...The evolution of American society has changed the English language to such drastic measures. The languages of the past are now known as "old" English and "middle" English, and our English language today is now known as "modern" English. As we as human beings as well as a collective society have evolved, we have influenced the evolution and change in the language that we speak. As social differentiation is apparent, the distinction of words has been manipulated. With natural processes becoming evident in our daily lives, laziness has had quite an effect on the language that we currently speak. Lastly, the advancements that have been made in technology have influenced greatly the language that we speak. According to studies done at the University of Pennsylvania, "Social groups adopt distinctive norms of dress, adornment, gesture and so forth; language is part of the package" (UPenn). As each social class, ethnic group, religious group and so forth create their own style of life and living, the language that they speak is also influenced by those changes. The ways that they express their unique way of life is directly related to the words that they speak as well as the connotations that they associate with each word. Although the English language...
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...Christopher Barrett 05/30/2014 Who’s English Is Better? In technical writing circles, it was once held that there is one precise and correct means of expressing a given idea (truth) such that no misinterpretation is possible. Although not every user of English is destined to be linguistic, I wonder whether we should teach students about the variety of brushes available. Giving students the ability to write in their own way opens the gates for self expression, as well as giving students a way to write comfortably, following an easier understanding for some readers. Young writers automatically link to colloquial writing also known as Black American English simply because it is more convenient. Black American English also known as Black Vernacular, the dialect of English often spoken by African Americans in urban and southern regions, is also known an "African American Vernacular English. A lot of young people first come to creative writing because they have a burning desire to express themselves. Emotions are running high, ideas are flying, and opinions are in full supply. In the moment of writing the student will most likely write just as they speak. African-American dialects tend to drop the [t] from words like rest and soft. They likewise tend to drop the [r] sound in words like bird, four, door, and father. With this being so the writing, to scholars and educated readers, is perceived as improper and incorrect. Black American English often uses the emphatic done to stress...
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...express ourselves as well as to communicate with others. It is a system for communicating ideas and feelings using sounds, gestures, signs or marks. Any means of communicating ideas, specifically, human speech, the expression of ideas by the voice and sounds articulated by the organs of the throat and mouth is a language. This is a system for communication. A language is the written and spoken methods of combining words to create meaning used by a particular group of people. There are so many languages used in the world. Out of the many languages in the world, English language plays a significant role in the day to day lives of the people. Do you think English is a global linking language? If I were to answer this question I’d say yes. Maybe your answer might differ from mine. "English is without a doubt the actual universal language" said Carlos Carrion Torres of Brazil. What so ever let us see why I believe that English is a global linking language. English language is known to be a global language. But what exactly is a global language? Global language is the language spoken internationally that many people learn as a second language. There are so many languages in the world but out of those many languages English language is considered to be a language that links the world together. In my point of view I believe that English language holds the world together. Today in the competitive world everything is done in English. If you know your English very well it will be very easy...
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...Known for its calm nature and easygoing attitude, the English Setter has a fascinating history as a hunting dog. It can still be found being used for that very purpose to this day, but has also found a place as a faithful family companion. The docile and friendly aspects to this breed’s temperament have really helped to endear it to countless owners over the years, with English Setters commonly displaying warmth and affection even towards strangers. Put simply, these dogs can get along with just about everyone. They are great family pets and love spending time with children, but they can just as easily form loyal bonds with the elderly. This is a dog that will never want to leave your side and loves to spend time with humans. One only has to take a glance at these dogs to get some idea of their nature. The face of the English Setter naturally forms...
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...Pisanus; c. 1220/1225 – c. 1284) was an Italian sculptor whose work is noted for its classical Roman sculptural style. Pisano is sometimes considered to be the founder of modern sculpture. • Coppo di Marcovaldo (c. 1225 – c. 1276) was an Italian painter active in Tuscany. • Vitale da Bologna (fl 1330, d 1361), also known as Vitale di Almo de' Cavalli or Vitale degli Equi, was an Italian painter, of the Early Renaissance. He is a representant of the 14th century school of painting in Bologna, where he was most active and painted the polyptych in the church of San Salvatore and frescoes in Santa Maria dei Servi. He was also active in Pomposa and Udine. • Giovanni di Agostino (c. 1310 – c. 1370) was an Italian sculptor in Siena in a gothic art style. Most of his work was sculptural commissions of the newly built Gothic Siena Cathedral. He sculpted a monument to Bishop Guido Tarlati in 1330. He also rendered a relief entitledMadonna and Child with Saints Catherine and John the Baptist between 1340 and 1348. • Guariento (fl. 1355), sometimes incorrectly named Guerriero, was the first Paduan painter of distinction. The only date distinctly known in his career is 1355, when, having already acquired high renown in his native city, he was invited by the Venetian authorities to paint a Paradise, and some incidents of the war of Spoleto, in the great council-hall of Venice. These works were greatly admired at the time, but have long ago disappeared under repaintings. ...
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...The Renaissance :The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the late 15th and early 16th centuries to the early 17th century. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy in the late 14th century; like most of northern Europe England saw little of these developments for more than a century later. The beginning of the English Renaissance is often taken, as a convenience, to be 1485, when the Battle of Bosworth Field ended the Wars of the Roses and inaugurated the Tudor Dynasty. Renaissance style and ideas, however, were slow in penetrating England, and the Elizabethan era in the second half of the 16th century is usually regarded as the height of the English Renaissance .The dawn of the Renaissance came first to Italy and a little later to France. To England it came much later, roughly about the beginning of the sixteenth century. The light of the Renaissance came very slowly to the isolated island of England, so that when it did come in all its brilliance in the sixteenth century, the Renaissance in Italy had already become a spent force. Literature:The humanists and their reverence for the classics in Greek and Rome, had the effect of stifling the growth in creative literature. Their extreme reverence had the effect of encouraging the close imitation and copying of classical authors. However, as exploration continued, the interest in the world increased as did the natural curiosity...
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...mother tongue, or known as the First Language. As for me, my mother tongue was Mandarin. According to my lovely mother, I was born in a Chinese family background, and I was raised speaking Mandarin as my first language. The first few proper words that I was able to utter properly were in Mandarin as well. Thus, I speak Mandarin as my mother tongue. Although my first education institution was the kindergartens, I was not taught to refine and improve my language skills thoroughly. Few years after that, I was enrolled into a Chinese Primary School, St. James Primary, where most of the students there speak Mandarin as well. Starting from Primary level, I’ve been taught to refine my language skills for few more language. From listening, speaking, to reading and also writing, I learnt new words every day in my primary school life. The next language that I learnt in my life was no other than English. English was one of the most important languages in the world as it remains the most spoken and used language regardless of aspects, let it be commercial or general use or even politics. I was taught to speak English since primary level as it was introduced into our learning syllabus. But I was not granted the chance to improve and enhance my language skills until secondary school, where English was used in Mathematics, Science, Biology, Chemistry and Physics syllabus. Moreover, there are more students of different races that enrolled in the school as well, so English became one of the...
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...Acknowledgement For many of us, the state of education in a country speaks volumes. Where English is spoken and taught as a second language, fluency is deemed a basic requirement for proper communication and propagation of ideas and connotes success. Does this fluency actually translate to a country's economic success and overall standing in the world of nations? The reason why we came up with this topic is to test the capability of a certain number of people when it comes to proficiency in English, not just to test but to give some idea what is the importance of being proficient in English and how can it help us. English language is and has always been one of the most popular languages spoken, written & followed all over the globe. No matter in which part of the world you choose to go, command over this language enables you to communicate with others regardless of what their national language would be. Therefore it becomes not only important but compulsory to master this art & implement it in the real life. This course is designed to clear concepts, renew basics and to professionally prepare you for real life communication at all levels. · Background of the study English has been considered as international language and also for studying use English as official language. Proficiency in English includes capability to read and understand the language and the way words are pronounced as well as the sense in which word are used (though variations in usage is identified from...
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...LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN OLD ENGLISH AND MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD……………………………………………………………..5 1.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUTHARK……………………………………5 1.1.1 THE RUNIC ALPHABET AS AN OLD GERMANIC WRITING TRADITION……………………………………………………………………6 1.1.2 OLD ENGLISH LITERATURE IN THE PERIOD OF ANGLO-SAXON ETHNIC EXTENSION…………………………………………………………7 1.2 LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN THE MIDDLE ENGLISH………………..11 1.2.1 LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN MEDIEVAL ENGLAND AFTER THE NORMAN CONQUEST……………………………………………….……….11 1.2.2 DIALECTAL DIVERSITY IN THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD.…...13 1.3 THE MIDDLE ENGLISH CORPUS……………………………………….15 1.3.1 GEOFFREY CHAUCER AND HIS LENDING SUPPORT OF THE LONDON STANDARD’S DIFFUSION……………………………………….17 1.3.2 THE ROLE OF THE PRINTING IN THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE………………………………………………….…….19 1.3.3 PRINCIPAL MIDDLE ENGLISH WRITTEN RECORDS AS A REFLECTION OF ONGOING CHANGES IN STANDARDIZATION………25 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….…………....28 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….30 APPENDIX 1……………………………………………………………………33 INTODUCTION linguistic history english language The English language has had a remarkable history. When we first catch it in historical records, it is a language of none-too-civilized tribes on the continent of Europe along the North Sea. From those murky and undistinguished beginnings, English has become the most widespread language in the world, used by more peoples for more purposes than any language on Earth. The early part of the Modern English saw the establishment...
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...Algonquian, we can say that they are not one political or societal cluster. To a certain extent, history comprises and still comprises numerous sub-groups. For instance, the Wampanoag reside in southeastern Massachusetts, the Pequot’s and Mohegan’s live in Connecticut at the same time as the Pocumtucks dwelt in the middle Connecticut River Valley close to today's Deerfield, Massachusetts (Bourne, 1990). Similar to the elders of other Native society, Algonquian elders have conventionally conveyed significant civilizing information to the younger age group in words. Such information, passed on in the structure of tales, take in the group's record, information on beginning, viewpoint as well asethical lessons. Verbal ritual communicates formal procedure, supporting code of belief, as well as managerial details. This is a very important part in keeping the group's harmony and wisdom of individuality. Pocumtuck Range Some people said that creating the tales, for instance also assist to describe for the listener wisdom of how human beings communicate to the originator and to the globe. So we can say that all stories explains the origins of...
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...In 1494, after Christopher Columbus’ arrival in the Caribbean, the world was divided into two areas of exploration and colonization, the Portuguese and the Spain, in order to avoid conflict between the two forces. This was known as the Treaty of Tordesillas, where Spain established the policy, marcclausm i.e. sea closed to others. Elizabeth soon implied that Spain caused aggression by restricting the access of foreigners in to the Americas and so the concept of “no peace beyond the line” was introduced. The Spaniards settled in the West Indies, mainly in the countries in the Greater Antilles and had settled in a little of the Lesser Antilles, the Bahamas and the Guianas, and so these areas became a weakness for the Spanish monopoly and this is where it began to be challenged. The Spanish were complemented by the trading system where the Indians slaves were forced to bring their gold and other resources. Eventually, the prospect of profits from gold was lessened, as the commodity soon became exhausted and so they turned to livestock and sugar production. Spain’s wealth increased tremendously in the sixteenth century and so did their attempts to curtail the Europeans from stealing their riches. The introduction of military measures such as establishing forts, bureaucratic centralization and house of trades (e.g. The Casa de Contratacion) were various strategies that Spain employed to regulate trade between Spain and her colonies. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries...
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...leaves the store. The scene described here illustrates one of many personal observations I've made throughout my life about the influence of language on perception. Misunderstanding and ignorance about cultural differences give rise to a malignant social disease, that those who speak a foreign language e.g. "broken English" are considered to be inferior. It's a well known fact that we feel most comfortable around those who are similar to us, and the way we speak alters the perceptions of those around. It's not just the quality of our speech, but also what we speak. For example,someone who speaks British English with perfect clarity is deemed by many to be more intelligent than the average person, while someone who speaks imperfect Nigerian English is automatically assumed to be ignorant. Both are speaking English, both are able to communicate with each other and the rest of us, so why is it that one is associated with intellectual prowess and the other intellectual fallacy? Part of the answer lies in our social conditioning. Were constantlybombarded with images from the media that often reinforce negative stereotypes in portraying those who don't speak English well. Media groups often utilize these tried and true techniques to tell an entertaining story in an efficient manner. Such tactics cut out the complexities in life and offer the audience with a condensed reality that tells an intricate...
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...producing grand, beautiful, well – ordered lies that tell more truth than any assemblage of facts, by Julian Barnes”. Literature is a Latin word, originated in the southern Mesopotania of Sumar C. 3200. Literature usually means works of poetry and prose that are especially well written. There are many kinds of literature, such as poetry, plays or novels. They also put into groups through their language,...
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...http://www.historytoday.com/jerome-de-groot/signposts-historical-fiction These were some of the questions raised at a recent conference at the Institute of Historical Research at which History Today Editor, Paul Lay, hosted a discussion between Hilary Mantel, author of Wolf Hall, and the Tudor historian David Loades. Historians often describe themselves as detectives, seeking out a kind of truth among the conflicting evidence of the past. There is, furthermore, a large and growing subgenre of historical crime fiction. From C.J. Sansom to Philip Pullman, from Orhan Pamuk to Walter Mosley, from Ellis Peters to Boris Akunin, novelists have been keen to use the past as a backdrop for their stories of detection and mystery. The most famous historical detective might be Brother William of Baskerville in Umberto Eco’s peerless The Name of the Rose (Il nome della rosa, 1980). Recently we have seen a flowering of historical crime fiction as the subgenre attains maturity and becomes increasingly popular and innovative. Jason Goodwin, Philip Kerr and Susan Hill were all shortlisted for the prestigious Crime Writers Association Dagger this year (recent historical winners include Arianna Franklin, Jake Arnott and Craig Russell). Clearly the combination of thriller, crime and historical detail is compelling. Anne Perry’s new Inspector Pitt novel, Betrayal at Lisson Grove (out in paperback from Headline this year) is a pacy, twisting thriller. It is 1895 and Pitt is up against a conspiracy...
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...Grace Giardina Mr. Mark Carson HIST 2055 11 Feb 2015 Changes in the Land Essay In William Cronon’s book Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England, he discuses the ecological history of New England from the late sixteenth century to the early nineteenth century. He demonstrates how the New Englanders changed the land by illustrating the process of the change in the landscape and the environment. In the Preface Cronon states, “My thesis is simple: the shift from Indian to European dominance in New England entailed important changes—well known to historians—in the ways these people organized their lives, but it also involved fundamental reorganizations—less well-known to historians—in the region's plant and animal communities" (Cronon xv). Throughout the book he expands on his thesis and describes the rapid transformation of New England land, their culture, and economically. In the beginning of the book, Cronon describes the changes that occurred in New England between 1600 and 1800. He starts the chapter off by discussing Henry David Thoreau’s book, Walden. Throughout that book, Thoreau states that people have the biggest effect on nature, and that everyone should care for it. On page 4 Cronon states, “a changed landscape meant a loss of wildness and virility that was ultimately spiritual in its import, a sign of declension in both nature and humanity”. The changes in the nature and wilderness that Cronon mentions are much more than just...
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