...Microbiology Biology 299 9/18/2015 West Nile Virus The height of the summer months brings high temperatures in late afternoons. We are all smacking, swatting and spraying - knowing it’s that time of year for mosquitoes. Mosquito bites are a nuisance. Many people fear contracting the West Nile Virus. A virus is described as “a genetic element that contains either RNA or DNA and that replicate only in host cells; has an extracellular form.” (Brock Biology of Microorganism’s) A virus is also an ultramicroscopic infectious agent which replicates itself only within cells of living hosts. (Webster Dictionary) Along with being classified as a virus West Nile shows that it only infects certain and specific cells [Secondary Source]. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describes a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants, and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, about 5,000 viruses have been described in detail. [Secondary Source] Although there are millions of different types, viruses also undergo cycles in order to reproduce and harm and/or help organisms. There are two types of viral cycles known to men, the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle the virus attaches itself to the host cell and nucleic acid is inserted into the cell. Next it makes copies of DNA and capsid and more viruses are assembled. Finally the viruses are released by bursting the cell and destroying it. The lysogenic cycle is slightly different...
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...* Research Proposal Project Research Management Dilemma and Research Question The management dilemma in this ABC Shirt Corporation case is that there seems to be some change in sleeve preference in the western region. Management is concerned that the shift in consumer preferences may continue and intensify if news of a fresh West Nile Virus outbreak comes during the next summer season and needs to determine if they should include a “West Nile Virus” feature to the coming summer marketing campaign. Hypothesis Based on the management dilemma described above, a relational hypothesis is determined to be the most suitable type of hypothesis for this research study among proposition, descriptive hypotheses, and relational hypotheses. The hypothesis is defined as “Consumers in the western region prefer long sleeve shirts over short sleeve due to people’s concerns on the West Nile Virus outbreak in the region.” Define Variables The independent variable in the hypotheses is West Nile Virus outbreak news, and the dependent variable is increased demand/preference of long sleeve shirts. Research Design To execute the research and examine the hypotheses defined above, a survey research method is determined to be the most suitable method. The survey research method is a communication-based research method that allows researchers to learn much about people’s options and attitudes toward things happening around them. Since the purpose of this research is to examine the cause of...
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...The West Nile Virus affects humans, along with other animals with a vertebrate, by transmitting a disease that enters the brain. This serious virus is mainly transmitted by mosquito bites. However, there has been cases where the virus was passed on through blood transfusions, organ transplantations, and intrauterine transmissions. This disease mainly affects those who are ages 50+ or those with a weak immune system. In 1937, the first person that caught West Nile Virus lived in Uganda. Although, even many years later, there is still no known treatment to cure this awful virus. Studies, not yet proven, state that the virus enters body cells by endocytosis (cells absorb molecules by engulfing them) and fusion with the beginning endosome. Once the mosquito bites and passes the virus through the skin, the virus will replicate within the epidermal keratinocytes and langerhans cells. The moving Langerhans dendrite cells enter the inward conducting lymphatics, to travel to the lymph nodes that are draining. If the virus enters the outward conducting lymphatics, it then enters the...
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...| | |PLT 300 Term Paper | |Infectious Diseases | | | | | African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness as many call it is a parasitic disease that can be contracted by either human or animals. The disease is transmitted by the tsetse fly which can be found all over Africa but the ones contaminated with the disease are found in region of sub-Saharan Africa. The disease has been said to have been in Africa since way back in the 14th century and one of the first epidemics that was recorded happened in 1901 in which a "devastating epidemic had erupted in Uganda, killing more than 250,000 people, about two-thirds of the population in the affected lake-shore areas" (CDC). According to the World Health Organization the disease covers 36 countries and 60 million people. The majority of the affected population...
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...XXXXXXXXXXXX Module 2 Case Study- Food Safety; Pests and Vectors; Air Quality BHE314 - Environmental Health and Safety XXXXXXXX, Ph.D. XXXXXXXXXXX Food Safety Question 1: There have been several complaints in your community about dirty restaurants. Several restaurants are no longer in business as a result of a television expose. You are the head of a citizen task force and have been asked to make recommendations for improved food safety. The members of the task force are at odds over which approach to food safety best serves the interests of the community. Please provide a response to the following questions: A. Explain which of the following two approaches to enhance food safety would be more effective in the long run - a stronger enforcement program by the local health department, or a mandatory food safety training requirement for all restaurant employees. b. Describe worker behaviors that may promote or compromise food safety. Please provide, at least, two examples. Question 2: Recently there have been numerous reports on increased mosquito bites in several neighborhoods in your community. Your staff has investigated these reports and has found them to be justified. As a matter of fact, there have been an increasing number of complaints that mosquitoes are preventing people from staying out in the early mornings and evenings. Additionally, the local health department has informed you that there has been an increase in reported cases of encephalitis and a...
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...INFECTIOUS DISEASE >pathogens (bacterium, virus, parasites) invades the body and multiplirs in its cells and tissues >ex. flu, malaria, tb, measles *Bacteria >single-celled organisms that multiply rapidly on their own >most are harmless and beneficial >some are infectious ~bacterial disease - results from infection as bacteria multiply and spread throughout the body *Viruses >smaller bacteria working by invading a cell and taking over genetic machinery to copy themselves ~viral disease ex. flu, AIDS TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASE (contagious/communicable disease) >can be transmitted ~bacterial disease (tb, gonorrhea, strep throat) ~viral disease (cold, flu, AIDS) NONTRANSMISSIBLE DISEASE >caused by something >does not spread >develops slowly and have multiple causes ex. cardiovascular disease, cancers, asthma, diabetes, malnutrition **since 1950, incidence of infectious diseases and death rates from them reduced: >better health care >antibiotics >dev't of vaccines Infectious Diseases are still Major Health Threats >in less-developed countries >diseases can be spread through air, water, food and body fluids >reasons: •disease carrying bacteria has developed genetic immunity to antibiotics •disease transmitting insects (mosquitoes) became immune to pesticides (DDT) *epidemic - large scale outbreak of an infectious disease in an area or country *pandemic - global epidemic like TB or AIDS Case Study The Growing Global Threat from Tuberculosis ...
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...6. Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases Chapter 8 Disease is not constant • Emerging Diseases – are recently “discovered” diseases, or diseases that have become increasingly important. • Some are old diseases just discovered – like Hepatitis C • Some are truly new like HIV • Many are taking advantage of some niche – like air conditioners in large buildings – Legionella pneumophila • Diseases moving to new parts of the world – West Nile Virus • Re-emerging Diseases – are diseases that became less important, but are again increasing in importance. • Tuberculosis is an old disease that is again rapidly increasing in some populations. 1 2 Health Science Microbiology David L. Beck, B.S., A.M., Ph.D. FYI Emerging Diseases - Examples FYI Re-emerging Diseases - Examples 3 4 Known Species The Tip of the Iceburg • How many species are there? • 1980 there was 1,792 described species • 1990 there was 3,393 species (173 new per year) • 2000 there was 6,386 species (299 new per year) • 2010 there was 12,926 species (654 new per year) • Oct 2011 there was 13,563 species (Yikes!!!) (Most of these we know nothing about other than their name.) WE KNOW VERY LITTLE 80% of bacteria are unculturable – what you do not know about can hurt you! 61% of the known 1415 species infectious (and counting) to man are from animals (zoonoses) • • • • 5 Want to know the current number of described species? See: http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/number.html Updated daily. 6 Normal...
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...Risk Assessment The city council of Genericville faces a challenging decision that could impact the city both economically and environmentally for years to come. Genericville’s main source of income is from tourism, which is being threatened by the increasing mosquito population and the West Nile Virus. The councilors have been asked to vote on a proposed plan to deal with this increasing threat. On one hand, the decision can be made to spray a potentially harmful chemical on the neighboring wetlands to reduce the threat of the spread of the West Nile Virus; on the other hand, a plan can be enacted that calls for a thorough educating of the Genericville population on how to avoid contact with mosquitoes and reducing their breeding grounds. After performing a risk assessment for human exposure to malathion, the proposed chemical, the risk of not taking action against the mosquito population was much higher than the risk associated with spraying malathion. Based on the information presented by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, malathion has no direct links to be a carcinogen. Malathion is not known to cause birth defects in humans under common use (Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, 2005). In laboratory tests, the chemical has been proven to cause some minor irritations of the eyes and skin as well as complications with respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. These effects are a result of contact with airborne vapors, direct...
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...Zika Virus 1 Zika Virus Hendricks Project C Moesha Banks Zika Virus 2 Due to Zika being very popular and spearing rapidly around the United States I have decided to conduct a research on the disease its self. I know you are probably wondering why I decided to do my research paper on the Zika Virus. The Zika Virus is a virus that just popped up all of a sudden, and during this semester in we discussed it a lot in our Biology class. I quickly grew interested in the virus and wanted to find about more about it. That’s pretty much how I got here. Before making the decision of writing my paper on Zika, I had to make sure that I could find everything I need to conduct a proper research paper. I knew that the Zika Virus was very new and unheard of, so I worried that I would not be able to find enough information on it. I was wrong, due to the virus spreading to quickly I was able to find many articles on it. The Zika Virus is a part...
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...CHAPTER 6 POPULATION GENETICS SELECTION 1. Which of the following options factually completes the statement, "If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium..."? a. There can be no more than two alleles. b. The two alleles will be present at equal frequency. c. Allele frequencies will not change from one generation to the next. d. The dominant allele will be more common. |Correct Answer: |C, Allele frequencies will not change from one generation to the next. | [pic] 2. If allele frequencies do not change from one generation to the next, is the population definitely in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Why or why not? No, it might not be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Any process that selectively targets heterozygotes can affect genotype frequencies without necessarily changing allele frequencies in the next generation. Examples are nonrandom mating, overdominance, and underdominance. [pic] 3. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle yields which of the following conclusions? a. If the allele frequencies in a population are given by p and q, the genotype frequencies are given by p2, 2 pq and q2. b. The allele frequencies in a population will not change over time. c. If the allele frequencies in a population are given by p and q, the genotype frequencies are given by p2 and q2. d. The first and third answers are correct. e. The first and second choices are correct. |Correct Answer:...
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...Background of Shigella: This is a gram-negative organism that was originally recognized as shigellosis. There are three different types referenced in chapter 11; Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexnerii and Shigella dysenteriae (Dworkin, 2010). During the investigation cultures were taken in the months of January to May. The results displayed that approximately 138 cases were confirmed and the majority of the findings came from individuals who attended or worked within childcare centers or schools, (Dworkin, 2010). After a full investigation many of the findings showed that the childcare centers and many of the facilities had the proper health provisions necessary but they were not enforced. So later notification was given to all the licensed preschools, day care centers and in-home childcare centers, (Dworkin, 2010). I am not sure exactly how often the daycare centers and preschools are inspected in Lexington County but as for Oklahoma we only inspect by request. According to Dworkin, the staff of public health nurses had recent training regarding hand washing and so forth. I would say it would have been best to re-educate all staff but also the environmental health specialist should of became involved and collaborated with one another through inspections and non-routine inspections. My reasoning for doing this, we must remember there is only so much sampling you can do before you have to create some type of intervention. I know the within this chapter it was discussed that...
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...The Effects of Zoonotic Diseases Case Study #13 April 17, 2011 Zoonosis refers to an infectious disease in animals that can be transmitted to people. An animal serves as the natural reservoir for such an infectious agent, ("MedTerms," 2001). Many zoonoses, which is simply the plural meaning of zoonosis, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites can be transmitted to humans by various routes. Some of these routes consist of animal bites, vectors (i.e., insects), and animal-to-human contact (i.e., inhalation of respiratory droplets or skin-to-skin contact), (Bauman 613-14) & ("Infectious Diseases," 2009). Most emerging infections that have occurred world wide are said to be a zoonotic disease. Many of these diseases are fatal or have the potential to be fatal if not treated quickly and properly identified. An example of a zoonosis case that has the potential to arise annually is listed below: Case Study#13 “You work in a small family practice in rural VA. A man in his early 50’s comes in with a complaint of intermittent fever (102-103°F) and headache for the past two weeks. The physician examines him and takes a history. The only clinical finding is a wound about the size of a quarter on his right thumb. Axillary lymph nodes are swollen and tender. The man says he cut himself while skinning a rabbit three days ago. On the basis of these observations the physician prescribes streptomycin and asks the man to call if his symptoms don’t...
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...“ It wasn’t meant for the bees.” 2016 sep 28 a local pesticide spraying took place. That sunday morning from 6:30 am to 8:30 am bees fell by the millions. “Thousands of bees dead bodies covered andrew mackes property in south carolina, reports the post and courier newspaper. He was at work when it took place. His wife called and said we have a mass killing . flower town had lost more than 2 million bees due to pesticides. We need to bring attention to mosquitoes pesticides spraying. It has to stop because we are ruining our health, it’s a waste of materials and money, and our eco system. Something that a lot of people think about is with mosquito spraying is it can even harm us as humans in really bad ways. Spraying can harm people...
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...Europe’s journal on infectious disease epidemiolog y, prevention and control Special edition: Chikungunya and Zika virus October 2014 Featuring • Spread of chikungunya from the Caribbean to mainland Central and South America: a greater risk of spillover in Europe? • Aspects of Zika virus transmission • Cases of chikungunya virus infection in travellers returning to Spain from Haiti or Dominican Republic, April-June 2014 www.eurosurveillance.org Editorial team Editorial advisors Based at the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), 171 83 Stockholm, Sweden Albania: Alban Ylli, Tirana Telephone number Belgium: Sophie Quoilin, Brussels +46 (0)8 58 60 11 38 E-mail eurosurveillance@ecdc.europa.eu Editor-in-chief Ines Steffens Austria: Reinhild Strauss, Vienna Belgium: Koen De Schrijver, Antwerp Bosnia and Herzogovina: Nina Rodić Vukmir, Banja Luka Bulgaria: Mira Kojouharova, Sofia Croatia: Sanja Musić Milanović, Zagreb Cyprus: to be nominated Czech Republic: Bohumir Križ, Prague Denmark: Peter Henrik Andersen, Copenhagen Senior editor Estonia: Kuulo Kutsar, Tallinn Kathrin Hagmaier Finland: Outi Lyytikäinen, Helsinki Scientific editors Karen Wilson Williamina Wilson France: Judith Benrekassa, Paris Germany: Jamela Seedat, Berlin Greece: Rengina Vorou, Athens Hungary: Ágnes Csohán, Budapest Assistant editors Iceland: Haraldur Briem, Reykjavik Alina Buzdugan Ireland: Lelia Thornton...
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...resource. You are required to use a minimum of two scholarly resources. Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Only Word documents can be submitted to Turnitin. Areas of Epidemiology If you need a review of the areas of study in Epidemiology view the resources below. • View the Epidemiological Specialties Interview on the Videojug website at http://www.videojug.com/interview/epidemiological-specialties-2 • Explore the About...
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