...Trisha Roiger Health 240: 07 FDA Regulation The Food and Drug Administration is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription, over-the-counter drugs and etc. The FDA also enforces other laws, many of which aren’t directly related to food or drugs. The FDA regulates drugs by requiring that the producers of prescription and over-the-counter drugs must demonstrate a drug's safety before it is allowed to be placed on the market. Drugs are tested by their producer for an average of 8.5 years in both labs and clinical trials (Discovery). Following these tests, the producers must file an appeal to the FDA for the drug's approval (Discovery). If the FDA approves the drug, it's classified as a prescription or over-the-counter drug. If not, the drug can't be sold in the United States. Approximately 0.1 percent of drugs tested in labs gain FDA approval. Some people may or may not agree with this procedure. Each time Congress enacts a law affecting products regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, the FDA develops rules to implement the law. The FDA takes various steps to develop these rules, including publishing a variety of documents in the Federal Register announcing the FDA's interest in formulating, amending or repealing a rule, and offering the public the opportunity to...
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...America has been at war, fighting drug abuse for almost a century. Unfortunately, it is a war that America is losing and has had little success in. The U.S. spends billions of dollars every year trying to eradicate drugs from this country and correlating drug abusers with crime. While America’s leaders see the war on drugs as a domestic law endorsement, hospitals, prisons, and morgues continue to fill up with overdosing victims and people who get sentenced to jail because of a mandatory minimum drug offences. America’s criminal justice system needs to stop focusing on punishing and criminalizing drug abusers, and instead give drug abusers the help they need. Which in turn will lower the demand for illegal drugs. “In 2013, 1.5 million U.S. citizens...
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...ideals.”(www.egs.com) Aldous Huxley was born July 26, 1894 in Godalming in southern England into a very successful and scientific family. His father was a school teacher/writer, two of his three brothers were scientist, and his grandfather had been nicknamed “Darwin’s Bulldog”...
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...Marijuana, which is commonly known as Cannabis Sativa, has been one of the most intense debates to be ever launched nation-wide. Its use as a medicine has existed for thousands of years in countless countries across the globe. When someone says ganja, cannabis, bung, dope, Mary Jane, grass, rasta, pot, or weed, they are referring to marijuana. Essentially, marijuana should be legalized for the greater good of society. The most important reason that this plant should not be prohibited is for its medicinal purposes. The plant can be utilized as a resource for pain relief, control of nausea and vomiting, and appetite stimulation. Marijuana can be a valuable asset to society and its citizens who are in need for its medical use. Taking a look back in history, the prohibition of marijuana has failed to control its domestic use and production. The legalization of marijuana would be a likely cause to reduce crime and narcotic drug use. It is easier for children and young adults to access marijuana than alcohol. For example, liquor stores and other businesses that distribute alcohol are legally obligated to check possibly underage customers for valid identification. In contrast to the distribution of marijuana, a dealer is not likely to have a concern if it is a young child that wants to buy the marijuana, as long as he or she has the desired amount of money, the dealer will sell the marijuana to the buyer. If marijuana were to be legalized, the government, similar to other “adult” substances...
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...The Poor Get Prison” we basically read and learn more about the high crime rate in America, and what excuses we make for these high crime rates. We can see that the crime rates have fluctuated over time since the 1900’s, but even at some of the times of the lowest crime rates in America, it was still higher that even the higher crime rates in most other Western industrial societies. When making comparisons with the US and European countries, we learn that there is a much higher rate of lethal violence, such as suicide in the US. Even though the rates of violent crime in America has declined over recent years, author’s believe that this has more to do with changes in America’s economic status rather than law’s and government policies. Some of the changes in the crime rates could have to do with the “imprisonment binge”, but the number of incarcerated criminals does not reduce the number of criminals we have in America, it just reduces the number of criminals we have roaming free in America. We know that crime is not completely avoidable, and the government has been making changes to help reduce the risks and the likeliness of lethal and dangerous crimes happening. Some of the precautions that have been made include: effective gun control, decriminalization if illicit drugs, amelioration of poverty, the prevention of child abuse or neglect, and they also are taking precautions for at-risk adolescents. In America, there are many “excuses” for the high crime rates that we have. Some...
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...law enforcement. The program is federally funded and was created with the intentions of providing citizens the opportunity to work collectively along side with the police to diminish fear and crimes within communities. By examining police departments within the Unites States which has implemented community policing programs, a determination of whether there has been a positive or negative change can be concluded. Community policing, when implemented and organized properly is the ideal situation for police departments and the communities to build an alliance against crime. Community Policing Foot patrol or walking the beat are the many terms used to represent community policing. This community relationship has been a subject of discussion and research since the early 1900’s and still is today (Trojanowicz ,1986). Community policing was established with the idea of local law enforcement and the community working collectively, focusing on reducing and eventually preventing crime and social disorder. The strategy is to achieve a more valuable and proficient crime control, reduce terror of crime and improve quality of life. Community policing also helps the police gain the trust and cooperation of the community by having a strong presence in the area. Most importantly, community policing helps to empower the community and prevent it from being overwhelmed by gang violence, crime, prostitution, drugs etc. (Trojanowicz ,1986) History of Policing ...
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...different people, for various medical conditions. It is incredible how the medicine today differs from the ones back then, including the way it was advertised and the process of it being made. In the nineteenth century, pharmaceutical companies used marketing tools through advertisements directly from the consumer to producer, usually through newspaper ads. Originating in England, patented medicines made their way across to America in the 18th century. A lot of the times these medicines contained morphine, opium, or cocaine and were advertised towards infants and children. The legalities of this marketing were not fully regulated at the time as consumers did not understand the risks in taking certain medicines. The unregulated market finally began to be controlled towards the middle of the century in order to force companies to both make medicines that will actually help the patients taking it and regulate the advertising that comes with it. Last, the comparison of marketing medicines back then is slightly different than the marketing these days. Over 200 years, as a country, we have been able to regulate these medicines with the best interest of the customers in mind. The modes of advertising were mainly from the producer right to the consumer. Then, there were two types of medicines, “ethical drugs” and patented drugs. Patented drugs were not actually patented at the time, but instead had certain secret formulas which the company had a copyrighted trademark. It is safe...
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...involved in the treatment, diagnosis of ADHD will also be mentioned. Mental Illness Paper Attention deficit disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood disorders and can continue on through adolescence and adulthood. Some symptoms may include difficulty staying focused and paying attention, difficulty controlling behavior, and hyperactivity (over- activity). ADHD is characterized by prominent symptoms of inattention and/ or hyperactivity and impulsivity. These symptoms can lead to difficulty in academic, emotional, and social functioning. Studies in the United States indicate approximately 8%- 10% of children satisfy diagnostic criteria for ADHD (ADHD, medicine.net). The term ADD was once used to describe children with these symptoms, but ADD is no longer a DSM diagnosis. A misconception surrounding ADHD is: ADHD symptoms usually continue into their adulthood, however; the person learns ways to cope with the symptoms. People with ADHD can often accomplish more than people who do not have the condition. There are many negative...
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...bums, unintelligent, and drug addicts. This claim is absurd as according to the National Orginaztion for the Refom of Marijuana Laws, marijuana is the third most popular drug in America as it frequently used recreationally (NORML). While those who oppose the legalization of marijuana there are those who actually need it, and support that it should be legal. By taking action, marijuana can be decriminalized and proven to be more helpful than harmful. The idea that people should stay away from cannabis is a common argument, but cannabis actually has medical purposes that can delay the effects of cancer, used for glaucoma, and also pain relief. While those who argue that marijuana should be legal and that it can help the economy and public health, there are those who oppose it and feel that it should remain illegal so that the upcoming generation should abstain from the use of marijuana and drug abuse. People argue that the use of marijuana is dangerous and harmful to the body, while actually it might be more helpful than one may presume. The top two most popular drugs in America are Tobacco and Alcohol, combined both of those drugs tally up to nearly half a million deaths per year throughout America. Marijuana on the other hand has never caused death by smoking too much weed because it is actually a toxic free drug and is mostly natural. By legalizing pot, it can lead to improve public health, lower crime rates, and help the economy. First, Marijuana was first historically used...
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...Combating the Modern Day Drug Problem Deleasa Bell CRJ.362.01.2138 Drugs & Drug Abuse Arthur Acosta May 26, 2015 Is there a drug problem in our society? You bet there is. Are we winning the so call “War on Drugs”? No we are not winning the so called “War on Drugs”. Should something be done to combat the drug problem that exists in our society? You bet something should definitely be done. In addition to outlining the drug problem in society, this proposal will contrast supply side and demand side as it is related to our society’s drug problem and how we can win the “War on Drugs. The illegal use of drugs and the nonmedical use of prescription medications are increasing, and this is largely driven by an increased rate of marijuana use, a survey shows. The survey on drug use was released by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which included about 67,500 people in the U.S. aged 12 and up?Continue reading below... * More young adults aged 18 to 25 are using illicit drugs, up from 19.6% in 2008 to 21.5% in 2010. * Rates of nonmedical use of prescription drugs, hallucinogens, and inhalants are around the same as in 2009. There were some signs of hope in this survey: * The number of current methamphetamine users decreased by roughly half from 2006 to 2010. * Cocaine use also declined, from...
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...Epidemiology Paper on Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), also known as TB, is a disease spread by respiratory inhalation of droplets that contain the bacteria. Tuberculosis is an ancient disease that has been traced back at least 9000 years. In 1882, Dr. Robert Koch was the first physician to describe Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the germ responsible for tuberculosis. However, treatment that was evidenced based was not put into practice until the 20th century. It is estimated that 2 billion people around the world are infected with the TB bacteria. Approximately 5 to 10 percent of these infected people will actual develop active TB and experience the life-threatening symptoms of the disease. Tuberculosis remains a deadly infection around the world claiming 1.7 million lives per year. TB is generally recognized as a respiratory disease but can also attack the brain and spine, circulatory system, gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems as well as the skin, bones and joints. (Furlow, 2010) The groups of people in the United States that are at risk of developing tuberculosis are those infected with HIV, the homeless, prisoners, poor individuals who live in urban areas, minorities such as African American’s, Hispanics and Asians. Healthcare workers are also at risk in the US and around the world. Countries outside of the US hardest hit by TB are in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Rates for infection among American born individuals has...
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...are other substances frequently used that are so much worse for the human body? Others may say that the government made marijuana illegal for a reason. Marijuana has been legalized by state law for 16 U.S. states and DC, so why is it not legal for all 50 (Medical Marijuana ProCon, n.d.)? These are some of the things that will be addressed, along with many other questions that will be answered. By the end of this paper, it should be apparent that something should change. Marijuana should be legalized for medical use because of its advantages over other traditionally used drugs which are currently legal. The use of marijuana for its medical advantages has been recognized since before recorded history. There are written references that can be found as far back as the fifteenth century B.C. (Zeese, 1997). There were over 100 articles published in medical journals on the therapeutic use of cannabis between 1840 and 1900. Based on historical references, the uses of marijuana for medical purposes include anorexia, asthma, nausea, pain, peptic ulcers, alcoholism, glaucoma, epilepsy, depression, migraine, anxiety, inflammation, hypertension, insomnia, and cancer (Zeese, 1997). Based on research done by Wason Louie, MD, at Creighton University and School of Medicine (Louie, 2005), “Because of the many hazards...
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...The ideas of health care have changed tremendously in the past years. Health services are provided in many ways and the funding is now more accessible. Outstanding changes in public health have changed life over the past century. Health care became an area of concern as early as the 1900’s. It was during The Great Depression in the 1930’s when priorities changed with greater emphasis on unemployment insurance and “old age” benefits. Between 1940 and 1950 President Roosevelt asked Congress for “economic bill of rights,” including right to adequate medical care and later on President Truman would offer a national health program plan involving a single system that would include all of American society. Unfortunately, this agreement would be terminated by the American Medical Association (AMA), and is called a Communist plot by a House subcommittee. It wasn’t until the start of the decade during the 1950’s that national health care expenditures were 4.5 percent of the Gross National Product (PBS, 2010), and then later on in the 1970’s an effort brought forth by the World Health Organization planned to achieve “Health for All” by the year 2000. Declaration of Alma-Ata International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma Ata, USSR, 6-12 September 1978 Governments have a responsibility for the heath of their people, which can be fulfilled only by the provision of adequate health and social measures. A main social target of governments, international organizations and the whole...
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...CHAPTER 2. A HISTORY OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE IN AMERICA Written by: Tammy L. Anderson To appear in: Harrison, L., Anderson, T., Martin, S., and Robbins, C. Drug and Alcohol Use in Social Context. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing -1- A HISTORY OF DRUGS AND ALCOHOL IN THE UNITED STATES Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to review the history of drug use and its social control in the United States so that students can gain an improved and thorough understanding of today’s problems and policies. Our approach to this matter is sociological, i.e., exploring how the interconnection between culture, social institutions, groups, and individuals function to create drug-related phenomena. A sociological approach integrates many kinds of social, cultural, political, and economic factors that manifest themselves in everyday life. While pharmacology helps us comprehend how specific drugs impact brain activity, sociology can inform us about the social roots of drugrelated behaviors which ultimately shape beliefs and behavior and motivate social policy. Therefore, a review of drug use in the U.S. and the social response to it must consider many diverse phenomena. This broader framework will move us beyond domestic borders and into the international community, for the history of drug abuse is an international, socio-political marvel. Another idea warrants mentioning before we begin our history lesson. It centers on the idea that drug use and abuse are socially...
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...used persuasion to reinforce their image of power or to spread a truth deemed critical to the populace. Monuments and statues declaring the insurmountable power of leaders and decrees or writings of early religious leaders were used to persuade people to act in accordance with the creators’ goals or desires. The Renaissance brought increased public relation efforts in politics with the forced creation of the Magna Carta and the practices of political philosophers such as Machiavelli. The 1400’s saw the new world discovered, mercantile trade expand even further, and Gutenberg invent the movable type printing press. These factors stimulated new ways of thinking of oneself in relationship to others and increased the uses and means by which one could capitalize on persuasion. The usage and study of public relations has generally been led by the United States and can be seen through five stages: The Beginning of PR (1600-1799), Communicating/Initiating (1800-1899), Reacting/Responding (1900-1939), Planning/Preventing (1940-1979), and Professionalism (1980-Present). (1600-1799, The Beginning of PR) As the colonies of the New World expanded and grew, so did the usage of early forms of public relations. Public relations were used to publicize and sell real estate in the new land. The American Revolution saw press agentry events that were media successes (Boston Tea Party),...
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