...response produces autoantibodies that attack its own cells, tissues or organs due to an immune system malfunction. A category of autoimmune diseases, auto-immune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) is a disorder where the immune system malfunctions by producing auto-antibodies to self’s red blood cells (RBC) as well as other cells (Gurpreet et al., 2004). This unregulated increased destruction primarily affects premature RBC reducing their lifespan of 120 days coupled with the bone marrow unable to compensate to this destruction rate (Gurpreet et al., 2004). Clinical findings that result from this inapt immune response are usually directly related to an abnormally reduced RBC quantity and function. These include a lower haemaglobin count, a high indirect bilirubin count, a reduction in plasma levels, a low haptoglobin, a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) and reduced gas exchange rates among the lungs and tissues. As these clinical effects occur after a few hours or a few days before detection, not all clinically related typical features may be present complicating the AIHA diagnosis. Based on the characteristics and pathogenesis of these auto antibodies present, AIHA is classed as warm antibody haemolytic anaemia (WAIHA), cold antibody haemolytic anemia (CAIHA), drug indcuced haemolytic anemia or the rare paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria (Lechner & Jager, 2012). Analyzing AIHA classification and pathogenesis is important when attempting to apply transfusion treatment, other therapeutic...
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...TOPIC: ANTIBODY DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION TEST FROM A LEUKAEMIA PATIENT’S SAMPLE INTRODUCTION In today’s world where science are ruled by the ever changing clinical laboratory, few mishaps and problems are still at arising which requires deep understandings and solutions to overcome the problems. Some of the problems do required immediate attention and some are just occurring problems which eventually a solution must be provided. However no problems can be more severe than problems and issues arising from a specific department which is one of the most important sections in a clinical laboratory. That department is called the transfusion service department. At times, nothing is more confounding to a laboratory scientist then the solutions to antibody detection and identification problems. Errors from this antibody detection and identification should be resolved and dealt in a organized and logic mannered and immediate effect should be implemented as fast growing of elderly and oncology population receiving supportive transfusions are increasing as time develops. Some antibodies issues can take up to hours for a solutions to be implemented, and when this occurs, pretransfusion testing will be delay and this will definitely caused many severe damages including costly hospital extensions. Antibody detection and identification testing is one of the most complicated testing ever conducted in a clinical laboratory. This is such as many areas of error...
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...MART-1 DESCRIPTION: Protein MelanA (Melanoma Antigen), also known as MART-1 (Melanocytic Antigen Recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes) is a common biomarker used to identify malignant melanoma (MM) in patients, it falls under the MHC (major histocompatability complex) I class. MART-1 is encoded by the MLANA gene in humans and is present normally on the surface of benign nevi (beauty marks), as well as on melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells of your skin that become abnormal and grow out of control if malignant melanoma has developed. Approximately 76,000 new cases of melanoma are diagnosed annually in the Unites States, which accounts for about 2% of the total skin cancer diagnosis in United States annually; however 75% of skin cancer related deaths are the result of MM which exhibits how devastating this form of cancer is. With early detection of melanoma being correlated highly to improved prognosis of patients, it is necessary to create a point of care device that can measure the presence of MART-1 antigen in peripheral blood as a screening technique during annual examinations and upon identification of suspicious skin lesions Protein melan-A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MLANA gene . A fragment of the protein, usually consisting of the nine amino acids 27 to 35, is bound byMHC class I complexes which present it to T cells of the immune system. These complexes can be found on the surface of melanoma cells. Decameric...
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...being in the company of a mammal or bird that is infected is more than good enough reason for one to get infected (Naff, 2011). Influenza is caused by an influenza virus which can be of one of three types. Type A and B results to a high degree of infections. These two types are responsible for severe respiratory infections and in some cases death. Influenza virus type C on the other hand does not lead to severe respiratory infection and only causes minimal respiratory infections with little or no symptoms at all. The influenza virus is capable of modifying itself once in the body of the host. This occurs through mutation whereby vaccinations and treatment develop antibodies that go against the virus. Naff (2011) explains that this causes the virus to adjust for its survival and as a result develop into a new form that the antibodies do not see as harmful. The virus therefore has the capability of infecting a host at any time. However, it is possible for initial antibodies to recognize the mutated virus as a harmful component thereby limiting the degree of infection. In the epidemic involving the H1N1 virus in 2009, very few individuals had antibodies that could fight the virus. The flu has a number of symptoms which are muscle pains, running nose, headaches, fever that does not respond to antibiotics and consistent sour throat and coughing. In children the virus may cause additional symptoms such as diarrhea and excessive vomiting. Influenza virus is transmitted from one host to...
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...Demographics The exact number of people in any country with anemia is difficult to determine because the disorder often goes undiagnosed. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), anemia affects more than 3 million Americans. Other sources estimate that 4% of men and 8% of women in the general populations of Canada, the United States, and Western Europe have mild anemia. It is thought that the rates of anemia are 2-5 times higher in the developing countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), iron deficiency is the most important nutritional disorder in the world. WHO, estimates that 80% of the world's population may be iron deficient. The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency among the geriatric population is estimated at 5-15%. Although the prevalence of anemia is greater in women than men aged less than 75, by age 75, male prevalence surpasses female prevalence by about 5%. Anemia can be mild, moderate, or severe enough to lead to life-threatening complications. More than 400 different types of anemia have been identified, many of which are rare. Iron deficiency anemia The onset of iron deficiency anemia is gradual and, at first, there may not be any symptoms. The deficiency begins when the body loses more iron than it derives from food and other sources. Because depleted iron stores cannot meet the red blood cell's needs, fewer red blood cells develop. In this early stage of anemia, the red blood cells look normal but they are...
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...bacterial meningitis and is cloudy because it has been placed under increased pressure (Bingen, 2008). The white blood cell count and protein concentration of the CSF will also be elevated if Neisseria Meningitidis is present (Bingen, 2008). N. Meningitidis resides in the nose and throat of humans (Bingen, 2008). It can be found in about 2-8% of humans that are carriers of the bacteria in a normal setting (Bingen, 2008). The bacteria are found in much higher percentages in areas where many people are living together (Bingen, 2008). N. Meningitidis cannot grow in temperatures below 30 degrees Celsius. These bacteria can only grow where fatty acids and trace metals are also present. The nose and throat of humans is perfect because of the warm temperatures in both of these areas. N. Meningitidis can be the cause of three major diseases. These are nasopharyngitis, meningococcal septicemia, and meningococcal meningitis. The most common disease caused by neisseria meningitides is meningococcal meningitis or more commonly known as bacterial meningitis and is therefore responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in both the...
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...How does chemical defences help prevent diseases? The chemical defences recognise and destroys foreign substance and organism which enters the body. The body can distinguish between the body’s tissue and antigens. This allows cells of the immune alliances to identify and destroy only those enemy antigens How does Phagocytosis work to help prevent diseases? The two cells, macrophages and neutrophils both are white blood cells which remove bacteria, dead tissue cells and other tissue in the spleen called red pulp which helps remove red blood cells How do antibodies work to help prevent diseases? When an antigen enters the body, the immune system produces antibodies against it. Once a person has had a disease they don’t normally catch it again because the body produces memory cells that are specific to that antigen. The memory cells remember the microbe which caused the disease and rapidly make the correct antibody if the body is exposed to infection again. The pathogen is quickly destroyed preventing symptoms of the disease happening again What is a vaccination? Vaccination is a method of introducing antigens into your body to get your body's immune system to react to them by producing...
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...Case Example: A 10 year old girl was bitten on the leg by a neighborhood dog and received several stitches 5 days ago. This morning she complained of increasing pain, and her mother noticed that the area around the stitches as red and warm to the touch. Her mother brought her to the pediatrician’s office where she is diagnosed with a wound infection and prescribed a 14-day course of an antibiotic she has taken in the past. 1. What is the first line of defense against infection and tissue injury, and why did it fail in this case? (One sentence) The first line of defense was skin of the 10 year old girl it failed due to it being punctured by the dog’s teeth which require several stitches to repair. 2. How does the second line of host defense...
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...breastfeeding is the best choice for the baby and there is no doubt about it, the next breastfeeding is no longer the trend and formula is in. My purpose for this paper is to figure out if breastfeeding is truly the best choice for a baby. Being young and hopeful, I one day want to have a child of my own, so hopefully this research will allow me to decide if I will breastfeed my baby. There are a lot of advantages to breastfeeding an infant. The advantages appeal not only to the infant but also to the mother. To start out breast milk is always warm and ready compared to having to prepare a bottle of formula. Not only is breast milk always ready but it also is zero dollars. Formula can be extremely expensive to continuously buy. Breastfeeding is much more accessible and is the least expensive option. Along with being convenient breast milk also enhances brain development and the infants I.Q. in ways that formula cannot. A longitudinal study over a period of eighteen years involving one thousand children was preformed to show breastfed infants grew up to have both higher intelligence and academic achievement than those who were formula fed (Burby). Research has determined that a child’s first three years are the most critical in brain development. The infant’s nutrition during these essential periods in early growth and development permanently affects the structure and function of the infant’s organs and tissues. The infant’s nutrition starts in utero and continues with breastfeeding...
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...Case Study on Herpes Zoster Case Study on Herpes Zoster History of Present Illness: This is a case of a 27 year old Asian female who came to the clinic complaining of pain on her right hand. She states that it feels like “pins and needles going up to my arm” She denies fever but states that she feels body malaise. She claims to have slight loss of appetite because of the pain. Pain level is about 7-8/10, occurs continuously and is temporarily relieved by Tylenol 500 mg. She noted the appearance of tiny blisters on her hand and upper arm which started about a week ago. The pain according to the patient is described as throbbing and tingling sensation. Patient otherwise has no other complaints. Past Medical History: Patient denies prior hospitalizations, surgeries, accidents. Patient does not remember immunizations but she claims that she never had chickenpox Family History: Both parents are alive. Her father is hypertensive and has coronary arterial disease. Her mother is apparently healthy. She is the only child. Social History: She lives in an apartment with her parents. She works as an employee in the casino. She does not smoke and does not drink alcoholic beverages. Review of Systems: General: Well nourished female, not in acute respiratory distress HEENT: Denies headache. No blurring of vision, hearing not impaired, no sore throat Neck: No tenderness and lymphadenopathy Cardiovascular: No chest pains and palpitations Gastrointestinal: No change in bowel habits...
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...org This content downloaded from 192.77.116.224 on Wed, 5 Nov 2014 21:42:53 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 349 CLINICALARTICLE STATE-OF-THE-ART Coccidioidomycosis:New Aspects of Epidemiologyand Therapy Hans E. Einstein and Royce H. Johnson From the Departmentsof Medicine, BakersfieldMemorial Hospital and Kern Medical Center,Bakersfield,and the USC and UCLA Schools of Medicine, Los Angeles, California And I saw anothersign in heaven. .. sevenangels having the seven last plagues . .. And the seventhangelpouredout his vial into the air . -Revelations Mycology C. immitisis a normalinhabitantof the sandy and somewhat saline soil of the.lowerSonoranDesert life zone, where it grows in the mycelial form. The warm, dry environment that producesarthroconidia breakfromthe parentmycelium and waft in the wind. When these are inhaled by an appropriatehost, primary pulmonaryinfection occurs. Within...
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...Fibromyalgia [pic] Exercise for Special Populations February 17, 2012 Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is a debilitating neurological disorder characterized by chronic widespread pain and fatigue. It affects approximately 2% of the population, and is more common in women than in men. Central nervous system sensitization affects the entire body, leading to many secondary symptoms. This paper will cover the history, symptoms, and causes of FMS as well as known treatments and exercise prescription for the syndrome. Fibromyalgia has been described as a full-body migraine. Another common explanation is to compare everyday life with FMS as being similar to the aches and pains associated with a severe case of the flu. FMS patients experience intermittent flares, which are episodes of increased symptoms. Flares usually occur in response to physical or emotional stress, a schedule change, an illness or injury, a new job, the birth of a child, etc. While fibromyalgia is not considered a degenerative disorder, its symptoms usually become more severe if the patient also has a degenerative disorder such as arthritis. First, a patient must have experienced continuous pain in all four quadrants of the body for at least three months (Wolfe et al., 1990). Doctors will usually order many tests in order to rule out other conditions that might be confused with fibromyalgia. The key diagnostic tool for FMS is the tender point exam. No more than 4kg/1...
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...RSV Season Is Just Around the Corner Prevention for High Risk Infants Is Best Option By Peggy Peck WebMD Medical News Reviewed by Dr. Tonja Wynn Hampton Sept. 29, 2000 -- For Kim Giarrizzo of Avon Lake, Ohio, her 6-year-old son Garrett, and nephew Kyle, 5, the last weekend of summer was no picnic. Over the long Labor Day weekend, both boys started showing symptoms of a cold, but at the midnight hour on Sept. 4, Kim was holding her feverish, wheezing son while listening to the irregular breathing of Kyle who was visiting. She suspected this was no ordinary cold. The next day, Kim and her sister Tammy Arthurs were at a local hospital emergency room with both boys, and although rare in the late summer months, both were admitted for treatment of suspected RSV -- respiratory syncytial virus. RSV is highly contagious and the No. 1 cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection, especially in early childhood. RSV season usually starts in November, peaks in January, and ends early in April. In most of us, RSV is just a bad cold, but among the very frail, such as babies born too soon, children with lung disease or the frail elderly, RSV can be a killer. For Garrett and his cousin Kyle, RSV put them in the hospital, taking oxygen for two days. For their mothers it was a frightening experience. Tammy's other son, Andrew, 3, was hospitalized for three days with RSV when he was just 5 months old. "It was very scary that time. I had never heard of this infection, and then the doctor...
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...Rheumatoid Arthritis is a chronic progressive disease-causing inflammation in the joints and resulting in painful deformity and immobility, especially in the fingers, wrists, feet, and ankles. It is a form of Arthritis that causes pain, stiffness, swelling, and causes loss of function in the joints. Rheumatoid Arthritis is an autoimmune disease. An autoimmune disease is when your immune cells of your body make a mistake and attack your own organs, cells, and tissues. It releases antibodies and irritating chemicals resulting in damage and inflammation at the area it is happening at. “Over time, RA can affect other body parts and systems, from your eyes to your heart, lungs, skin, blood vessels, and more.” (WebMD 2018) RA effects both sides of the body for example both knees, and both wrists....
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...the animal away from the body 3. Your hearts starts beating before seven month of your birth. The study of your body at this stage comes within: (a) Morphology (b) Embryology (c) Anatomy (d) Histology 4. A doctor is studying the contraction and relaxation of a heart. He is studying: (a) Morphology (b) Embryology (c) Anatomy (d) Histology 5. Study of different parts of eye is called (a) Histology (b) Anatomy (c) Physiology (d) None of these 6. A biologist removes some bones of dinosaurs from a rock. He is studying: (a) Morphology (b) Paleontology (c) Ecology (d) None of these 7. Darwin sys, “man has formed from monkey”. He talked about (a) Fossil (b) Evolution (c) Taxonomy (d) None of these 8. Kangaroo lives in Australia but buffaloes lives in Pakistan. The study of this distribution of animals is called (a) Ecology (b) Environmental biology (c) Taxonomy (d) Zoogeography 9. The study of structure of molecule of starch is called: (a) Molecular biology (b) Biochemistry (c) Morphology (d) None 10. The study of Amoeba comes with in the branch of biology: (a) Taxonomy (b) Ecology (c) Microbiology (d) None 11. The study of affects of pollution comes within: (a) Environmental biology (b) Taxonomy (c) Physiology (d) Genetics 12. The study of organisms living in lake is called: (a) Marine biology (b) Taxonomy (c) Physiology (d) Fresh water biology 13. The study of amount salt, temperature etc of water of sea comes within: (a) Environmental biology (b) Taxonomy ...
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