...What is a watershed?A watershed is simply the geographic area through which water flows across the land and drains into a common body of water, whether a stream, river, lake, or ocean. The watershed boundary will more or less follow the highest ridgeline around the stream channels and meet at the bottom or lowest point of the land where water flows out of the watershed, the mouth of the waterway. Much of the water comes from rainfall and stormwater runoff. The quality and quantity of stormwater is affected by all the alterations to the land--mining, agriculture, roadways, urban development, and the activities of people within a watershed. Watersheds are usually separated from other watersheds by naturally elevated areas. | Why are watersheds important?Watersheds are important because the surface water features and stormwater runoff within a watershed ultimately drain to other bodies of water. It is essential to consider these downstream impacts when developing and implementing water quality protection and restoration actions. Everything upstream ends up downstream. We need to remember that we all live downstream and that our everyday activities can affect downstream waters. | Watershed ManagementManagement of the environment has been primarily focussed on specific issues such as air, land, and water. Most efforts have resulted in decreasing pollutant emissions to air and water, improved landfills, remediation of waste sites and contaminated groundwater, protection...
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...Wabash Watershed Wabash Watershed (1961-1990) Introduction Global warming is a resultant of Heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere. The release of these gases has increased in the last 500 years since the industrial revolution. There is an expectation that global warming will result to rising sea levels, droughts, fires, heat waves, extreme storms, heavy rainfall, floods, and melting of snow and ice. These changes as envisaged would affect agriculture and general food availability with devastating consequences for existence of life on earth. In additional, life would change completely because many systems are tied to the climate. For example, temperature changes would affect breeding cycle of insect, and this has implications on pollination and food availability for humans. Although short-term weather variations are normal and expected, long-term changes are deleterious to the environment and life on earth (Houghton, 2004). There is evidence that global warming is becoming worse primarily due to rise in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. In 1950s, the concentration of carbon dioxide was at 315 parts per million. Currently, the concentration is about 385 parts per million. To discover an increase in concentration of carbon dioxide throughout history, scientists have used bubbles of air trapped in ice and results show that the current concentration of carbon dioxide is the highest and has been, for more than 10,000 years (Maslin, 2007). Atmospheric carbon dioxide...
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...Wabash Watershed Rhonda Seals Excelsior Wabash Watershed Global warming affects all of us. This is not just a "them" thing, or a "they" thing. Everyone on the planet needs to be aware of the consequences of their actions in contributing to global warming or as most people know it, The Green House Effect. Mankind has been contributing to this since the beginning of time in one way or another. Granted, we are doing more damage now than we did 100 years ago, but nonetheless, damage has been done. The proof is the average global temperature increasing expeditiously. "Data gathered from surface weather stations, ships, buoys, balloons, satellites, ice cores, and other paleoclimatological sources indicate that the climate of Earth is becoming warmer." (Hess, 2011, p.91) "Over the twentieth century, average global temperatures increased by more than 0.7°C (1.3°F)." (Hess) This is a remarkable statement, which even the most skeptic person cannot dismiss or ignore. "The increase in greenhouse gas concentration has been accompanied by a slight, yet nonetheless measurable, increase in average global temperature, raising the likelihood that humans are altering the global energy balance of the atmosphere. This important issue generally referred to as global warming". (Hess) Some of the data that scientist, biologist, geographers, and others use in determining the actual effects of global warming are temperature changes, precipitation, evapotranspiration...
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...John Stuart Mills is probably one of the most influential philosophers that have contributed to the moral theories of utilitarianism. Born in London in 1806, Mills was known as a philosopher, economist and political theorist. He has produced several philosophical writings during his time. His most influential contributions in relation to ethics was about Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is a moral theory with a basic principle of utility (Well-being or happiness: that is conductive to the happiness and well-being of the greatest number) or the greatest happiness principle that should be accomplished from ones actions. For example, we ought to do that which produces the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of people. (Mackinnon, 2013, p.33) Another principle of utilitarianism is the consequentialist principle, meaning that someone’s personal action would result in a consequence. In this theory the nature of act or motives are not considered in the end result. Pain is also acceptable as long as it results in the greatest amount of pleasure and happiness for the greater good. How is the greatest good for all determined? The theory of utilitarianism uses five elements to calculate whether a person’s action will produce the greatest good. The five elements include the amount of pleasure or happiness, its intensity, the duration, its fruitfulness, and the likelihood of an act to produce it. (Mackinnon, 2013, p.36) In order to determine what is best...
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...The Ship Canal was a newer and larger canal which reversed the Mainstem and South Branch of the Chicago River. After the initial reverse, the North Side of the city got a better deal than the South Side because they got cleaner water when the South Side didn’t. The Chicago River’s historical watershed flowed from the Chicago River into Lake Michigan and the current watershed flows through the Des Plaines river into the Gulf of Mexico. The reason for this watershed change was due to the reversal of the river when a newer and larger ship canal was stretched through Damen Ave. on the South branch and the town of Lockport on the Des Plaines river. By building the canal deeper they were able to reverse the mainstream as it was progressing West. Current problems that are affecting the river today include loss of biodiversity and habitat. The reduction of biodiversity was due to the loss of habitat and fragmentation. Other problems that are currently affecting the river include the toxins in the water and sediment. Toxins enter through a non-point source pollution also considered as pollution that does not come from a specific...
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...New york city gets its water from 3 major watersheds. The Croton Watershed, is located east of the Hudson River, the Catskill and Delaware Watersheds, which are located in Delaware, Greene, Schoharie, Sullivan, Ulster. Together they contain about 19 reservoirs “within a 2000-square-mile watershed that extends 125 miles north and west of New York City”. The Pepacton and the Ashokan are the two largest reservoirs. The pepacton can hold over 140 billion gallons while the Ashokan holds 123 billion gallons. After the water is selected, it flows through aqueducts and tunnels to Kensico reservoir to get filtered and treated. When it gets there, the water is treated with fluoride to help prevent health issues such as tooth decay and treated with ultraviolet to kill harmful parasites such as cryptosporidium and giardia. The water then makes a last stop before it reaches us at Hillview Reservoir in Yonkers. In yorkers, water receives more treatment to disinfect it. After this, the...
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...I have always been fascinated with the environment and the impact that human actions have on it. I remember when I went on a canoeing trip with my environmental science class down the James River and into the Chesapeake Bay. We were accompanied by the Chesapeake Bay watershed manager, who was there to give us a lecture on the water system that we were riding upon. What the Chesapeake Bay watershed was, what rivers fed into it, and what its importance was. According to him, it was a polluted, graying body of water located between the Virginia mainland and the Eastern Shore that acted a collections facility for all the waste water on the Eastern half of Virginia. Towards the end of the ride, I was knocked out of my boat by a fellow student who I may or may not have shoved into the water thirty-minutes prior, and I came to fully understand what the watershed manager meant by polluted. I exited the water with a plastic wrap on my leg and a multitude of black particles littering my body. This realization of contamination, prompted my immediate inquiry....
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...The Brazos River Basin Watershed The Brazos River Watershed is the second largest river basin in Texas, and it extends from eastern New Mexico to the Gulf of Mexico. It travels into the Gulf of Mexico and runs through different climates that are the home to a variety of plants and animals. For the most part, the Brazos River Watershed is in Texas, however, it reaches from eastern New Mexico to the Gulf of Mexico. Of its 44,620 square miles, 42,000 square miles are in Texas. The Brazos River Watershed begins 50 miles west of the Texas-New Mexico border, and 1,050 miles later it empties into the Gulf of Mexico. The Brazos River is formed where the Salt and Double Mountain Forks of the river meet. Although the river is 1,050-miles long, the...
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...Cincinnati’s riverfront is misused and neglected. One of the factors leading to the success of a city, is providing adequate public green space. Cities should use the elements given to them in their landscape to create placemaking spaces unique to their location. In the case of Cincinnati, one of our unique qualities is the Ohio River and the Mill Creek Watershed. Previously, industry had priority over these areas which led to desecration of both land and water. For example, waste dumping in the water or the riverfront’s valuable real estate being used for non site specific activities. The proposed site was chosen based off of the inadequate current uses of the riverfront space. The site is currently mostly zoned as Riverfront Residential/Recreational (RF-R), with additional pieces of Riverfront Commercial (RF-C), and Riverfront Manufacturing (RF-M). First, there is no evidence of residential or recreational activities taking place in the area. Second, the site is not even accessible or legal to access in most places....
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...497). The Nisqually watershed planning unit easily complied with the timeline set by the Washington Watershed Management Act because their relationship building spans long before the act was enforced. Other cases mentioned by Klug and Ryan (2005) began at varying points of relationship building (pp. 497, 498). This is why timelines are difficult to estimate; the time required to plan and implement a project is dependent on the current state of relation between the co-managing institutions (Klug, 2005, p. 502). Any co-managing parties need to begin somewhere, that is when the clock starts for building trust; only after it is established, can there be effective...
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...“Why is the 2011 GE considered to be a watershed election?” ForDr. Lee Lai To Nanyang Technological University | | By Ng Wei Qiang U1010722H Word Count: 2805 words (Excluding Cover Page) March 3, 2012 To understand why GE 2011 was considered by many to be a watershed election, we must first take a look at the historical context of Singapore’s political scene which has been dominated by the People’s Action Party (PAP) since its independence in 1966. In fact, from 1966 up to 1981, there was not a single opposition Member of Parliament (MP). Among other reasons, one compelling fact was the boycott of the Barisan Socialis in the 1968 elections, allowing the PAP to sweep the polls, capturing all 58 seats and garnering 84.4% of all votes. Since then, the PAP has not looked back, dominating all Parliamentary General Elections while the opposition has failed to make any significant inroads in the political scene. However, it should be noted that over the years, the PAP has had a few upsets along the way with J. B. Jeyaratnam breaking the PAP’s monopoly of the Parliamentary seats with an unexpected victory in the 1981 Anson by-election. The next 3 elections in 1984, 1988 and 1991 then saw a downward swing in PAP’s popular vote, culminating in the PAP garnering only 61.0% of votes and losing 4 seats in 1991. This was significant in the fact that firstly, it was the lowest percentage of votes garnered by the PAP and secondly, it was the most seats lost to the opposition...
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...The Roaring Twenties The 1920s was a watershed decade in American history. The era is largely defined by a culture war between traditional fundamentalists and liberal-minded urbanites, as defined within this courses content. The 1920s is also often seen as a decade of prosperity for the U.S. economy and a large part of that supposed success came from the use of mass production and mass consumption. There were many things that defined this era in American History. A few of these things were, Prohibition, The rise of the Ku Klux Klan, Evolution and the scopes “Monkey” trial, Mass Consumerism and Changing attitudes about gender roles, sex, and Women’s rights just to name a few. These things have affected American history as we know it today, some...
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...Watershed Test Answer the following questions on your “Ghetto Scantron Sheet.” When you finish, turn in your test and remain quiet until others are finished. 1. Which of the following lists contain only the EPA’s important beneficial uses for watersheds? A. Agriculture, Urban Development, Drinking water B. Urban Development, Recreation, Fish and Shellfish consumption C. Fish and Shellfish consumption, Aquatic Life habitats, Drinking water D. Swimming, Boating, Canoeing, Rope swinging, Cleaning stuff. What Federal agency is responsible for assessing and monitoring the bodies of water in the U.S.? A. Environmental Precipitation Association B. Environmental Principle Agency C. Environmental Protection Association D. Environmental Protection Agency What Act of Legislation gave them the power to monitor and assess our nation’s watersheds? A. Clean Air Act of 1972 B. Clean Water Act of 1972 C. Clean Air Act of 1792 D. Clean Water Act of 1792 If a body of water receives a level 1 assessment by the EPA, it means that the water is: A. Clean B. Dirty C. Not too clean and not too dirty If a body of water receives a level 3 assessment by the EPA, it means that the water is: A. Clean B. Dirty C. Not too clean and not too dirty If a body of water receives a level 5 assessment by the EPA, it means that the water is: A. Clean B. Dirty C. Not too clean and not too dirty 7. Which of the following is NOT an example of a watershed? A. Trinity River Basin B. Cooper Creek River Basin C. Lake Ray Roberts...
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...Watershed Management is an ecosystem management Definition A watershed is the area of land where all of the water that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same place. "that area of land, a bounded hydrologic system, within which all living things are inextricably linked by their common water course and where, as humans settled, simple logic demanded that they become part of a community." (Source: United States Environment Protection Agency - http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/whatis.cfm) There are various reasons for why watershed management is also ecosystem management. As mentioned in the definition above a watershed is a system which links all living things together along with humans, the whole becoming a single community. Watershed development refers to the conservation of all natural resources within a particular watershed. Watershed management is about bringing a balance between the environment and the natural resources within them with the human beings and other living beings in the area. Each watershed is unique and includes a combination of elements which one has to take into account in order to maintain the watershed and land around it. An ecosystem, each watershed results in various interactions such as land use by humans, industries and other activities of the community as all of them are dependant on water for various uses. It has to be ensured that the ecosystems existing before the introduction of the watershed and human practices ensure...
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...In Manago et al.’s study, the article illustrates the differences of streamflow and urban runoff between the Ballona Creek and the Topanga Creek watersheds (Manago, K. F. et al. 628). These watersheds are located within the Los Angeles region. However according to Figure 1, Ballona Creek is located in an area where there is more urban development compared to the Topanga Creek area. Additionally, there are major differences between the watersheds as Topanga Creek “experiences more precipitation and lower temperatures than Ballona Creek due to the orographic features of the surrounding Santa Monica Mountains” (628). To study different streamflow trends, a stream gage is placed near the outlet of the watersheds and records runoff ratios annually. According from the study, runoff ratios are historically high in the Ballona Creek watershed as the basin is largely “composed of impervious surfaces” (Manago, K. F. et al. 630). Because of the impervious surfaces in the Ballona Creek area, urban runoff contributes to the high runoff ratio no matter the season (e.g wet or dry) (Manago, K. F. et al. 632). However, runoff ratios remain constant for Topanga Creek as the area is not channelized and changes of the runoff ratio are more noticeable...
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