...INTRODUCTION Although scientific recognition of the earthquake hazard presented by the Cascadia subduction zone (CSZ) is relatively recent, the Native American’s have lived on the Cascadia coast for thousands of years, handing down knowledge through millennial storytelling. This paper reflects evidence on coastal earthquakes and is presented in Native traditions and estimates the dates of the most recent seismic events from their culture. The primary plate- boundary fault of the CSZ separates the oceanic Juan de Fuca Plate from the continental North America Plate, partaking with the San Andreas Fault Plate. It lies about 80 km offshore and encompasses roughly parallel to the coast from the middle of Vancouver Island to northern...
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...consequences of an earthquake on the west coast. This article references a recent report from the Seismological Society of America which has estimated that 143 million Americans living in the United States are exposed to the hazards of an earthquake (Seismological 2015). This report further estimates that the average long-term value of building losses from earthquakes is $4.5 billion per year with the majority of these losses coming from California, Oregon, and Washington (Seismological 2015). The Seismological Society of America estimates that 28 million Americans will experience an earthquake that will generate enough sufficient shaking to bring about moderate to severe harm. This investigation revealed that more than 6,000 fire stations, 800 doctor's facilities, and about 20,000 open and private schools are vulnerable to earthquakes in California(Seismological 2015).Furthermore, this weekend has been filled with news about the 7.8 magnitude earthquake that struck Nepal killing an estimated 900 people and injuring more than 1,500 (Strong 2015). This earthquake has forced Nepal to declare a state of an emergency. This recent news has caused much discussion about what individuals and business can do to plan and be prepared for an emergency. This paper will provide recommendations on what can be done to prepare adequately for an earthquake and how the use of digital images can enhance emergency response/notification. Planning for an Earthquake When planning for an earthquake emergency...
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...Earthquake From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the natural seismic phenomenon. For other uses, see Earthquake (disambiguation). [pic] An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor, temblor or seismic activity) is the result of a sudden release of energy in theEarth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are measured with a seismometer; a device which also records is known as aseismograph. The moment magnitude (or the related and mostly obsolete Richter magnitude) of an earthquake is conventionally reported, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacing the ground. When a large earthquakeepicenter is located offshore, the seabed sometimes suffers sufficient displacement to cause a tsunami. The shaking in earthquakes can also trigger landslides and occasionally volcanic activity. In its most generic sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether a natural phenomenon or an event caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear experiments. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus orhypocenter. The term epicenter refers to the point at...
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...demand pull system in which manufacturing planning begins with the final assembly line and works backwards, not only through the various manufacturing processes, but also to the vendors and subcontractors supplying materials and components. Therefore two things must happen in order for JIT to work: ➢ All parts/materials/components must arrive where they are needed, when they are needed and in the exact quantity needed ➢ All parts/materials/components that arrive must be usable parts Hence any natural disasters occurred it will certainly affect the impact on supply chains especially JIT to the factory. Following are how great calamities like the civil war in Middle Eastern countries (Libya, Egypt, and Syria), Great East earthquake and Tsunami in Japan and heavy flooding in Thailand have an impact on production networks of automobile spare parts, hard disk drives, oil, rice, precision parts and electronics supplies facing stoppage, shortage, delay...
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...Introduction of topics and concepts to be discussed in the chapter. a. Legal basis of modern emergency management in the United States. b. Budget authority. c. Program eligibility. d. Roles and responsibilities. 2. Case Studies a. The National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP): Legislation to Address a Particular Hazard b. The Homeland Security Act of 2002: A New Emergency Management c. The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000: A Shift to Pre-Disaster Mitigation 3. Additional Sources of Information 4. Glossary of Terms 5. Acronyms 6. Discussion Questions a. General b. NEHRP c. Homeland Security Act of 2002 d. DMA 2000 7. Suggested Out of Class Exercises Introduction No emergency management system anywhere in the world can properly function without statutory authority and consistent budget appropriations. Statutory authority defines disasters programs, determines who is eligible for these programs, provides the legal support needed to implement disaster programs and establishes the legal foundation for funding the programs and activities of the disaster agency. Without such authority, a government agency is powerless. Legal Basis of Modern Emergency Management in the United States The first recorded emergency management legislation in the United States occurred in 1803 when a Congressional Act was passed to provide financial assistance to a New Hampshire town devastated by fire...
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...A Proposed Rapid Visual Screening Procedure for Seismic Evaluation of RC-Frame Buildings in India Sudhir K. Jain,a) M.EERI, Keya Mitra,b) Manish Kumar,c) d) M.EERI, and Mehul Shah Poor performance of reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings in India during past earthquakes has been a matter of serious concern. Hence, it becomes important to identify and strengthen the deficient buildings. When dealing with a large building stock, one needs evaluation methods for quick assessment of the seismic safety of existing buildings so that corrective retrofitting measures may be undertaken on the deficient buildings. This paper presents a review of some of the available methods for rapid visual screening (RVS) of RC-frame buildings and proposes a RVS method for RC-frame buildings in India based on systematic studies on damage data of the 2001 Bhuj earthquake. DOI: 10.1193/1.3456711 INTRODUCTION Massive damage caused by the 2001 Bhuj earthquake to modern RC-frame buildings in India has underlined the need for seismic evaluation of a huge stock of existing buildings. A number of seismic evaluation methods incorporating varying degrees of detail have been developed across the world. Rai (2005) reviews the different methods for seismic evaluation of existing buildings as developed in various countries. Most of the methods follow three level assessment procedures (or something quite similar to it) namely, (a) rapid visual screening (Tier 1 Evaluation), (b) preliminary assessment (or Tier 2...
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...Guideline to compose a full Paper ( headline in 1 or 2 lines, font Arial 18pt in bold) First author * , second author,… (coauthor is specified by *, font Times New Roman 12pt in bold). 1. Title and a short address of first author, e-mail address (Times New Roman 10pt) 2. Title and a short address of second author, e-mail address (Times New Roman 10pt) Abstract (Times New Roman 14pt in Bold) Each paper should include an Abstract that has been composed between 120 and 300 words in one paragraph including left and right margins, which should be 35 mm from the edges of the paper. This section should independently explain the subject, aims, research method and a summary of the article 's results. However it is not considered as a preface. Mentioning the references must be avoided in this section. The font to this section is (Times New Roman 11pt). The position of the title in this section is 120 mm from the top of the page or upper edge. Key words: minimum 4 and maximum 6 words which are separated by commas and placed in one line. (Times New Roman 11pt) 1. Introduction (Times New Roman 14pt in Bold) This guideline has been composed for author's use according to the standard methods of this conference. Compliance with these standards is mandatory for all authors. Please note that this document has been prepared in compliance with the mentioned regulations and can be used as a sample...
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...3279672 2 December 2013 On March 11th, 2011 the Tōhoku earthquake and the resulting tsunami wreaked havoc upon Japan. Unfortunately, this natural disaster resulted in the largest nuclear disaster since Chernobyl, as the tsunami crippled the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Following this severe breach in security, numerous radioactive isotopes and radioactive particles were released into the environment, specifically the Pacific Ocean and the surrounding air/atmosphere, thus contaminating groundwater, soil and seawater, as well as effectively shutting down a myriad of Japanese fisheries. The ocean and air mainly came in contact with high levels of Iodine-131, Cesium-137, and Cesium-134, as well as lower levels of Tellurium, Uranium, and Strontium, which were concentrated closer to the surrounding area of the nuclear power plant. However, the impact that these radioactive materials will have upon the United States, in particular, has caused quite the national controversy. Despite heavy national acceptance of the occurrence of the disaster, two popular and opposing hypotheses have formed as a result of the Media’s lack of focus on recent analyses of the impending effects of Fukushima Disaster upon the U.S.: (1) the radioactive material that leaked as a result of the TEPCO nuclear power plant failure will not have a drastic, threatening effect on the United States, specifically the West Coast, due to the supposedly limited leak...
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...Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland 1University Abstract The paper reviews the social and environmental problems concerning the functioning of dams including their local and global effects. Particularly emphasized is a trend toward removing dams in many countries. These are issues of significant importance, particularly in view of the current discussions on justification of investing in new dams, and seeking safe and economical solutions for aging dams, risky in their further operation. Key words: dam building and removal, local and global effects. „Dams are both a blessing and a curse” Dr. Ute Collier 1. Introduction The above citation accurately, although briefly, reflects general perception of dams. On the one hand, they have undoubtedly played, and still play a significant role in the development of the civilization. On the other hand, their construction and functioning entail incurring immense social costs, often disproportionate to the resulting advantages. Dams have also caused vast irreversible damage in the natural environment. Therefore, there is growing opposition against constructing dams, and even demands to remove the already existing ones. This, in turn, leads to the mobilization of the hydrotechnicians’ circle, seeking possibilities for initiating new investments, which results in a larger and larger gap between the proponents and opponents of hydrotechnical structures on rivers. The objective of this paper is to discuss the social and environmental aspects of the...
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...sovereignty. But independence has faced by the government in Beijing, and that become an issue with the rise of generations those in China need to comprehend the born and raised on the island. They have sensitivities of outsiders to its rise. successfully established democratic rule and some do not want to be subject to rule Raising awareness of differing sensitivities is an important role that scenarios can play. from a distant capital. The implications of The aim is certainly not to pretend that the any conflict with Taiwan would depend in scenarios predict the future. One cannot expect part on the reaction of the United States. any of these scenarios to come true as they • Natural catastrophe : stand. Rather the scenarios use available What happens if Beijing is hit by a major knowledge to sketch the boundaries of the earthquake?...
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...A JOINT STUDY OF THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK AND THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INSTITUTE Disaster Risk Management in Asia and the Pacific ISSUES PAPER Disaster Risk Management in Asia and the Pacific Issues Paper April 2013 A Joint Study of the Asian Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank Institute © 2013 Asian Development Bank Institute All rights reserved. Published 2013. Printed in Japan Printed using vegetable oil-based inks on recycled paper; manufactured through a totally chlorine-free process. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Disaster risk management in Asia and the Pacific: issues paper / Asian Development Bank Institute p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Disaster incidence. 2. Vulnerability. 3. Social and economic impacts. I. Asian Development Bank Institute. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), or their Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB and ADBI do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB and ADBI do not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ADBI encourages printing or copying...
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...describes victims losing family members before their eyes, and the devastation caused by the flood. The writer also describes the causes of the disaster, and action he and his legal team team took on behalf of the victims, because it was, “the right thing [to do]” (21). This story tells how Stern and his colleagues worked as a team, made their way through the US legal system, and find justice for the victims. “One [Saturday] morning in February [26th] 1972… A coal company’s massive coal-refuse pile…collapsed without warning…killing 125 people mostly women and children” (Prologue). This horrible event captured the nation’s attention. Filmed news reports showed the black water rushing through the canyon that paralleled buffalo creek in the State of West Virginia. The high waters washed houses, people, telephone poles, rubbish, irreplaceable personal possessions and keepsakes away forever. Stearns an attorney, had helped with the civil rights struggle in the 1960’s and wanted to help the flood victims recover from the horrific disaster. Stearns law firm, Arnold & Potter, supported one partner each year take cases pro bono publico Cases-public interest cases. Stearns and his legal team took the case on. The dam that collapsed belonged to “The Buffalo Mining Company” who’s sole stock holder is the Pittston Company, Park Avenue, New York City” (10). The company announced that the flood was an “Act of god”...
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...NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 1. Introduction. Pakistan is located in a region which is prone to number of natural disasters. Due to its diverse range of terrain and existence of fault lines, the country is susceptible to wide ranging hazards from earthquake to droughts and floods to cyclones. Pakistan has suffered floods almost every year as monsoon rains cause rivers to outflow from their banks. The country also experiences earthquake regularly ranging from moderate to severe in intensity. We have been suffering from drought like situation of varying degrees from many years and the coastal areas are prone to cyclones. There is no comprehensive, integrated disaster management policy at national level for dealing with major disasters like earthquake of 2005 and floods of 2010 and 2011 partially due to limited resources, economic instability and partially due to absence of well trained and equipped disaster management infrastructure. We also lack proper system for disaster prevention and preparedness that could ensure effective mitigation to reduce the loss of life and property damage in the face of a natural disaster. 2. Disaster management is unfortunately seen as provision of relief rather than the management of all of its phases and long term management of risk. We therefore need a comprehensive preparedness, prevention and mitigation strategy with a view to better manage and coordinate activities of various line ministries, departments and civil society. Pakistan...
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...crust. The opening through which the lava and tephra are emitted is called the volcanic vent. Lava is magma that reaches the Earth’s surface. Magma is melted rock at high pressure and temperature. Magma rises because it is initially less dense than the rock surrounding rock. It eventually equals the density of the surrounding rock and becomes a magma chamber. Tephra is pumice or ash that is blown into the air during eruptions. Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates converge and diverge; but are usually not created where tectonic plates slide past one another. As a result volcanoes can be found in all sorts of climate locations. There are four primary types of volcanoes which all have varying effects on the environment. This paper will explore these various types of volcanoes and show how they differ, as well as giving examples of eruptions for each of the types discussed. Principle Types of Volcanoes Cinder cones: Cinder cones are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent; they are the simplest forms of volcanoes. Gas charged lava is violently blown into the air and breaks up into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone. Most of these types of volcanoes have a bowl shaped crater at the summit and rarely rise more than a thousand feet or so above their surroundings. Lava flow can flow from a breach on the side of the crater or a vent from an outside flank. Lava...
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...individual way we interpret the world. Differences in perspective and the power of perspective to shape experience are themes that run throughout the course. We will study the major perspectives in psychology, research methods, brain and nervous system structures, states of consciousness, learning, memory, cognitive and social-emotional development in infancy and childhood, social psychological issues such as conformity and obedience, and some of the major categories of psychological disorders and therapies. You will have a chance to pursue some topics in more depth. The goal of the course is to strike a balance between giving a survey of a very rich, complex field and covering topics in depth. Both understanding of basic psychological principles and practical application will be emphasized. The aim is to enrich your knowledge of psychology and your ability to apply psychological principles to everyday life. Required Text Myers, D. (2011). Exploring psychology, 8th ed. NY: Worth. ISBN: 1-4292-3826-7 Course Learning Objectives To be able to understand, illustrate, apply, and discuss: 1. The major perspectives in psychology 2. How psychologists ask and answer questions 3. The basic structures and functions of the brain and nervous system 4. States of consciousness 5. How humans learn and remember 6. Cognitive and emotional-social development in infancy and childhood 7. How individuals are influenced by others and social contexts 8....
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