into space orbit before the soviets NASA engineers designed a smaller, cone-shaped capsule far lighter than Vostok called Project Mercury; testing the craft first with chimpanzees successfully on March 1961 before the Soviets were able to pull ahead with Vostik...
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...Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.[1][2] Globalization describes the interplay across cultures of macro-social forces. These forces include religion, politics, and economics. Globalization can erode and universalize the characteristics of a local group.[3] Advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the Internet, are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities.[4]Religious movements were among the earliest cultural forces to globalize, spread by force, migration, evangelists, imperialists and traders. Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and more recently sects such as Mormonism have taken root and influenced endemic cultures in places far from their origins. On average, Antarctica is the coldest, driest and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Since there is little precipitation, except at the coasts, the interior of the continent is technically the largest desert in the world. There are no permanent human residents. Only cold-adapted plants and animals survive there, including penguins, fur seals, mosses, lichen, and many types of algae.The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 by twelve countries; to date, forty-six countries have signed the treaty. The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining, supports scientific...
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...According to this article it states,"Vostok 1 was the greatest Soviet triumph in the Space Race. On April 12, 1961, the Vostok spacecraft took off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome; it was carrying Yuri Gagarin (1934-1961) who became the first human in history to travel into space and it was important because without that spaceship going to space the Soviet took the lead in the space race" (historylists.org). This was important because it had changed the way people had looked at space and the way space travel had changed...
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...Belka and Strelka, space dogs, into orbit. Belka and Strelka were the first animals that were returned alive from space. The space dogs had traveled on the Sputnik 5, another variation of the Sputnik series of Spacecrafts made by Soviets. The Soviets had successfully placed the first living creature into space that returned, but they proved that they could do better than an animal returning from orbit. They had created a spacecraft called, Vostok I, which astronaut Yuri Gagarin boarded and traveled to orbit. Not even a month later, the United States had launched the Freedom 7 spacecraft, and astronaut Alan Shepherd became the first American to go to Space. However, the Freedom 7 did not orbit the Earth unlike the Vostok I. Nearly a year later, the Friendship 7 spacecraft had orbited the Earth, which American-astronaut, John Glenn, boarded. The Soviets had proved once again that they were more superior than the US within these battlegrounds by sending Yuri Gagarin into space again, but this time he piloted himself into orbit on the Vostok 1 spacecraft. This was the first human spaceflight and the first orbital flight of a manned spacecraft. The Americans were falling behind and began to lose credibility. Soon, they send Alan Shephard into space on the Freedom 7, controlled by a pilot. This was known as the first pilot-controlled space-flight. After all-of the Soviets accomplishments, it was easy to say that they had successfully won the Space Race. The Americans were humiliated...
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...Alex E. Woods Dr. Carol Eades Composition and Reading 1 18 February 2014 Rocket History and exploring the future My prewriting strategies I used were, research, and outline. My audience are teenagers and adults. My tone for this essay is being informative. My thesis is, although man has created many things, rockets are one of the greatest creations. My purpose for this essay is to educate people on the history of rockets, and I wanted to express why it is one of the greatest creations man has created. The horse and buggy were used to discover uncharted territories and now we are using rocket to explore the uncharted parts of space. This essay discusses the history of rocket fuel, past explorers of space, and the future opportunities in space. Although man has created many things, rockets are one of the greatest creations. Rocket fuel has changed drastically over many years, the first documented rocket was by the Chinese in the fourteenth century, and its fuel was black powder (“History of rockets- Spread of Rocket Technology”). This was the start of something big. Later in history, in the year 1261, Roger Bacon perfected the formula for the rocket; instead of just using gun powder he added saltpeter, carbon, and sulfur (“History of rockets- Spread of rocket technology”). By perfecting the formula he increased performance by staggering numbers...
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...north-eastward. The southernmost Russian-American possession was Fort-Ross, a small colony of Russian people in California. Fort-Ross is located in Sonoma County, California. What, when, and where were the ships constructed? Starting in 1725 the construction of a twenty meter long ship named Fortuna which is the Russian translation of the English word “Fortune,” began in Okhotsk, Russia to prepare for the scientific expedition. It was completed in June of 1727 under the commanding of Peter Chaplin, and by August of the same year, a ship about twenty meters long, named Vostok which in English translates to East, was brought from Kamchatka and repaired. By the end of August 1727 both ships reached Kamchatka. From the beginning of April through the end of May in 1728, one more ship named Archangel Gabriel, was built on Kamchatka from the local wood which consists of pine, birch, alder and willow. Fortuna and Vostok were auxiliary ships used for transporting goods between Okhotsk, Russia and Bolsheretsk, Russia, whereas the ship Archangel Gabriel was the main vessel of Captain Vitus Bering, and was armed with four cannons; two on the port and starboard side of the ship. In 1741 many European countries started their exploration of Alaska which meant that the Russians had potential allies, and enemies. In 1784 Russia founded Three Saints Bay on Kodiak Island, then called Kadiak ( Кадьяк) as a permanent residence and trading center in Alaska created by Baranov and Grigori Shelikhov...
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...Global Warming: What you need to know about the warming of the earth, what's at stake, and how it's affecting us. Introduction: Global warming occurs when greenhouse gases predominantly carbon dioxide, and as well as smaller amounts of methane, water vapor and sulfur oxide all acts as a heating agent for the Earth surface, captivating warmth and warming it. (Hansen, 2016). Greenhouse gases and additional air contaminants accumulate in the stratosphere and captivate the suns energy and solar emission that have reflected off the earth’s ground level ozone (Weller, 2016). Generally, these emission would have been released into outer space, but then again these gases, which remain in the atmosphere for possibility centuries, meanwhile trapping heat and causing the planet to get warmer as decades come to past (Hansen, 2016). Of the numerous heat-trapping gases, carbon dioxide places us at the jeopardy of irreparable modifications if it continues to gather persistently in the atmosphere provided that the global economy remains in need of fossil fuels for its energy needs (Hansen, 2016). Consequently, sea levels are expanding, glaciers are melting, cloud forests are desiccating, and nature is scrambling to keep pace of the environmental change (Hansen, 2016). Scientist have discover that mankind have caused the warming of the earth in the previous decades past due to the releasing of heat-trapping emission as we produce energy for today’s way of living. These heating agents...
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...The coldest, windiest, and driest continent, Antarctica contains 90 percent of all of the ice on the planet in an area just under one and a half times the size of the United States. Let's take a look at one of the world's most desolate regions. Lying in the Antarctic Circle that rings the southern part of the globe, Antarctica is the fifth largest continent. Its size varies through the seasons, as expanding sea ice along the coast nearly doubles its size in the winter. Most of Antarctica is covered with ice; less than half a percent of the vast wilderness is ice free. The continent is divided into two regions, known as East and West Antarctica. East Antarctica makes up two thirds of the continent, and is about the size of Australia. Ice in this part of the continent averages 1.2 miles (2 kilometers) thick. West Antarctica, on the other hand, is a series of frozen islands stretching toward the southern tip of South America, an extension of the Andes Mountains prominent on the warmer continent. The two regions are separated by the Transantarctic Mountains, a range that stretches across the entire continent, although sometimes covered by ice. The ice of Antarctica is not a smooth sheet but a continuously changing expanse. Glaciers inch across the continent, cracking and breaking the ice. Crevasse fields with cracks hundreds of feet deep span the continent, hidden by only a shallow layer of snow. Icebergs fall along the coast, where shelves and glaciers break off into the sea. Despite...
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...The space race between the U.S.S.R and the United States was very important during the Cold War. The space race began in 1952 when the International Council of Scientific Unions decided to name July 1, 1957 to December 31, 1958 as the International Geophysical Year, also known as IGY, because the scientists knew that the cycles of solar activity would be at a high point then. In October of 1954 the council called for artificial satellites to be launched during IGY to map out the Earth’s surface. In July 1955 the White House announced plans to launch an Earth orbiting satellite for the IGY and made proposals to government research agencies to undertake development of new satellites. The Naval Research Laboratory’s Vanguard proposal was chosen to represent the United States in September 1955. On October 4, 1957 the Soviets successfully launched Sputnik I, the world’s first artificial satellite. Sputnik was about the size of a basketball, weighed about one hundred and eighty pounds, and took ninety eight minutes to launch into Earth’s elliptical path. The launch of Sputnik changed the space race dramatically. The Sputnik, a big technological achievement, caught the United States off guard and captured the attention of the whole world. Sputnik’s size was bigger than Vanguard’s proposal of 3.5 pounds and was very impressive. On November 3, 1957 the Soviets launched another satellite named Sputnik 2 II, which was much heavier and even included a dog named Laika. Immediately...
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...The Earth’s Atmosphere Composition of the Atmosphere List of primary gasses in Earth’s Atmosphere Water Vapor Nitrogen Methane Ozone Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Argon Composition of the Atmosphere Keeping Earth warm… 1. 2 BUT… Avg. global surface air temperature without GHG = Avg. global surface air temperature with GHG = Atmosphere composed on O2 and N2 only Atmosphere composed on O2 and N2 and greenhouse gasses The human thermometer… Definition of Temperature: Liquid Solid Gas (can’t see) Measuring Temperature Device used to measure temperature = Figure 1.1 Vostok, Antarctica The relationship between Temperature and Density à The higher the air temperature, the faster the air molecules move à The faster the molecules move, the more space they will need to move around Warming the air will cause it to expand Cooling the air will cause it to contract General Temperature Variations Uneven surface heating drives atmospheric circulations Caused by: 1. 2. Avg. Surface Air Temperature = Key Idea: Mother nature constantly tries to get to equilibrium. Seasonal Variations in Temperature Summer Solstice: NH spring 23.5° June 21st. Sun’s rays are direct on the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) à Most daylight hours Autumnal Equinox: closer NH winter September 21st. Sun’s rays are direct NH summer on the Equator à 12 hrs of daylight and 12 hrs of night Dec 21st. Sun’s rays are direct on the Tropic of Capricorn (23...
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...go to the moon, it was more about showing up terrestrial enemies than exploring an extraterrestrial world. Americans felt like their communist adversaries had them on the ropes. They needed to land the mother of all punches. If they couldn't be the first in space, they could try to beat the Russians to the moon. So we decided to engage in this major scientific and technological endeavor and prove to the world that we were second to none. NASA’s earliest objective was to launch a manned vehicle into Earth’s orbit as soon as possible. It would be the Soviets, however, who would win the race to put a man in space. In April 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man to enter Earth’s orbit, in a single-pilot spacecraft called Vostok I. The Americans were not far behind, however, and one month later, in May, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, piloting a 15-minute suborbital flight. In February 1962, John Glenn became the first American to enter Earth’s orbit. Early Soviet successes in the space race led US President John F. Kennedy to announce the inauguration of the Apollo program, which pledged to put a man on the moon by the end of the decade. By landing on the moon, the United States effectively “won” the space race that had begun with Sputnik’s launch in 1957. For their part, the Soviets made four failed attempts to launch a lunar landing craft between 1969 and 1972, including a spectacular launch-pad explosion in July 1969. Thus ending with the...
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...For a lot of people, landing on the moon was the goal that was required to achieve victory in the Space Race. Yet, landing on the moon wasn't the only thing that made up the space race. According to https://www.quora.com/The-Cold-War-Who-won-the-space-race, "► First human in Space, Yuri Gagarin - Vostok-1, April 1961 - Soviet Union." We all know that the first person to step foot on the moon was Neil Armstrong from the United States, but people are forgetting that the first person to ever even get into space was Yuri Gagarin, from the Soviet Union. The U.S wasn't the only one with achievements. It really depends upon the criteria that one sets for winning the Space Race. Some say the United States won, some say the Soviet Union won. In my opinion, humanity won this all...
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