...Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration which is one of the attached agencies of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) under its Scientific and Technical Services Institutes and it is mandated to “provide protection against natural calamities and utilize scientific knowledge as an effective instrument to insure the safety, well-being and economic security of all the people, and for the promotion of national progress”. The government agency was created on December 8, 1972 by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 78 reorganizing the Philippine Weather Bureau into PAGASA. * Mission and Vision Protecting lives and properties through timely, accurate and reliable weather-related information and services. Center of excellence for weather related information and services. * Functions * Maintains a nationwide network pertaining to observation and forecasting of weather and flood and other conditions affecting national safety, welfare and economy. * Undertake activities relative to observation, collection, assessment and processing of atmospheric and allied data for the benefit of agriculture, commerce and industry. * Engage in studies of geophysical and astronomical...
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...Factors Affecting Typhoon Table of Contents Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 1 Factors That Affects Typhoon …………………………………………… 2 Weather Forecasting …………………………………………………… 3 Station Model …………………………………………………... 4 ▪ Air Pressure …………………………………………………… 4 ▪ Temperature …………………………………………………… 5 ▪ Sky Cover …………………………………………………... 5 ▪ Wind Direction and Wind Speed …………………………... 5-6 ▪ Current Weather …………………………………………… 7 The Role of PAGASA in Weather Forecasting …………………………… 8 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………… 9 INTRODUCTION What is a typhoon? A typhoon is a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean between 180° and 100°E. This region is referred to as the northwest Pacific basin. For organizational purposes, the northern Pacific Ocean is divided into three regions: the eastern (North America to140°W), central (140°W to 180°), and western (180° to 100°E). A Typhoon is a name used in East Asia for a Hurricane. A typhoon is similar to a hurricane in levels of destructiveness. The word typhoon comes from the Chinese term “tai-fung” meaning great wind. Typhoons developed over large bodies of water and are moved by steering winds in the troposphere; if the conditions remain favorable, the tropical disturbance intensifies. On the other hand, if the conditions around the disturbance deteriorate or the tropical cyclone makes landfall...
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...Managing Weather Risk in Seed Business Weather Risks of a Seed Company Weather risk for a seed company is the risk of drop in sales volume on account of adverse weather conditions like excess / deficit in rainfall, extreme temperature and humidity conditions etc. Indian agriculture is predominantly dependent upon monsoon rains, with more than 60% of cultivated area in Kharif being rainfed. This rainfed nature of Indian agriculture makes the business of agri-input company completely dependent upon weather. Very often seed companies find themselves holding large unsold stock because of adverse weather conditions like insufficient or untimely rainfall. Seed companies also find it difficult to move stock from one location to the other because of very short time-period available for selling seeds. Environmental changes happening across the world have made weather more unpredictable. Seed companies are becoming increasingly vulnerable to weather vagaries because of frequent occurrence of extreme weather conditions. Out of last 5 years, India has faced extreme weather conditions in 3 years – drought in 2002, delayed monsoon in 2005 and excess and abnormal rainfall in Western Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and MP in 2006. Financial Impact of Weather Risks Extreme weather conditions would throw awry any sales budgeting and planning exercise, and would seriously impact sales and profitability targets of the company. Weather risk increases vulnerability in income statement of the company...
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...Tools for managing weather risk Characterization Weather derivatives, unlike the financial and stock are used to hedge quantity rather than price risks. As commodity futures have underlying price of the commodity and weather derivatives are based on a measured weather index, depending on the specifics of the contract. For this purpose, relevant weather variables can be measured quantitatively. Most weather contracts – 69% Degree Days are based on indices which measure the deviation of the average daily temperature from a base temperature (mostly 65 ° F or 18 ° C). These indices occur within the energy industry and are designed to correlate well with the consumption of electricity for heating (Heating Degree Days, HDD) or cooling (Cooling Degree Days, CDD). The indices are calculated for each day of the contract and in effect a measure of how cold (HDD) or how warm (CDD) is one day. The index value for the contract period is the cumulative sum of the measured daily deviations from the benchmark. The same principles of aggregation of reported daily values (deviation from a benchmark average and cumulative value) is applied to calculate indexes based on the amount of rain and snow, wind power, etc.. Specific type of indexes are indexes threshold ("event" or called "critical day" index), which report the number of cases (of days) during the contract, which occur in certain weather events, such as average daily temperature exceeds (or falls below) threshold. Types of derivatives ...
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...Meteorology Meteorology is the scientific study of Earth’s atmosphere and is most often used to predict the weather. The atmosphere is the layer of gases that surround a planet and affect its environment and its weather. Meteorologists, or atmospheric scientists, are scientists who study meteorology (Campbell, R., 2015). They are often employed as a result of their skills by firms that require weather predictions. For example, News casting agencies often employ meteorologists to predict oncoming weather. In case it snows a meteorologist would be able to help determine the amount of salt and plow trucks are required. They can also predict if there are severe flood warnings in a specific area. Meteorology was first being conducted by the...
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...1. Weather Project Weather Project The temperature will have dropped. 2. I think the temperature will have dropped then got slightly warmer because as it advances into winter there is the winter so. Hypothesis Cloud base- When the cloud base is high at midday, temperatures will also be high. Clouds with a higher base are thinner. As a result, less solar radiation is reflected or absorbed and more is able to pass through the atmosphere and reach the ground, raising temperatures. Wind Direction- if the wind direction was from the north at midday, it would be significantly colder because it would be a polar maritime air mass from somewhere like Greenland, but if it is coming from the south, it will be tropical maritime or continental which is most likely from the Caribbean or North Africa therefore brings warmer temperatures. Wind speed- When the wind speed was high at midday, temperatures would drop more than if there was a light breeze. Low wind speeds are caused by high pressure, so there’s higher temperature throughout the day. Air pressure- If the air pressure was higher than if low at midday, it would still be cold because the suns radiation is diluted because the sun is lower in the sky, and there would be no clouds to absorb radiation and insulate the ground. When the air pressure was low, there would be very cold stormy weather. Humidity- High humidity means more moisture, and happens when there are lots of clouds. Temperature -I think the temperature...
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...the better state. One thing is consistent however; Minnesota and Wisconsin share a very similar pattern of weather. With that weather cycle, there inevitably will be accidents. These accidents can be caused by a number of factors, but weather is typically to blame in the majority of them. Other factors might include age, race, and gender. One thing is certain though, we believe that Minnesotans are the better drivers in inclement weather conditions and we intend to prove this through data collection and analysis. We believe that in the end, Minnesota will have the better drivers. Project Proposal Problem: Minnesotans and Wisconsinites continually complain about the weather and the drivers’ bad driving habits of the other state. We want to determine which of the two states have the most motor vehicle accidents during inclement weather conditions. We believe these accidents are due to outside conditions and that there will be a decrease in the amount of accidents during sunny conditions versus an increase in the number of accidents when there are adverse weather conditions such as overcast skies, rain storms, ice storms, or snow storms. We also believe that the age and gender of those drivers contribute to the amount of accidents. We are analyzing the associations of auto accidents in Minnesota and Wisconsin to prove Minnesotans have better drivers during inclement weather conditions. If Minnesotans do not, we will show that we have viable excuses...
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...fossils. Based on these clues it is clearly indicated that the Earth climate has changed many time before. There was a time period when the whole planet was covered with ice. Now the scenario has been totally changed. If we flashback just last 650,000 years back, there was an increased level of environmental carbon-di-oxide (CO2) and temperature and simultaneously decreased the cyclical pattern. Scientists have been studies and analyze enormous experimental trials to find out the better way and to understand the climate change in this planet. Some of the selective ways are following various weather forecast departments’ for the purpose of receiving the weather information send back to the earth viz. weather stations (for the measurement of temperature, rainfall, wind speed, and humidity; weather balloons (just float in a very high altitude in the atmosphere with a transmitter); weather satellites (sent a satellite to the space for getting the information regarding rainfall, temperature, cloud cover, etc.; ice cores (if we cut the ice into small pieces with the help of glaciers that was existed very long time ago and to see the trapped air bubbles in the ice); sediment analysis (based on the layers in the rock); and finally the tree rings (based on precipitation of rain or snowfall past years). So, based on the above several ways in which scientists can analyze the past climate in this planet. Apart...
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...It was a month of june , and weather in the north of india was hot like anything , my kids were free from school for their summer vacations and we deceived to take a leave from our hectic schedule . We and one of my friend decided to visit Some hill station . Since it was a peak summer and vacations were on almost all Hotels and guest houses of hill were full to their capacity . As we were working on different options one of the destinations we were considering was Palampur . A quite and less commercial destination in foothills of dholadhar range . On discussing with one of my clients I got reference of Norwood greens a residential stay next to tea estate . We contacted there and we got a accommodation reserved . Next day early morning we started for our destination . By 9 am we reached chintpurni . There we had our breakfast and visited the temple shrine and by 10:30 we left for Palampur As we crossed chintpurni weather start changing as there was sudden change in temperature . Roads was full of sharp turns with hills on one side and valleys on others . There were lots of monkeys on the road. At 1:30 pm when we reached Palampur . As we entered Norwood greens We were tired of the long hectic journey but the moment we crossed living area and reached in rear lawn all our fatigue vanished . It was beautiful view of a tea estate and trees were full of parrots , suddenly cool breeze start blowing and as Palampur is famous for having highest rainfall...
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...WEATHER DERIVATIVE- A TOOL FOR WEATHER RISK HEDGING Most of the industries in the world are directly or indirectly affected by weather changes. Due to the adversity of global warming and the burning of fossil fuels, the weather has become quite unpredictable. Every now and then occurrence of drought, heavy and scanty rainfall is seen. As a result agriculture output becomes very irregular and this entails heavy losses not only to the farming community but also to the related industries. Although there is no way to control weather, there exists a new solution to the financial effect that weather can have on the incomes of economic agents of developed and emerging economies. There are number of instruments and tools available for management of weather risk. Weather risk management is a definitive guide to the rapidly expanding WRM market. It is the most dynamic sector of the financial arena and is drawing the interest of the companies that are seeking to protect against the financial impact of non catastrophic weather. So for hedging weather risk weather derivatives have been developed. DERIVATIVE TRADING Like any other derivatives weather derivatives are structured as Future, Option or swaps based on different weather indices. Usually most weather derivative transactions are done on over the SInternational Financial Future Option Exchange (LIFFE) offer standardized weather contracts. In India derivative instruments are traded both on OTC market and derivative exchanges...
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...The weather is an every day natural occurrence we don’t have to think, talk, or act on it because it does what natural occurrences do best, simply exist. I am very well versed in the ways of weather, and how it can affect the world. Though, I Edward Swartze have a very unique case when it comes to how my life has been affected by the weather. So, let me start from the very beginning on December 25, 1999 in a town called Covington, Georgia. The clouds were a dark and metallic gray flowing with the winds that rose at a speed so fast nothing could protect you from the cold it created. Yet, still here in the bright white, Covington Hospital a baby boy was born. The baby of course wasn’t wanted, and was sent into the relentless system of foster...
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...changes the course of the weather condition and the climate to change over a large span of time. How were these collected? Measurements have been collected through multiple sources. These include the daily reading and the excerption of utilizing machiney and equipment to analyze the tends and patterns of climatic change that not only helps us analyze the past weather condition and the current temperature. What are some of the challenges associated with collecting data over large period of time(ie, 100 of years) ? Amongst the most important challenge that has been witnessed by many weather analysis and people serving the weather department alltogether is the notion of credibility. This is because verification of these temperature is hard to analyze; therefore any analysis or interpretation that may be developed would be leading to chaos and differences rooting and stemming fram a broad margin. How has technology enhanced our ability to collect the data necessary to understand climate change? Modern technology has provided a stable platform, an efficient user interface and on entire new paradigm of software applications that not only help us maintain daily records of temperatures on a routine basis, but also make historical records and future projection. Amongst the most commonly used tool that can yield immediate results and temperature measurements and proxies, extracted and obtained from syate's meterorological departments. Surface station and radiosonde ballons, which...
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...Weather Vol. 58 Margules, M. (1893) Luftbewegungen in einer rotierenden Spharoidschale. Sitzungsberichte der È Kaiserliche Akad. Wiss. Wien, Teil IIA, 102, pp. 11±56 È –– (1904) Uber die Beziehung zwischen Barometerschwankungen und Kontinuitatsgleichung. In: È Ludwig Boltzmann Festschrift, J. A. Barth, Leipzig Pichler, H. (2001) Von Margules zu Lorenz. In: Hammerl, C., Lenhardt, W., Steinacker, R. and È Steinhauser, P. (Eds.) Die Zentralanstalt fur Meteorologie und Geodynamik 1851±2001. 150 Jahre È Meteorologie und Geophysik in Osterreich, Leykam Buchverlags GmbH, Graz, pp. 387±397 Platzman, G. W. (1967) A retrospective view of An introduction to weather and climate derivatives John E. Thornes University of Birmingham The weather derivatives market has grown from being virtually non-existent in 1997 (Price Waterhouse Coopers 2001) to an estimated $10 billion global market by 2002. The market in Europe is just beginning to take off, as indicated by the establishment of the Met Office and London-based Umbrella Brokers’ joint venture WeatherXchange (www.weather xchange.com) in June 2001 and the Londonbased Liffe (www.liffeweather.com) weather futures market and European weather index in July 2001. These two Internet sites give a good introduction to the basic concepts of weather derivatives. Since the early 1980s, derivatives have been used by companies to manage their exposure to risk, be it due to currency exchanges or a host of other financial...
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...“Climate change and global warming talk about to an increase of usual global temperature. Natural disasters and human actions are believe to be the main reasons for the happening of average global temperatures increase. This is happen because of increase in ‘greenhouse’ gases such as Carbon Dioxide. A warming planet therefore leads to a revolution in climate which can affect weather in different behaviours.” Climate change mostly happens by the natural cycle of earth however as of now human exercises are still significant wellspring of environmental change. Expanding level of greenhouse gasses including carbon dioxide conveys more warmth to the earth as they have capacity to ingest and discharge heat in the environment and hence keep earth warm. A few of the human activities that contribute to the greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere are deforestation, burning fossil fuel and invention of new technology. All the greenhouse gasses make temperature of earth to increment at higher rate which is not in the support of life of people, animal and plants. A gigantic level of environmental change bothers the equalization of the global ecosystem will affect in increase in health risk and death. There are numerous reasons of environmental change including natural cycle of earth however the significant supporters of the environmental change is global warming. Some human exercises and the advancement of technology are forcing the greenhouse gasses to grow and also, getting gathered...
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...Climate Change and How the Media Portrays It The average educated person would define climate change as the average weather changing or global warming. It is patterns of temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind and seasons. Climate is what makes up all natural ecosystems and is what helps sustain these ecosystems. The climate change today is changing the world. It’s affecting the natural ecosystems negatively. This is because climate is tied to almost everything. The change in climate will change the way people, animals, and plants have to survive. For example, a change in the usual timing of rains or temperatures can affect when plants bloom, when certain bugs hatch, or when streams are at their highest level. This can affect pollination of crops, food for migrating birds, spawning of fish, water supplies for drinking, forest health, and much more. Many people mistake global warming and climate change to be the same thing. Although they are very similar, global warming is what causes climate change. Global warming is the rising of global temperature and ocean temperature. This is what causes the climate change events listed above. Global warming is a global event while climate change is a more regional change in the atmosphere. There are many people who think climate change is not happening. The National Academy of Science has studied climate change and confirmed that it is real and humans are causing it. According to the Climate Impacts Group at the University...
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