1. Give basic explanation of what router do
-A hardware device designed to take incoming packets, analyzing the packets and then directing them to the appropriate locations, moving the packets to another network, converting the packets to be moved across a different type of network interface, dropping the packets, or performing any other number of other types of actions

2. know the differece between crossover, straight through, and rollover cable
Straight through- pins are the same on both sides
Use a straight-through cable when:
-. Connecting a router to a hub
-. Connecting a computer to a swtich
-. Connecting a LAN port to a switch, hub, or computer

This allows for two devices to communicate at the same time. Unlike straight-through cables, we use crossover cables to connect like devices.
-. Connecting a computer to a router
-. Connecting a computer to a computer
-. Connecting a router to a router
-. Connecting a switch to a switch
-. Connecting a hub to a hub

Rollover cables essentially have one end of the cable wired exactly opposite from the other.
-Rollover cables, also called Yost cables, usually connect a device to a router or switch’s console port. This allows a programmer to make a connection to the router or switch, and program it as needed.

3. Know what the backbone network is in relation to frame relay
-Frame Relay often serves to connect local area networks (LANs) with major backbones as well as on public wide-area networks (WANs) and also in private network environments with leased lines over T-1 lines
-It was used sometimes as backbone for other services, such as X.25 or IP traffic. And where FR was used in the USA also as carrier for TCP/IP traffic in Europe backbones for IP networks often used ATM or PoS, later replaced by Carrier Ethernet

4. What is NVRAM
-Non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM) is random-access memory that retains its information when power is turned off (non-volatile). This is in contrast to dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) and static random-access memory (SRAM), which both maintain data only for as long as power is applied.

5. Know where the running config and the startup config and IOS of a router is stored
-in the NVRAM

6. what does the "show cdp entry [device name]" command do? entry address, platform, hold time, ipaddress, interface

- What does the show cdp interface command do?
Displays information about the interfaces on which CDP is enabled.
The status information and information about CDP timer and holdtime settings is displayed only for TenGigabitEthernet4/1.

-What does the show cdp neighbor command do?
Displays detailed information about neighboring devices discovered using CDP.

7. What frequency range do humans hear?
-20-20,000 Hz

8. What is the purpose of changing the config register and why would you change the register to 0x2102.
The configuration register can be used to change router behavior in several ways, such as:

how the router boots (into ROMmon, NetBoot)

options while booting (ignore configuration, disable boot messages)

console speed (baud rate for a terminal emulation session)

-Change the configuration register to an appropriate setting, such as the factory default 0x2102, in order to solve these problems.

9. How do you display the config register?
The configuration register can be set from configuration mode using the config-register command. From ROMmon, use the confreg command. Issue the show version command to view the current setting of the configuration register

10. Know what "ping" is used for and know how to interpret the results of a ping
-a computer network tool used to test whether a particular host is reachable across an IP network

11. How do you configure the enable secret password on a router? global configuration mode
Here’s an example of setting the enable passwords

Router(config)#enable secret admin

Router(config)#enable password admin

12. Know the boot process for a router
-1. On power on cisco router first will perform the POST( Power on self test). The POST tests the hardware to verify that all components of the device are operational and present. For example, the POST checks for the different interfaces on the router. The POST is stored in and run from ROM (read-only memory).
-2. The bootstrap looks for and loads the Cisco IOS software. The bootstrap is a program in ROM that is used to execute programs. The bootstrap program is responsible for finding where each IOS program is located and then loading the file. By default, the IOS software is loaded from flash memory in all Cisco routers.
-3. The IOS software looks for a valid configuration file stored in NVRAM. which is called as startup-config.
-4. If a startup-config file is in NVRAM, the router will load and run this file. The router is now operational. If a startup-config file is not in NVRAM, the router will start the setup-mode configuration upon bootup.
-5. Any further modification on running router will be stored on RAM, where you need to manually execute command copy running-config startup-config to make your current configuration as a startup-config, every time you boot your router.

13. What is a LATA (telecommunications book page 79)
-Local access and transport area (LATA) is a term used in U.S. telecommunications regulation

14. What is a static route and how do you configure a static route and a "floating static" route?

-Static routing is a concept describing one way of configuring path selection of routers in computer networks. It is the type of routing characterized by the absence of communication between routers regarding the current topology of the network

One way for the router to know the path to such networks is to configure a static route, which adds this particular route to the routing table.

To configure a static route, issue the ip route prefix mask {ip-address | interface-type interface-number [ip-address]} [distance] [name] [permanent] [tag tag] command in global configuration mode.

For example, issue the command ip route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.17.254 to configure a static route for the network 192.168.20.0/24 pointing to the next-hop IP address 192.168.17.254.

Configuring a floating static route is very easy and its done by a command you already know; ip route n.n.n.n s.s.s.s nh.nh.nh.nh but you add a number to the end of the command ranging between 1-255 whereas 255 is “unreachable”. Any route given the administrative distance of 255 WILL NOT be installed in the routing table under any circumstances. Keep in mind the default administrative distance of a static route is 1.

15. Where is the bootstrap code stored and what is it used for
Stored in the Rom

16. 4 major pieces of hardware on a telphone receiver set - (telecommuncation book page 75) voice coil the magnet the diaphragm signal cone

17. how many signaling changes occur in a waveform changing at a 2400 baud per second rate. (telecommuncations book page 94)
2

18. Stages of processing analog-to-digital conversion (telecommunication book page 101)
-sampling, quantizing, and encoding

19. purpose of IPv6
- to get more IP's

20. What protocol uses VPI and VCI (telecommunications book page 180)
-ATM protocol

21. know what is diplayed in the "show version" command
-how version command displays the IOS version number and its internal name

22. Know your osi model and what happens at each layer

7. Application Network process to application
6. Presentation Data representation, encryption and decryption, convert machine dependent data to machine independent data
5. Session Interhost communication, managing sessions between applications
4. Transport End-to-end connections, reliability and flow control
3. Network Path determination and logical addressing
2. Data link Physical addressing
1. Physical Media, signal and binary transmission

23. Where is the clock rate applied
-To configure the clock rate for the hardware connections on serial interfaces such as network interface modules (NIMs) and interface processors to an acceptable bit rate, use the clockrate command in interface configuration mode

24. what is the difference between a static route and dynamic route
Static routing:
Manually set up a route in a dormant manner.

Stable.

Has no impact made by traffic and transmission failures.

Creates no traffic derived from routing protocols.

dynamic routing:

Automatically sets up a route.

Can respond to the changes of the network.

Can automatically select the optimized route.

Can automatically select the backup route.

25. what is a routing protocol
-A routing protocol specifies how routers communicate with each other, disseminating information that enables them to select routes between any two nodes on a computer network. IGRP and EIGRP BGP

26. command required to establish an entry password into the user mode
To set a local password to control access to various privilege levels, use the enable password command in global configuration mode. To remove the password requirement, use the no form of this command.

enable password [level level] {password | [encryption-type] encrypted-password}

27. IP Address structure - what two parts make up the ip address the network part and the machine part.

28. what is administrative distance, and what is the value for RIP
-Administrative distance is the measure used by Cisco routers to select the best path when there are two or more different routes to the same destination from two different routing protocols.

29. how do you view the amount of memory on a router
To determine the amount of Flash and DRAM on a Cisco router, issue the show version command.

30. 3 most common dynamic routing protocols
-Distance vector routing protocols
-Link state routing protocols
-RIP v2

31. what is a distance vector protocol
A distance vector routing protocol advertises the number of hops to a network destination (the distance) and the direction in which a packet can reach a network destination (the vector).

32. know some well known ports - telnet port 23, snmp 161, ftp 20, tftp 69, dns 53

33. how do you define a frame relay circuit - (telecommunications book page 173)
-

34. what is a csu/dsu used for
-A CSU/DSU (Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit) is a digital-interface device used to connect a Data Terminal Equipment device or DTE, such as a router, to a digital circuit, such as a T1 line

35. what commands will deny dns access, hint - you need two access list commands

36. what type of terminal is telnet

ANSI. Other valid terminal types are VT52, VT100, and VTNT.

37. Reveiw a wildcard mask

38. what command do you used to veiw access-lists

Router# show access-lists ? ACL number WORD ACL name compiled Compiled access-list statistics rate-limit Show rate-limit access lists | Output modifiers

39. SONET Levels - (telecommunications book page 219) section, line and path

40. What is Extended Super Frame (ESF) - (telecommunications book page 205)

A ds-1 framing method that uses 24 frames per master frame.