...has been a top priority in society. Among these natural resources, water is among the most popular. In particular, securing safe drinking water has become the general focal point, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has outlined several mandates to ensure safe drinking water is distributed among the public. However, water treatment plants across the United States do not always follow these regulations, and harmful chemicals and byproducts exist in drinking water as a result. According to the New York Times analysis of federal data, more than 20% of the United States water treatment systems do not provide water immune to certain chemicals or harmful bacteria (Duhigg 1). Background When the Clean Water Act was drafted in 1974, its original provision was to clean US waterways, providing “fishable and swimmable” water to the public (“Troubled Waters” 1). However, even after 38 years, this act has not been completely fulfilled, due to lack of enforcement and political entanglement. These factors are discussed more thoroughly in the next few sections. Environmental Protection Agency The Environmental Protection Agency was created in 1972 to do exactly what its title states: to protect all sectors of our environment from harmful treatment, therefore preserving the “green” side of all life. In particular, the Safe Drinking Water Act is most relevant to this report. It was set down to ensure that water would no longer carry harmful bacteria or chemicals from its source...
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...Water is the most important element on Earth, and covers most of the planet. However, 97.5% of the water on Earth is salt water from the ocean and is undrinkable. Less than 1% of the water on earth is available for human consumption. Humans need water to live, so it is necessary that the water we drink is clean and safe. The average American family will either drink bottled water or water from their tap. Some families decide to purify their water using a filter. A water filter is designed to remove impurities from water using a small physical barrier or a chemical process. A water filer can remove particles that are much smaller than the holes through which water passes. A water filter will prevent from ingesting harmful organisms by capturing them inside the filter. The effectiveness of a water filter is determined by something called pore-size efficiency. Pore-size efficiency is measured by the size of the openings in the water filter. The measurements are microscopic, and are called microns. One micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter. To remove bacteria, the micron size must be less than 0.4 microns. Water filters can be bought commercially, or handmade. If someone was camping in the wild, they can make their own water filter by laying materials that will filter through and remove unsafe particles. If water is untreated, it can contain bacteria, parasites, and other dangerous organisms that can cause severe reactions within humans. Some reactions causes by unfiltered water...
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...3 Basic plate count techniques for the enumeration of microorganisms 3.1 Introduction Most of the recommendations and guidelines contained in this chapter are taken from American Public Health Association (APHA), as described in the Chapter 6 of the 4th Edition of the Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods (Swanson et al., 2001). When different from or complementary to those of the Compendium, they were complemented with information and recommendations from ISO 6887-1:1999 and ISO 7218:2007, recommended for performing tests using methods developed by the International Organization for Standardization. Microbiological examination of foods is predominantly based on culturing techniques, to detect and enumerate living microorganisms. In view of the huge variety and multiplicity of groups, genera and species that may be present, a great number of tests are used, and which can be of one of two types: qualitative tests, which are aimed at detecting the presence or absence of the target microorganism(s), without quantifying, and quantitative tests which determine the quantity of the target microorganism(s) in the sample, generally per unit of weight or volume. Each of these tests follow differentiated procedures, which in turn depend on the target microorganism(s), but most of them utilize the same basic microbiological culturing techniques. These techniques are the detection of presence/absence (Chapter 5), the Most-Probable-Number counts (MPN)...
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...Opportunity: The Applied Research Technologies’ general manager, Peter Vyas alongside his team tried to launch the Filtration Unit Program twice but failed. Peter still managed to rebuild a low morale and a high turnover Unit selecting entrepreneurial minded people and the team was awarded two million dollars to finish their project. He ensured that it is a success after all their unsuccessful attempts it faced. They would at least for the first time celebrate a great innovation and achievement that is designed to help a lot of people both in developed and developing countries. Business and management strategy: first of all, they have to implement steps that would enable the plan to accommodate the two million dollar funding from the division for RIMOS. Secondly, the unit needs to go through extensive testing to pick out any possible flaws before it tries to launch the product for the third time. The unit should ask for assistance from its other IT specialists in other divisions within the organization to conceptualize if they can come up with the perfect product. Management venture, stage, and industry: The management exemplified a team that was right for this venture. Peter Vyas possessed knowledge by realizing the need and purpose for this project. Although, he had experienced two failed junctures in hopes of introducing the RIMOS idea but he was determined to resolved the kinks which contributed to his previous failures. Despite the pressure and uncertainty of his job depending...
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...Challenges within a CMO Purification Process A Case Study of Crossflow Micro- and Ultrafiltration 6th European Downstream Technology Forum September 7, 2010, Sartorius College, Goettingen Agenda I. II. Introduction Overview applications for CFF at RHB III. Case study I & II IV. Strategies to maintain quality Richter-Helm offers services for (co-)development and manufacture of biopharmaceuticals Business Units and Services In- & Out-Licensing Marketing & Sales Contract development Contract manufacturing Business Development Team GMP-Production Facility, Bovenau 3 Richter-Helm was one of the first companies to produce recombinant proteins in accordance to GMP-guidelines History of Richter-Helm Timeline 1987 1989 1993 1998 2000 2001 Foundation of Pharma Biotechnologie Hannover and start of GMP production Entering contract GMP manufacturing Broadening service portfolio / establishment of contract development services Building up of development centre in Hamburg Planning and start of construction of the new large scale GMP facility in Bovenau First long-term commercial development and supply agreement for large scale facility signed Initiation of GMP production in Bovenau Acquisition by Gedeon Richter Plc and HELM AG Start of in-house development projects Fully remodelled Hannover facility in operation Capacity enlargement in Bovenau More than 20 years of experience in biopharmaceuticals production 3 development and production locations 2003...
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...cream mix supply company called Eastern Dairy. George is working at Eastern Dairy for the summer and he works the night shift. The night shift is unsupervised and ran by 4 or 5 assembly workers. George has gotten along with all his fellow employees and together they have formed quite the comradery. Paul, one of the assembly workers on the night shift, has become somewhat of a self elected supervisor of the shift. All of the employees of the night shift get along very well and enjoy their time together thoroughly which has allowed George to really enjoy his time at work. One night they are faced with a problem regarding the filtration of the mix. All the filters are getting clogged up due to a bad batch of mix filled with maggots. Now, the employees can either repeatedly unclog the filters and reattach them over and over until all the mix has completed the filtration process or they can remove all the filters and allow the maggots to stay in the mix until it has gone through the homogenizer and the pasteurization process, which according to Paul will “Pulverize” all solid matter and destroy any bacteria. The issue with constantly removing, unclogging and reattaching the filters is that it will slow down the filtering process so much that George and his fellow employees will have to stay past the end of their sift. Paul advises George to take the filters out so that they all can get home after their shift but George does not feel comfortable doing so. This leaves George with a difficult...
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...of the Filtration Unit, Peter Vyas, asks for $ 2 million to launch RIMOS, that from my point of view is the right thing to do. He should handle the expenditure request by stressing all the improvements that his team has been able to bring to the mini-oxidation system (in terms of design, functioning, sustainability and efficiency). Moreover he should underline the increased probability of success given by the first-mover advantage that is obtainable in the new specified market (U.S. regions with governmental restrictions for irrigation). Vyas knows that he’s facing a critical decision, but he’s confident that his project is going into the right direction and that is necessary to go forward for the survival of the division and to recover full trust. In order to obtain the additional $ 2 million funds, he needs to satisfy Cynthia Jackson’s request, adding specific data about costs, sales and targets, so that the business plan will be clearer. To convince the vice-president, Vyas should demonstrate how the additional investment could be useful to implement the project, for example: an increase of $ 2 million in advertising expenditures, will educate customers to the new technology and will help people understand how their lives will be simplified by RIMOS, with a consequent increase in demand. Cynthia Jackson, vice-president of ART’s Water Management Division, has to decide on the commercialization of the mini-oxidation system, compromising the survival of the Filtration Unit....
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...Project: Separation of Mixtures by Filtration and Evaporation Research Question: How do we use gravity and suction filtration and evaporation to separate the different compounds in the mixture that were spilled onto the riverbed? Materials list: • Balance • Watch glass • Oven • Filter paper • Suction filtration apparatus • Spill mixture, 10g • Ring stand and clamp • Hot plate • 600ml beaker • 400 ml beaker • Buchner funnel • Side arm flask • DI water • Stirring rod • 250 ml beaker • Erlernmeyer flask • Isopropyl alchohol • Funnel Safety: Benzoic Acid: hazardous in case of ski contact Copper Sulfate: Irritant to eyes and skin Calcium Carbonate: do not consume, avoid eye contact Sand: do not consume Isopropyl alcohol: Irritant to skin and eyes Wear apron and goggles to lab. The step-by-step procedures of the scenario lab as followed: 1) Measure out 5 g of the mixture 2) Add 50 mL DI water to mixture in 250 mL beaker 3) Weigh filter paper and watch glass. 4) Place filter paper in a Buchner funnel and wet it with deionized water. 5) Filter the mixture slowly until all the mixture has been added. 6) Break the suction and remove the filter paper with the residue. 7) Place the filter paper in the watch glass and into the oven for 15-30 minutes. 8) Afterwards, take out the watch glass and filter paper, and allow it to cool. 9) Add the residue to the beaker with alcohol and stir it for 5 minutes. 10) Use gravity filtration to separate the sand and alcohol...
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...is to separate a mixture of sand and salt. Materials: * Small beaker * Electric balance * Sand * Salt * Water * Graduated cylinder * Stirring rod * Filter paper * Flask * Rubber policeman * Wash bottle * Funnel * Bunsen burner complete with rubber tubing and a source of gas * Hot hands * Insulator pad * Ring stand complete with a ring * Wire gauze * Striker Pre-lab Questions: 1. Water will be useful in separating the salt and sand because salt is soluble in water, which allows it to dissolve into a homogenous mixture, allowing for filtering of the sand. 2. Properties of sand and salt that will help separate them are that salt is water soluble, and the sand is insoluble in water. 3. The three things that could go wrong in this experiment are: * During the evaporation of water while using the Bunsen burner, the flask might crack or explode – this can be avoided by not heating the flask over a prolonged period of time, and not heating it too intensely. * Some of the sand may be lost during the filtration – this can be avoided by carefully filtering the mixture, and making sure that all of the sand has been washed off from the beaker, and the rubber policeman. * Some of the salt may be lost if the salt doesn’t dissolve completely or if some of the salt water is spilled – this can be avoided by making sure that all of the salt has dissolved, and by being very careful while stirring...
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...solid and then filtered again by suction filtration....
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...Dynamic – The removal of phosphorus from wastewater incorporates the joining of phosphate into TSS and the subsequent departure of those solids. Phosphorus can be joined into either natural solids (e.g., microorganisms) or invention hurries. Tertiary filtration upheld by compound development can decrease signify phosphorus obsessions in the last spouting to low levels. To finish low phosphorus obsessions, chemicals must be added to wastewater to accomplice phosphorus with solids that can then be viably removed through filtration. Aluminum-or iron-based coagulants and polymer are the chemicals most for the most part used consequently. Presentation – Phosphorus and nitrogen are supplements that are vital for maritime plant and green development advancement. Most waters regularly contain enough of these supplements to support neighborhood maritime life. In any case, an abundance of these supplements can over-sustain plant and green development advancement such that they make water quality issues. Common sewage contains phosphorus on a very basic level from human stool and mechanical waste. Phosphorus is a particularly risky constituent since it serves as a basic supplement for green development improvement. Right when the phosphorus availability deals with the advancement solicitations of green development, over the top green development blooms can happen. Exactly when the green development go on, they are consumed in an oxygen asking for procedure, as minuscule life forms degenerate...
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...respectively. Various causes of food deterioration are as follows a) The growth of micro-organisms (bacteria, yeast, and mold etc.) b) Activities of natural food c) By Insects, parasites, and rodents d) Temperature (high or low) e) Dryness or Moisture content f) Air (mostly oxygen) g) Light h) Time (King, 2004) Furthermore, the major types of food deterioration are:- a) Microbiological spoilage. b) Enzymatic spoilage c) Chemical spoilage d) Fat oxidation e) Environmental spoilage EXAMPLES OF FOOD SPOILAGE AND FOOD PRODUCTS TABLE:- It shows various types of foods having spoilage under various conditions Food preservation involves the a) Use of heat b) Cold c) Drying (water activity) d) Acid (pH) e) Sugar f) Salt g) Smoke h) Chemicals i) Radiation j) Mechanical methods. (Frazier and Westhoff, 2009) Examples of food deterioration involves:- a) Microorganisms involved in food spoilage b) Common mould on bread c) Canned food spoilage FOOD SPOILAGE MICRO-ORGANISMS Spoilage is complex process and huge amount of food is lost due to microbial, chemical and other processes....
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...is worth $350 million annually in Australia. Keeping ornamental fish is a great hobby for people of all ages, however it is important to make sure your aquarium and its inhabitants remain happy and healthy. Here are a few things you should remember: * Know your fish – Some need special conditions and diet, while others are aggressive and unsuitable for a community tank. * Change the water – Replace about a third of the water in your aquarium at least once a month. Tap water may contain chemicals that harm your fish so make sure you add a water conditioner available from your pet shop. * Remove sick fish – Diseased fish can contaminate others so remove them quickly. * Don’t overfeed – Feed only as much as your fish will eat in one minute and just once a day, or as advised by your pet shop. * Don’t overcrowd – Overcrowding increases pollution and aggression problems. Testing Aquarium Water: Water chemistry is not visible; therefore, it is vital to check it on a regular basis. The best way to make this a routine is to check on the tank chemistry while changing the water. The vital parameters are pH, nitrates, nitrites, and carbonate hardness (salinity for marine tanks). Stability is the main factor with pH. pH in the range of 6.5 – 7.5 is suitable for most species, but they can adjust if slightly out of range. KH (carbonate hardness) is the indicator of pH stability. It should be kept under close observation if it comes close to 4.5 dH (degree hardness)...
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...Separation techniques Chromatography Chromatography is a separation technique used to separate the different components in a liquid mixture. It was introduced by a Russian Scientist Michael Tswett. Chromatography involves the sample being dissolved in a particular solvent called mobile phase. The mobile phase may be a gas or liquid. The mobile phase is then passed through another phase called stationary phase. The stationary phase may be a solid packed in a glass plate or a piece of chromatography paper. The various components of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to separate. There are different types of chromatographic techniques such as column chromatography, TLC, paper chromatography, and gas chromatography. Paper chromatography is one of the important chromatographic methods. Paper chromatography uses paper as the stationary phase and a liquid solvent as the mobile phase. In paper chromatography, the sample is placed on a spot on the paper and the paper is carefully dipped into a solvent. The solvent rises up the paper due to capillary action and the components of the mixture rise up at different rates and thus are separated from one another. Distillation Simple distillation is a method used for the separation of components of a mixture containing two miscible liquids that boil without decomposition and have sufficient difference in their boiling points. The distillation process involves heating a liquid to its boiling points, and transferring...
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...Infectious Non-Infectious Spread by air, water and interaction with people and things. Caused by an organism that can be transferred from one organism to another. Non-transmissible among people, may be a chronic disease or carried through genes. They include measles, cols, influenza, chicken pox, and hepatitis. They include genetic diseases e.g. hemophilia, down syndrome, and diseases related to lifestyle and or environment. A Pathogen is any organism any organism that can produce and carry a disease. Pathogens range from viruses so miniature that thousands may fit side by side in in one millimeter to several meters long. They are all infectious and can live on the outside of the body as fungus. Three common ways in which water is treated for human consumption are as follows: Filtration whereby water flows through a filter designed to remove particles in the water. The filters are made of layers of sand and gravel, and in some cases, crushed anthracite. Filtration collects the suspended impurities in water and enhances the effectiveness of disinfection. The filters are routinely cleaned by backwashing. Other ways include the boiling of water which ultimately leads to heat killing bacteria and most of the microbes present in tap water that haven’t already been killed by the process of filtration. Sterilizing tablets can also be used to diminish these microbes and other fluids that need it. There are a huge number of disease causing organisms known as pathogens that are...
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