...Epidemiology Paper Anavictoria Fortaleza March 5, 2012 NUR408 Epidemiology Paper Vulnerable populations are "those with a greater than average risk of developing health problems by virtue of their marginalized socio-cultural status, their limited access to economic resources, or personal characteristics such as age and gender" (De Chesnay & Anderson, 2008). Infants and young children are vulnerable to a host of healthcare problems, they are susceptible to viral infection especially respiratory infection such as Respiratory Syncytial Virus. In this paper, the author will define and describe epidemiological triangle as it relates to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), types of epidemiology, and levels of prevention of RSV. Epidemiology Definition Epidemiology is defined as "the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems" (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008). The study of epidemiology is important because it search for causes or factors that are related with increased risk or likelihood of disease, it deals with group of people rather than with individual person, and it helps public health with decision making and aids in developing and evaluating interventions to control and prevent health problems (CDC, 2012). Epidemiology is used to "monitor the health of various populations, understand the determinants of health and disease in communities, and...
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...Epidemiology of RSV and Community Nurse Guidance While caring for a patient a nurse needs to be aware of the current disease process and the epidemiology behind that process. If the nurse is aware of these things, then there is a chance that disease progression or transmission can be slowed or stopped before the process devastates a community. When respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is in its most rapidly developing phase, the community health nurse is in an ideal position to educate the community on keeping children safe and free from this, at times, devastating virus. Epidemiology and Care of RSV It is important to understand the epidemiology of a disease process to effectively manage and treat the disease. Rowe (2013) notes that epidemiology “is the discipline that provides the structure for systematically studying the distribution and determinants of health, disease, and conditions related to health status” (p. 162). When the nurse is evaluating the epidemiology of a disease process such as RSV, he/she needs to keep in mind three critical concepts related to the understanding of epidemiology “the natural history of the disease, the levels of prevention, and the multiple causation of disease” (Rowe, 2013, p. 166). Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) The causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications and treatment options are important to understand when caring for a child with RSV. The pathogenesis and causes of RSV are fairly well understood, once RSV attaches itself...
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...Running Head: RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS Respiratory Syncytial Virus Breanna Kennelly Apollo College Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) causes acute respiratory tract infection in patients of all ages and is one of the most popular diseases of childhood. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, which manifests primarily as bronchiolitis and/or viral pneumonia, is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract (LRT) infection in infants and young children. RSV is the most common cause of bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways in the lungs) and pneumonia in children under one year of age in the United States. During the first year of life, most infants are infected with the virus. Most RSV infected children encounter symptoms in the upper respiratory tract and 20% to 30% develop lower respiratory tract disease with their first infection (www.appredbook.com). Certain conditions such as preterm birth, heart and lung disease and immunodeficiency increase the risk for severe RSV tract illness. RSV bronchiolitis could likely be related with short or long term complications including recurrent wheezing and oddity in pulmonary function. It is not uncommon for re-infection with RSV to occur throughout life. The virus presents similar to other respiratory infections and the common cold with symptoms including cough, wheezing, retractions, rales, tachypnea, shortness of breath, fever (usually low-grade), cyanosis, and runny nose. In very young infants sepsis...
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...lower infections. Most children with these diseases are going to be managed in primary care, however some of them will show up in the emergency room. Let us start with bronchiolitis. I am familiar with this condition since my daughter had this when she was 5 months old. She is 8 years old now, so my memory is a bit fuzzy. I remember taking her to her pediatrician and he ordered a test and it confirmed that she had Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV). She was admitted to the hospital that same day. Her oxygen saturation was 93% and she had difficulty breathing and did not want to nurse at all. My daughter recovered and we were sent home in 2 days. Bronchiolitis is a viral illness that affects the lower airways. It is usually seen in children under 2 years of age but it is most severe in infants who are 6 months or younger (Porth & Matfin, 2009, p. 694). RSV is responsible for 50 to 90% of all cases of bronchiolitis and results in 20, 000 hospital admissions per year (Kelsall-Knight, 2012, p. 29). Other pathogens that can cause RSV are parainfluenza, adenovirus, Influenza A & B, Human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus and Mycoplasma pneumonia (Kelsall-Knight, 2012, p. 29). The virus causes epithelial necrosis and destruction of the cilia. The epithelial cells destruction triggers an inflammatory response that leads to edema of the submucosa. There is also increased secretion of mucus from goblet cells which combine with desquamated epithelial cells to form thick...
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...Reliability of Informant:parents | Past Use of Health Care System and Health Seeking Behaviors:Frequent checkups at primary physician | Present Health or History of Present Illness:tonsillitis | Past Health History | General Health: (Patient’s own words)Over all good health with frequent sore throats | Allergies: (include food and medication allergies) NKDA | Reaction: | Current Medications:Oral birth controlAmoxicillin BID x 7 days r/t tonsillitis | Last Exam Date:03/21/16 | Immunizations:Up to date, had at 15 | Childhood Illnesses: tonsillitis | Serious or Chronic Illnesses:Had RSV at age 13 months, reoccurring tonsillitis | Past Health Screening (see “Well Young Adult Behavior Health Assessment History Screening” below) | Past Accidents or Injuries:none | Past Hospitalizations:Hospitalized age 13 months for 3 days related to RSV | Past Operations:none | Family History(Specify which family member is affected.) | Alcoholism (ETOH use/abuse): paternal great uncles | Allergies: mother PCN |...
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...disease can be prevented and treated. Disease Prevention Type Pneumonia falls under more than one prevention type category. Primary prevention of pneumonia in the form of vaccines is an effective method among children and the elderly. The infant vaccine series of the pneumococcal vaccine, Prevnar, has been incorporated into the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s recommended immunizations for infants between ages two months and eighteen months (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014). Other vaccines also contribute to prevention including Hib, Flu, and Pertussis (CDC, 2014). Because they're at higher risk for serious complications, infants born prematurely may be given treatments that temporarily protect against RSV, which can lead to pneumonia in younger kids (Kid’s Health, 2011). Hand washing and proper cleaning habits are also primary prevention methods against pneumonia. Hand washing help prevent direct contamination from hand contact and is critical especially when in contact with someone with the disease. As pneumonia is spread mostly through saliva and mucus from coughing, sneezing and sharing utensils or glasses with an infected person, it is important to...
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...Health History and Screening Performing a health history and screening on adolescents can prove to be challenging and entertaining at times. This generation is much more reserved towards opening up about their personal information in comparison to the middle and older adult populations. S.G., a single sixteen year old Caucasian female, was the source for this history and screening. She is a full time high school student and athlete from Roswell, New Mexico, and her last medical examination occurred in August of 2013. She takes no prescribed medications and has no known medical conditions or allergies. All of her childhood immunizations are current. As an infant, S.G. was hospitalized for treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and pneumonia. In 2012, she suffered from a torn meniscus to her right knee that required her to undergo surgical intervention in order to repair the injury. Her family health history includes: sulfa allergy (father), asthma (brother), diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure (maternal grandfather), obesity, anxiety, and bipolar (maternal uncle). S.G. remains active in high school and traveling volleyball, fellowship of Christian athletes, and her church youth group. She also enjoys scrapbooking, photography, hiking, and traveling. Her description of Roswell is that the city is committed, involved, and caring to all residents. S.G. and her mother were present throughout this session, and both sources offered reliable and factual information...
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...“Learning About Myself” Cindy Radford Nursing Analysis, NUR 2430 Ms. Phyllis Hosey November 22, 2011 “Learning About Myself” In developing ideas for this paper, I have learned a lot about myself. I have learned that I am a lot more complex than I originally thought. I have a multitude of strengths and weaknesses and I think I could make a positive impact on the nursing world after graduation. I am in the process now of learning how to use my strengths for greater good and turn my weaknesses into something positive that I can use to build on. In order to discuss some of my strengths and weaknesses, I have to first tell you about why I wanted to become a nurse. When I was growing up, I had a bit of a rocky childhood. I was bounced between parents a lot and moved so much it was hard to make, and keep, friends. At the age of five, I was left at my grandparent’s home for the weekend by a mother that never came back for me. She left the country and left me behind. From that point on, I was raised by my grandmother and grandfather. They were wonderful to me! They saw to it that I was raised with manners and instilled in me that education was very important. I always knew they chose to raise me and that made them very special in my life. I worked my entire life to be able to do for them like they had for me over the years and when I was 25 years old, I got the chance. My grandfather was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. His health deteriorated quickly and I...
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...poisoning (especially bacteria)Day care centers, crowded living conditions, poor sanitation and cleanliness | DIAGNOSTIC TESTS | MAIN TREATMENT | Stool gram stain and culture (if bloody stools)Stool for Ova & Parasites (if hx suggestive)CBC – assess for anemia/infectionUrinalysis and urine culture (r/o UTI)Electrolytes | Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is one of the major worldwide health advances of the last decade:Safer, less painful, and less costly than IV rehydrationOral rehydration solution enhances and promotes reabsorption of H2O and NaReduces vomiting, diarrhea, and duration of illnessORT GuidelinesDiarrhea w/o dehydrationMild dehydrationMod dehydrationSevere dehydrationReplacing ongoing losses | MAJOR TEACHING POINTS | NURSING CONSIDERATIONS | Teach parents at well childcare visits in first yearKeep 24 hour supply of ORT in homeBegin with first sign of diarrheaReplace with ½ cup ORT for each diarrheal stoolSeek medical attention prn signs or dehydrationAfter re-hydration resume breast/formula feeding or normal diet in the older childAdvise them never to try to formulate an OR solution themselves.Teach personal hygiene/ hand washingProper preparation and storage of breast milk or formulaCareful food preparationImmunization for RotavirusAvoid unnecessary antibiotic usage | Acute diarrhea is leading cause of illness in children <5 years (10’s of millions cases in US)65% of hospitalizations and 85% of...
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...Final Exam Study Guide Important to Know the function of anterior and posterior pituitary gland. Anterior Pituitary Gland: (Adenohypophysis) The anterior pituitary gland regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, reproduction and lactation (Adrenal, liver, bone, thryroid and gonads). -It is regulated by negative feedback and the hypothalamus. Major hormones: ACTH: Stimulates the adrenal cortex. TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone, promotes secretion of thyroid hormone. FSH: Follicle-stimulating hormone, promotes growth of reproductive system. LH: Luteinizing hormone. Promotes sex hormone production GH: Growth hormone, promotes growth, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. PRL: Prolactin, Milk production and progesterone/estrogen. -Hormones are secreted from the hypothalamus to the A. Pituitary so these hormones can be released. Posterior Pituitary Gland: Mainly axons extended from the hypothalamus. These axons contain and release neurohypophysial hormones oxytocin and vasopressin. Oxytocin: Targets the uterus, and mammary glands causing contractions and lactation. Vasopressin (ADH): Antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin, argipressin. Stimulates water retention absorbs it back into blood causing raises blood pressure by contracting arterioles, and inducing male aggression. Very Important to know and understand Diabetic Ketoacidosis Pathophysiology: -In DKA, the lack of insulin prevents glucose from being utilized by the tissues...
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...Pneumonia Over the years, many people have found new research on Pneumonia. In Latin, “pnemon” means lungs, “-ia” is the pathological condition, and “-itis” means inflammation. Hippocrates was the first person, on record, to discover pneumonia. He lived during the years of 60BC – 370BC. The “Father or Medicine” was one of the names this Greek physician was considered as in history. Pneumonia descriptions was most accurately given from a Jewish philosopher and physician, who goes by the name Moses ben-Maimom. Even though they were the most accurate, doesn’t mean they are the most current. He lived from 1135AD – 1240AD. Edwin Klebs discovered that bacteria was the cause of pneumonia in 1875. He found this out while studying bacteria in airways of pneumonia patients who died. Klebs was a German-Swiss Pathologist. Bacterial genus Klebsiella is named after him. In 1882 and 1884, Carl Friedländer and Albert Fränkel found the two main causes of Pneumonia, which were Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Through Friedländer’s research, the Gram Stain was introduced and helps identify the two types of bacteria that cause pneumonia. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a respiratory pathogen that causes pneumonia. This bacteria is found most of the time in the gastrointestinal tract and the nasopharnyx. Another common place it is found is on hands of hospital workers. This bacteria is not only in humans, it is everywhere in the ecological environment. It has been correlated worldwide...
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...Gowning by attendants and visitors in newborn nurseries for prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality Webster J, Pritchard MA Background - Methods - Results - Characteristics of Included Studies - References - Data Tables and Graphs [pic] Dates Date edited: 19/05/2006 Date of last substantive update: 31/01/2003 Date of last minor update: 05/04/2006 Date next stage expected 31/05/2006 Protocol first published: Issue 2, 2002 Review first published: Issue 3, 2003 Contact reviewer Joan Webster Nursing Director, Research Teaching and Research Royal Brisbane and Royal Women's Hospital and Health Service Districts Level 6, Ned Hanlon Building Butterfield Street Herston QLD AUSTRALIA 4029 Telephone 1: +61 7 3636 8590 Telephone 2: +61 7 3636 3140 Facsimile: +61 7 3636 2123 E-mail: joan_webster@health.qld.gov.au Contribution of reviewers Internal sources of support None External sources of support Centre for Clinical Studies - Women's and Children's Health, Mater Hospital, Sth Brisbane, Queensland, AUSTRALIA Department of Health and Ageing, Commonwealth Government, Canberra ACT, AUSTRALIA What's new This review updates the existing review of "Gowning by attendants and visitors in newborn nurseries for prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality" which was published in The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2003 (Webster 2003). No new trials were identified as a result of this updated search. The conclusions of the review are...
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...A kid with Hepatitis A can return to school 1 week within the onset of jaundice. 2. After a patient has dialysis they may have a slight fever...this is normal due to the fact that the dialysis solution is warmed by the machine. 3. Hyperkalemia presents on an EKG as tall peaked T-waves 4. The antidote for Mag Sulfate toxicity is ---Calcium Gluconate 5. Impetigo is a CONTAGEOUS skin disorder and the person needs to wash ALL linens and dishes seperate from the family. They also need to wash their hands frequently and avoid contact. positive sweat test. indicative of cystic fibrosis 1. Herbs: Black Cohosh is used to treat menopausal symptoms. When taken with an antihypertensive, it may cause hypotension. Licorice can increase potassium loss and may cause dig toxicity. 2. With acute appendicitis, expect to see pain first then nausea and vomiting. With gastroenitis, you will see nausea and vomiting first then pain. 3. If a patient is allergic to latex, they should avoid apricots, cherries, grapes, kiwi, passion fruit, bananas, avocados, chestnuts, tomatoes and peaches. 4. Do not elevate the stump after an AKA after the first 24 hours, as this may cause flexion contracture. 5. Beta Blockers and ACEI are less effective in African Americans than Caucasians. 1. for the myelogram postop positions. water based dye (lighter) bed elevated. oil based dye heavier bed flat. 2.autonomic dysreflexia- elevated bed first....then check foley...
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...or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN-13:978-0-7897-2706-9 ISBN-10: 0-7897-3706-x Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rinehart, Wilda. NCLEX-PN exam cram / Wilda Rinehart, Diann Sloan, Clara Hurd. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-7897-3706-9 (pbk. w/cd) 1. Practical nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 3. National Council Licensure Examination for Practical/Vocational Nurses--Study guides. I. Sloan, Diann. II. Hurd, Clara. III. Title. RT62.R55 2008 610.73'076--dc22 2008000133 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: February 2008 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Pearson Education cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Warning and Disclaimer Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is...
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...International Classification of Diseases Coding II Chapter 17 – 27 Chapter 17: 1. Which of the following anemias is caused by a failure of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells and may be congenital or acquired? A. Bone marrow deficiency anemia B. Sickle-cell anemia C. Aplastic anemia D. Thalassemia 2. Which of the following terms refers to either a reduction in the quantity of hemoglobin or a reduction in the volume of red blood cells? E. Anemia F. Coagulation defect G. Thrombocytopenia H. Leukocytosis 3. When a diagnostic statement of anemia is not qualified in any way, what should the coder do? I. Review the record for a surgical procedure; and if the patient had surgery, code as anemia due to acute blood loss. J. Review the medical record before assigning an unspecified type of anemia. K. Review the medical record to determine if the patient has been prescribed iron tablets, and code as iron-deficiency anemia. L. Review the medical record to determine if the patient has received chemotherapy, and assign the code for anemia due to antineoplastic chemotherapy. 4. Which of the following statements is true regarding a patient with documented sickle-cell trait? M. The patient has sickle-cell disease. N. Both of the patient’s parents carried the sickle-cell gene. O. The code for sickle-cell disease should be assigned. P. The patient received...
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