...Foodborne Illnesses: Shigellosis Imagine, your guardian forgot to wash their hands before preparing your dinner, now you are not feeling so well. You may have contracted a foodborne illness. A common foodborne illness in America today is shigellosis. Shigellosis is a problematic foodborne illness, luckily it is easy to prevent, but can be hard to get rid of. Shigella is starting to become a worry in the United States. “In the United States, most Shigella is already resistant to the antibiotics ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole,” (Berger, Sherri). If shigella becomes resistant to more antibiotics, it will be a harder illness to stop, and there will be more outbreaks throughout America. “Washing your hands with soap and water is...
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...Shigellosis What is shigellosis? Shigellosis is an intestinal illness caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. Common symptoms include diarrhoea (sometimes bloody), abdominal cramps, nausea, and fever. Symptoms usually begin within 2 days after exposure to Shigella and typically last for 5 to 7 days. Many people may have mild disease that gets better without medical treatment and will recover fully. However, some people, especially young children, older adults, and persons with weakened immune systems, may have severe disease that requires hospitalization. A small number of people can develop complications such as blood stream infections, seizures, kidney failure or arthritis. How does Shigella spread? Shigella is very infectious and spreads easily. An infected person sheds Shigella bacteria in their stool while they are sick and often for more than a week afterwards, and can spread the bacteria if they do not wash their hands well after using the toilet. Shigella spreads from person-to-person by close personal contact (such contacts to infected diapered children) or exposure to faeces of an infected person during sexual contact. It also spreads by eating foods or liquids contaminated by an infected person, or swallowing untreated recreational water (such as lakes or water park play fountains) contaminated with Shigella. Health care providers are required by law to report cases of shigellosis to the local health department. To prevent the spread of Shigella, local...
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...Unit 3. Assignment 1: Bacterial Growth Rates 1. Mediums that could be used to determine shigellosis include Btilliant Green Agar, and Triple Sugar-Iron Agar. Expected results in a confirmed case of shigellosis are as follows: Brilliant Green Agar – Isolated Shigella colonies which do not ferment lactose or sucrose and appear red or white in color with no growth to trace growth on the Agar plate will be present. Triple Sugar-Iron Agar – Presence of Shigella will manifest as a red slant with a yellow butt with no H2S present. In Brilliant Green Agar, E. coli O157 would present as isolated yellow to greenish colonies surrounded by yellow-green zones. In the Triple Sugar-Iron Agar, E. coli O157 will manifest as a red slant, red butt indicating no change and no sugar fermented. These growth results and their marked differences would allow for distinguishing between E. coli and shigellosis (Black, 2012). 2. To separate a mixed culture of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. aeruginosa into three pure cultures, the following procedure should be used: a) Make an isolation plate by diluting the mixed culture until the individual organisms become separated or far enough apart on the agar surface to be distinguished. This will form visible colonies of each organism which will be isolated from the other colonies present. b) Flame the inoculation loop before each transfer to avoid contamination. c) Using the inoculation loop, aseptically “pick off” the individual...
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...Hand Washing Lesson Plan Kindergarten Objectives ? By learning and practicing proper hand washing skills, children will understand that being clean is very important to good health. ? Children will pledge to be in charge of their own health. Lesson Time Frame Approximately 30 minutes. General Information ? ? ? ? Germs are everywhere Germs are so small that you cannot see them Germs can make you sick You can get rid of germs by washing your hands When To Wash Your Hands ? ? ? ? ? After going to the bathroom After coughing, sneezing or blowing your nose After feeding or playing with animals After playing outside Before eating or touching food or drinks How To Wash Your Hands ? Use soap and warm, running water ? Make bubbles by rubbing your hands together ? Scrub your hands and under your fingernails for 20 seconds (sing the “Happy Birthday” song two times) ? Rinse your hands with running water ? Always use a clean towel to dry your hands ? If you use a paper towel, throw it away in the trash Learning Activity “Germ Prints” Use a spray bottle filled with clean water. Spray water on children’s hands. Explain that the water on their hands represents germs that come out of their mouths when they cough or sneeze. Now have the children touc h an object (table or chair). Ask them what happened to the object they touched (it became wet). Explain that this is what happens when we sneeze into our hands and then touch an object...
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...The evolution of multi drug resistant strain shigella sonnei from its ancestor E. Coli and predecessor S. Flexneri and its spread to Vietnam Introduction Shigella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, nonspore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacteria. The genus is named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who first discovered it in 1897. The causative agent of human shigellosis, Shigella causes disease in primates, and is the only naturally found in humans and apes. Shigella is one of the leading bacterial causes of diarrhea worldwide and it is suggested that Shigella causes about 90 million cases of severe dysentery, with at least 100,000 of these resulting in death each year. Shigella originates from a human-adapted E. coli that has gained the ability to invade the human gut mucosa, spreading through fecal-oral transmission via contaminated food or water. Depending on age and condition of the host, fewer than 100 bacterial cells can be enough to cause an infection. The infection results in the destruction of the epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa. Some strains produce the enterotoxin shiga toxin, which is similar to the verotoxin of E. coli. The species invades the host through the cells in the gut epithelia of the small intestine. Shigella uses a type-III secretion system, which acts as a biological syringe to translocate toxic effector proteins to the target human cell. The effector proteins can alter the metabolism of the target cell, making it easier for intracellular...
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...Week 4 Chronic Food Borne Illness Salmonella SCI/163 Troy Bushman November 18, 2013 1 The infectious agent pathogen that causes salmonella is called salmonella enteritis. The bacteria are larger than a virus; but, are visible to the eye with the microscope. It is rod-shaped, gram negative, non-motile bacteria that do not form spores. Interestingly enough it communicates to its fellow bacteria via AHL. It infects the cell, multiplies within it; and then, bursts the cell. Special effector protein factors are required for salmonella intestinal invasion and the induction of fluid secretion and for inflammatory responses. There are about six names species names of it, salmonella enteritis’s, and salmonella enteric which cause the human disease. “Salmonella is one of the most commonly reported types of food-borne illness. Salmonella is caused by a variety of different bacteria. The ensuing illness is treatable, but in some cases, fatal. Most of the time people aren’t even aware they have salmonella, they think something they ate didn’t agree with them and the symptoms are mild and disappear quickly. I believe no one really takes any action of going to a hospital or to their doctor until the symptoms worsen and become unbearable or scary for them that’s at least what I do, which I shouldn’t because instead of me finding out what problem was solving it quickly, I go through the pain and agony until I can’t take it anymore. Quite often, the mishandling of food products...
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...Someone’s Name Bio 488C Lab A Re: Writing Assignment 2: Enterics Report 2/22/2016 Enterics Report The group received the Unknown sample of Patient #2 as well as a description of the illness. The method to identify this unknown organism was an Enteropluri tube. By using the inoculation needle in the Enteropluri tube to sample the organism and draw the sample through the set of agar compartments, multiple culture media are thereby inoculated. Given that this test is used on Enterobacteriaceae all organisms are assumed to be Gram negative and oxidase negative. However, each culture media provides a biochemical test that is used to differentiate and identify the microorganism such as glucose fermentation with or without gas production, lactose fermentation, urea hydrolysis, etc. Each feature is used to differentiate and identify the microorganism in question. While the Enteropluri tube is a useful device, I do not believe it is the most effective method of identification in a modern clinical setting. Possible drawbacks of this device is failing to get a uniform inoculation of each media – as the inoculation needle is drawn through each successive media less and less of the sample is present, meaning the first compartments inoculated may receive more cells which will result in quicker growth, compaired to the final compartments which may receive far fewer cells and result in slower growth and possible false negatives. There is also a concern that the media in each compartment...
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...to be kept in a cool shady place but not to be frozen. 7. Stool sample is to be transported to the laboratory without any delay. Examination of stool is to be done within 30 minutes of stool sample collection (not within 30 minutes after reception of stool in the lab). Examination of stool is divided into a) Naked eye examination (Macroscopic Examination) b) Chemical examination c) Microscopic examination a) Naked eye examination (Macroscopic Examination): Consistency: whether the stool sample is formed, soft, loose or watery. Presence of blood and mucus Presence of round worm, thread worm or tapeworm proglottides Colour and smell of stool b) Chemical examination Stool is usually acidic but it will be alkaline in bacillary dysentery (shigellosis). The reaction is tested by litmus paper. c) Microscopic examination Two different types of slide preparations can be made for microscopic examination of stool. The saline wet mount and the Iodine wet mount. Both can be made directly from fecal specimens or from the concentrated specimens. The saline wet mount detects worm eggs,...
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...Pulmonary / Respiratory Diseases Acute Respiratory Tract Infection J22 Acute Tonsillopharyngitis J06.8 Allergic Rhinitis J30.4 ARDS J80 Aspiration Pneumonia J69.0 Asthma Severe J46 Asthma in Acute Exacerbation J44.1 Asthma, Unspecified J45.9 Atelectasis J98.1 Atypical Pneumonia J15.7 Bronchitis J20.9 Bronchiolitis J21.9 Bronchopneumonia J18.0 Bronchoscopy Z41.8 (1-620) BPD P27.1 (Newborn) Croup J05.0 Empyema Thoracis J86.9 Hyperactive Airway Disease J68.3 Laryngitis J04.0 Laryngomalacia J38.7 Laryngoscopy Z41.8 Pharyngitis J02.9 Post Intubation Subglottic Stenosis J34.2 Pneumonectomy Z41.8 Pneumonia, nonspecific J18.9 Pneumopyothorax, unspec J39.9 Pneumothorax J93.8 Primary Respiratory Tuberculosis (PKI) A16.7 PTB A16.2 Rhinitis J00 Sinusitis J32.9 Thoracotomy Z41.8 Tracheostomy Z93.0 Malfunction J95.0 URTI J06.9 Viral Pneumonia J12.9 Metabolic/Nutrition/Endocrine Dehydration E86.9 / Mild E86.0 / Mod E86.1 / Severe E 86.3 DKA E14.1 DM, unspecified E14.9 type1 E10.9 type2 E11.9 G6PD with anemia D55.0 G6PD – E740 Hypocalcemia E83.5, Dietary E58 Hypokalemia E87.6 Hyponatremia E87.1 Hypothyroidism,unspecified E03.9 Kwashior E40 / Marasmus E42 Lactose Intolerance E73.9 Malnutrition E46 Marasmus E42 Severe Stunting E45 Severe Wasting E43 Vit A Def E50.9 Skin Hypersensitivity/Allergy Nonspecific T78.4 Atopic Dermatitis L20.9 Cellulitis >Unspecified L03.9 >Ear H60.1 >Head L03.8 >Neck L03.8 >Hip/Knee/Leg/Thigh/Hand...
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...Communicable Disease Portfolio Part 1 DRAFT 1 My state is Illinois, it is a state in the mid-western part of Unites State. It is the 5th State in terms of population and the 25th in terms of size (National Population, 2014). The population is 12.88 Million. It is a health care hob in the Midwest region of United States in that it has some of the biggest hospital network system in the country with easy accessibility to quality care – the county healthcare system. In all it has one hundred and forty three hospitals with a staff strength of 31,052 (Wikipedia, 2015). In terms of healthcare expenditure, Illinois spends over eighty seven million yearly in hospital care, physician services, nursing home care and prescription drugs. This represents the highest expenditure when compared to its neighbors like Indiana that spends forty two million, Michigan that spends sixty five mission in overall healthcare cost for hospital care, physician services, nursing home care and prescription drugs, Iowa spends about twenty one million, Minnesota spends thirty nine million and Wisconsin spends forty one million on overall health care costs like hospital care, physician services, nursing home care and prescription drugs. Illinois prides itself as being the only state in the nation to provide the all Kids program which offers many Illinois children comprehensive healthcare that includes doctors’ visits, hospital stays, prescription drugs, vision care, dental care and medical devices like eyeglasses...
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...1. Explain why is each of these is often resistant to disinfectants. 1. Mycobacterium Mycobacterium is often resistant to disinfectants because of their waxy outer layer which classifies them as an acid fast bacterium. Mycobacterium are the rod shaped aerobic bacteria. 2. Pseudomonas may be resistant to disinfectants dependent on which surfaces may be disinfected with which product. 3. Bacillus are often resistant to disinfectants as these gram-positive rods have the ability to form an endospore. Endospores can survive environmental changes and usually kill the bacteria. When extreme cases of high temperature, high UV irradiation, desiccation, chemical damage and enzymatic destruction they cannot. There are many disinfecting products available for use, including Cavicide, Cidexplus, Clorox, Exspor, Lysol, Renalin and Wavacide. 2. Entamoeba histoltyica and Giardia lamblia were isolated from the stool sample of a 45 year old man, and Shigella sonnei were isolated from the stool sample of a 18 year old woman. Both patients experienced diarrhea and severe abdominal cramping, and prior to the onset of digestive symptoms both had been treated by the same chiropractor. The same chiropractor had administered colonic irrigations (enemas) to these patients. The device used for this treatment was gravity –dependent apparatus using 12 liters of tap water. There were no check valves to prevent back flow, so all parts of the apparatus could be contaminated with feces during...
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...had diarrhea. McFadyean and Stockman found campylobacter from fetal tissues in 1913. According to the article Campylobacter Jejuni- An Emerging Foodborne Pathogen, it said “The development of selective growth media in the 1970s permitted more laboratories to test stool specimens for Campylobacter.” Over the period of time more and more laboratories were went to test Campylobacter. Campylobacter Jejuni is currently the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. Most the the information is reported from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/U.S. Department of Agriculture/Food and Drug Administration Collaborating Sites Foodborne Disease Active Surveillance Network.Campylobacteriosis was followed in prevalence by salmonellosis (28%), shigellosis (17%), and Escherichia coli O157 infection (5%). Campylobacteriosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria. Campylobacter occasionally spreads to the bloodstream and causes a serious life-threatening infection. There is a lot of cases of human campylobacter in the United States each year. The symptoms consist of bloody diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramping after 2 to 5 days after exposure to the bacteria. There also might be nausea and vomiting. This illness will last about a week. Between 1983 and 1987 the Los Angeles County reported that there was 519 cases per 100,000 of Campylobacter. That was 39 times higher than the rate in the general population. Campylobacter usually affects infants, elderly, and people with underlying...
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...Injurious Adulterants/Contaminants in Foods and their Health Effects S.No Adulterant Foods Commonly Involved Diseases or Health Effects Adulterants in food 1 Argemone seeds Argemone oil Mustard seeds Edible oils and fats Epidemic dropsy, Glaucoma, Cardiac arrest 2 Artificially coloured foreign seeds As a substitute for cumin seed, Poppy seed, black pepper Injurious to health 3 Foreign leaves or exhausted tea leaves, saw dust artificially coloured Tea Injurious to health, cancer 4 TCP Oils Paralysis 5 Rancid oil Oils Destroys vitamin A and E 6 Sand, marble chips, stones, filth Food grains, pulses etc. Damage digestive tract 7 Lathyrus sativus Khesari dal alone or Mixed in other pulses Lathyrism (crippling spastic paraplegia) Chemical Contamination 8 Mineral oil (white oil, petroleum fractions) Edible oils and fats, Black pepper Cancer 9 Lead chromate Turmeric whole and powdered, mixed spices Anemia, abortion, paralysis, brain damage 10 Methanol Alcoholic liquors Blurred vision, blindness, death 11 Arsenic Fruits such as apples sprayed over with lead arsenate Dizziness, chills, cramps, paralysis, death 12 Barium Foods contaminated by rat poisons (Barium carbonate) Violent peristalisis...
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...Garrison continues, “According to the United States National Library of Medicine, there are less than five cases a year.” Far more fatal than diphtheria, dysentery was also a disease travelers feared. Michelle Forman, the Senior Media Specialist of the Association of Public Laboratories, states, “Dysentery is (also) a diarrheal illness, and is often caused by Shigella species or Entamoeba histolytica. Dysentery is contracted when people consume food or water that is contaminated with infected feces.” Turner Garrison continues this thought, and says, “Unlike cholera, dysentery lived in the colon and caused bloody, loose excrement. The rise of dysentery in the 1800s was partially due to infected warm cow’s milk, an ideal incubator for shigellosis.” A third disease, equally deadly as dysentery, is typhoid fever. Of the symptoms, Turner Garrison writes, “Sparing you the gross details, let’s just say the bacteria lived in a person’s blood and intestines. The major symptom was high fever, followed by weakness and loss of appetite.” Caused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi, there are about 400 cases every year in the United States. Turner Garrison advises, “The Centers for Disease Control strongly recommends anyone planning travel to a ‘non-industrialized’ nation get vaccinated—and avoid any tap water or food cooked in unclean water.” Measles was also an extremely dangerous virus. “It was not measles, but complications like bronchitis and pneumonia, that made it life threatening,”...
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...individuals in 1891 to 31.4 for each 100,000 out of 1894. More than one billion individuals worldwide don't approach clean freshwater. More than two billion don't have satisfactory sanitation administrations and the yearly loss of life from water-borne illnesses is evaluated at more than five million (Manila Bulletin, 2006). The cure for all evil could possibly have been here from the beginning. Plain old water has demonstrated such a powerful answer for different wellbeing concerns (The Philippine Star, 2005). A contaminated waterway, for example, dirtied lake or stream shows a very surprising picture. Water might be the vehicle for exchange of an expansive assortment of microbial infections, including bacterial illnesses such, cholera and shigellosis. Waterborne pestilences of these maladies, notwithstanding, are uncommon because of consistent reconnaissance. Numerous waterborne ailments are because of less recognizable microbes, for example, types of Yersinia and Campylobacter, and poisons creating strains of Escherichia Coli. A rising pathogen related with polluted water is Vibrio vulnificus, a gram antagonistic bacterium that can cause genuine ailment in people with previous liver illness or bargained safe frameworks. Viral infections transmitted by water incorporate hepatitis A, gastroenteritis because of Coxsackie or Norwalk infection, and in uncommon occasions, polio. These sicknesses are by and large identified with fecal tainting of water. Numerous protozoa frame sores that...
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