...Screening of Diseases Answer these questions: What would be the impact on this test's sensitivity if you moved the cutoff for a positive result from A to B? What about specificity? What would happen to sensitivity and specificity if you moved the cutoff from A to C? Where would you put the cutoff for this test? What is the relationship between sensitivity and specificity for any given test? With the expanding knowledge concerning diseases and the further development of technology in diagnostics, screening has become a method in improving the state of public health through its potential for disease prevention. However, people may have misconceptions about this process because they were inadequately informed. This attempts to provide an understanding about the many aspects of screening. It is concerned with how screening is defined, its limitations and advantages, the issues involved and conditions where it is acceptable and not acceptable. Without screening, diagnosis of disease only occurs after symptoms develop. However, disease frequently begins long before symptoms occur, and even in the absence of symptoms there may be a point at which the disease could be detected by a screening test. According to the reading and establishing a relationship with this case, talking about sensitivity is the percentage of the results that will be positive when HIV is present. On the same way talking about specificity is the percentage of the results that will be negative...
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...By Introduction: Objectives: 1. Maintain primary lung epithelial cells. 2. Perform dose dependant studies on primary lung epithelial cells by treating with 0-20nM uPA for 28 hr and 48hr. cell apoptosis and cell proliferation assay will be done for all concentration of uPA 3. Determine uPA, uPAR, PAI-1 and p53 expression in Beas2B cells after the treatment with uPA using western blot. Cells will be treated with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20nM concentration of uPA and bleomycin (40ug/ml) and the condition media, lysates and membrane proteins will be analyzed. B-actin will be used as loading control for analysis of gels. PROPOSED METHODS OF STUDY Cell culture and Maintenance The human bronchial epithelial (Beas2B) or primary small airway (SAE) cells will be cultured and maintained in LHC-9 medium supplemented with PSN antibiotics at 370C. The cells will be fed for every 48hrs until it grows as monolayers and reach 80% confluency. Then cells will be subcultured in 100 mm plates and 6 well plates by detaching them using trypsin-EDTA(Trypsin 0.5 g/L; EDTA 0.2g/L), collecting them in 4ml of LHC-9 medium, centrifuge for 10 minutes at 1000 rpm at room temperature and re-suspending the pellet in 4ml of LHC-9 medium. Cells will be cryopreserved for future use using cryoprotectant medium consisting of fresh LHC-9 medium and...
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...1. Environment changes that made it possible to consider the launch of an OTC Aids Test There was no doubt that HIV/AIDS was a growing concern. The tests took used conventional testing technology, which took a minimum of two to eight hours to produce results, required highly trained laboratory personnel and special equipment to perform and interpret the tests. In 1987, FDA rejected the proposal of at-home HIV tests, arguing that people who tested positive for HIV would panic and possibly even commit suicide in the absence of adequate counseling, However, as the time passed, HIV positive results were not a death sentence, and had become a much more manageable illness. The risk associated with home tests diminished. In order to respond fast to the growing incidences of infectious diseases, MedMira developed a suite of rapid tests that enabled healthcare providers to deliver accurate diagnosis and effective treatment faster. MedMira’s rapid HIV tests were easy to be used, did not require any precision pipetting or specialized equipment, and the results could be interpreted immediately. With them, the HIV infection rate may decrease, once it was fast, easy, accessible to everyone, and more confidential, so more people prompt to be tested earlier, reducing the instances of transmission. The creation of these specific tests with these precise characteristics aligned with the demystification of the disease, made it possible to consider the launch of an OTC Aids Test. 2. MedMira Aids...
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...HIV Mandatory Testing for Pregnant Women HIV is an important issue among the world, and it has attracted a lot of people’s attention. Besides, it also bring a lot of problems to the society. Nowadays, many people debate that should pregnant women take HIV mandatory testing. It means whether or not every female should take HIV mandatory testing when they are pregnant, and it is forced for them. Many people support that because they think taking HIV mandatory testing can reduce the rate of HIV infection for newborn, and many people disagree that because they think that would be disrespectful behavior for female’s privacy. In the book “HIV Testing and Counselling in Prisons and Other Closed Settings: Technical Paper”, the author stated “WHO [] estimates that only about 10 percent of persons living with HIV in low- and middle-income countries know their HIV status (WHO/UNAIDS, 2007). In many of these countries, access to HIV testing remains limited. Many high-income countries also estimate that a significant number of people living with HIV are not aware of their HIV status (OSI, 2007)”. It means that fewer people know their HIV condition, and they have low recognition to care about HIV. In addition, most people do not pay much attention to HIV problems in the society, and it would be a large risk for newborn HIV transmission. Faced with this condition, people would like to take some actions to release this terrible condition, and they want to find some methods to solve this problem...
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...MedMira Laboratories 1. What changes in the environment made it possible to consider the launch of an OTC Aids Test? Be specific. The launch of an OTC Aids Test in United States was only possible to be considered after some changes in the environment. Due to growing incidences of infectious diseases (HIV, Hepatitis C,…) there was a need to do something in order to overcome this issue that affected so many people. So MedMira Laboratories decided to develop rapid tests able to give accurate diagnosis that allowed healthcare providers to deliver effective treatment faster. In the past years most of the HIV tests were performed using conventional testing technology, which required a minimum of 2 to 8 hours to produce results, highly trained laboratory personnel and special equipment to perform and interpret the tests. In order to decrease costs, these testes were normally performed in batches, which delayed the process for patients to get their results up to two weeks. So rapid HIV tests emerged as a good, faster and cheaper alternative for conventional testing technology. Rapid HIV testing was a growing market worldwide. Advancements made in anti-retroviral treatment were also an important step to the launch of an OTC Aids Test. It changed the way people faced a positive result. Until then a positive result was often seen as a death sentence. But with these advancements made in anti-retroviral treatment it had became a much more manageable illness. This help reduced the risk related...
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...What changes in the environment made it possible to consider the launch of an OTC Aids Test? Be specific. In order to understand what made possible to consider the launch of an OTC Aids Test, we should focus on major changes in the environment, meaning the proliferation of the virus, followed by the development of a global concern about HIV and AIDS, the consequent changes in public perception of the disease and, of course, technological progresses. Once associated with a cluster of injecting drug users and homosexual (marginalized social groups), AIDS was progressively becoming epidemic, spreading among high-risk groups to virtually all over the world. In 2005, the WHO revealed there were an estimated 40.3 million people in the world living with HIV or AIDS and every year, millions of new infections and deaths from AIDS were reported. Information about risky behaviors was disseminated in schools, universities and other social spheres, and developed a certain awareness and consciousness that would be a first-step towards avoiding infection and transmission of the disease. Gradually striving for greater empowerment in their healthcare decisions, consumers should have been more and more aware of their choices and started getting access to better information and medical assistance. During the last decades, medical research has made significant progress in HIV prognosis and slowing progression of a disease, for which is there is still no cure or effective vaccine. Hence, public...
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...Infant Feeding in the Context of HIV FACILITATOR’S MANUAL TOSOUTH SOUTH THE SOUTH TO SOUTH PARTNERSHIP FOR COMPREHENSIVE FAMILY HIV CARE AND TREATMENT PROGRAM (S2S) South Africa has the largest HIV burden of any country in the world, with an estimated 5.7 million people living with the virus. Women and children remain at the centre of the pandemic in terms of transmission, vulnerability and potential for impact. To continue to build on the existing successes of South Africa’s antiretroviral (ARV) program, the capacity for HIV disease management must be enhanced. It is essential that HIV disease management transition from an individual case management to a family-centred and chronic-care approach targeting and prioritising pregnant women and children. Enrolling pregnant women and children into HIV care and treatment early and regularly can prevent new HIV infections and reduce morbidity and mortality, effectively sustaining the quality of life of mothers, their children, and their families. The scale up of effective prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and paediatric ARV care and treatment programs are crucial in the fight against HIV but are challenged by many factors including perceived complexity of treating pregnant women and children, inadequate paediatric and PMTCT knowledge and clinical skills, lack of psychosocial and adherence support, delays in integrating PMTCT services with antenatal and child health management systems, and gaps in referral...
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...10 Combination HIV Prevention: Tailoring and Coordinating Biomedical, Behavioural and Structural Strategies to Reduce New HIV Infections A UNAIDS Discussion Paper UNAIDS – JC2007 (English original, September 2010) © Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 2010. All rights reserved. Publications produced by UNAIDS can be obtained from the UNAIDS Content Management Team. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate UNAIDS publications—whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution— should also be addressed to the Content Management Team at the address below, or by fax, at +41 22 791 4835, or e-mail: publicationpermissions@unaids.org. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNAIDS concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by UNAIDS in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by UNAIDS to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any...
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...Initial Activity Assessment _____________ ______ Name: Med record # Sex: M F DOB: _______________ Birthplace: __________________________________________ Marital Status: M W S D Family Info: # of children ____ # of grandchildren ____ # of great grandchildren: ____ # of step-children:____ # step-grand:_____ Significant other:____________________________ Res. Relationship with family: _______________ Registered voter:__________ Veteran: _____ Branch & date: ________________ Spouse in service: ____ Branch & date: ________________________________ Religious affiliation: _________________________ Personal Involvement: _____________________________________________ Education level: ____________________________Ability to read: _____ Ability to write: _____ Other Language:______________ Past occupations & jobs: ____________________________________________________________ __________________________ Organizational involvement: ____________________________________________________________ _______________________ ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Hand dominance: Left Right Tobacco user: ______ Kind: _______________ How much: _________________ When last used: ___________________________ Alcohol user: ______ Kind: _______________ How much: _________________ When last used: ___________________________ Interest Survey Games Bingo Checkers Chess Backgammon Dominoes Monopoly Scrabble Yahtzee _____________ _____________...
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...Why Chinese mothers are superior There are numerous opinions about how to raise children ideally. Everyone want to do what is best for their children, but the description about how to do so, is extremely different from parent to parent. There has especially been quite a lot debate about how Chinese mothers raise their children compared to Western mothers. Many Westerns people describe the Chinese mothers methods of upbringing as strict, pushy and some times directly cruel. The article “Why Chinese Mothers are Superior” deals with these differences between methods of upbringing, written by the 48-year-old Chinese-American mother Amy Chua and it is thereby seen from her point of view. The author Amy Chua is a professor at Yale Law School and has two daughters herself, whom she is raising very strictly with lots of rules and big demands. Chua claims that the way that Chinese mothers are upbringing their children, is superior compared to the Western mothers methods of upbringing. She underlines than in order to achieve success, the children must focus on certain priority areas, and therefore they are forced to give up other things. This is why her own daughters are not allowed to attend to sleepovers, choose their own extracurricular activities and they are demand to be the very best in every subject except gym and drama. This is only a few of the rules, which Chua’s daughters must live by. Chua underlines that one of the most important parts of upbringing in Chinese manner, is...
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...“‘Boy, I got vision and the rest of the world wears bifocals, ’” says the famous Butch Cassidy, played by Paul Newman, from the movie, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. Put in theaters in 1969, this western film became a hit amongst audiences across the country. Directed by George Roy Hill, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid qualifies as a western because the film provides moviegoers with large and dry landscapes, old-fashioned crime, and a partner who plays the role as a sidekick. In Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, the setting is a large and dry desert-like landscape. A western is typically known for its’ characters to be in a setting with a hot climate, lots of dirt/sand, and tall dry mountains; this film contains all of that. There...
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...Western Movie Graphics vs. Today’s Graphics Ashford University Vicky Roach Starbuck Social Problems SOC203 Instructor Gina Rollings April 4, 2011 Western movies have been around since the beginning of cinematic history in the US. They are no longer the most common nor the most popular movies presented to audiences. However, they still hold a special spot for those who love adventure and larger than life heroes. Stick around and learn more about the history of western movies and the producers and actors that have created them. Before western films became popular with movie going fans, western books and shows blazed the trail, whetting the appetite of millions for adventure. Although life in the early west was harsh, novels began proliferating in the 1860's which presented a more ideal or glamorized version of the experience. Real-life characters such as William F. Cody ("Buffalo Bill") and James Butler Hickok ("Wild Bill" Hickok) as well as a number of fictional characters were extremely popular. While many early western movies told moral tales of good triumphing over evil and men fighting for a righteous cause some were also comedies and others merely action packed showcases for their smart horses and talented "cowboy" actors. Films like "Custer’s Last Fight" in 1912, "On the Night Stage" in 1914, "Hell's Hinges" in 1916, and "Tumbleweeds" in 1925 were well received. Certainly films about the west have focused on cowboys, gunslingers,...
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...-Why Chinese Mothers are Superior- The essay “Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior” by Amy Chua was published on “The Wall Street Journal” January 8, 2011. The topic of this text is Chinese parenting methods opposed to the western way of parenting. Within the first few lines it is very clear that Amy Chua has a different view on parenting than most traditional western parents. The title itself is a claim, and it sets the tone for how the essay is going to be. From the start we get the hint that this text will try to convince us, that Chinese parenting methods are superior. Amy Chua begins something that she claims is on a lot of people’s minds. The wonders about how Chinese parents are able to raise such successful kids. She then continues to saying that she can give the answer to these wonders, because she has done it herself. Amy Chua gives us a list of things that her daughters, were never allowed to do. This list seems, to us, unusual and maybe even mad. But to her, this is a necessity in her way of parenting. To her this is logical and is what must be done to get successful kids. In her list we see that not only are her children not allowed to get any grade less than A, but also they have to be the No. 1 student in every subject, except gym and drama. This put a really huge amount of pressure on her daughters. Amy Chua is an American lawyer, writer and legal scholar. She is the Professor of Law at Yale Law School. Amy Chua has two daughters Sophia and Louisa. The fact...
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...Shane by Angela Day “Shane” is a screenplay that was based on Jack Schaefer's 1949 book of the same name. The film is a classic western tale which is a very familiar and highly regarded in the western genre and the most successful Western of the 1950s and it is also a period piece since it is set in the late 1800’s. The film's rich color cinematography captures the beautiful environment of the frontier which was filmed on location in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, with the mountains as a backdrop. The location and the having been filmed in color is effective in telling the story and had it been done in black and white it would have lost some of the visual impact. This film received six Academy Award nominations including “Best Cinematography” and won one for photography. Many films since Shane have paid homage to the film and used a similar plot and theme. The film used technicolored panoramic angles to create a symbolic myth: the age old story of the duel between good and evil, the social conflict (with families, law and order, and homesteaders) the challenges faced in the era which included an implied love connection between Shane and Marion, lawless gunslingers, and a land-dispute conflict between a homesteader and cattle baron, and the coming of age of a young boy. The film is riddled with classic symbols and conflicts from the uprooting of the stubborn stump in the yard, Torrey's murder in the muddy street and his hilltop funeral, and the climactic finale...
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...Despite the fact that The Battle of Elderbush Gulch (1913) and Stagecoach (1939) were made in two separate generations, there is an immense amount of similarities. D.W. Griffith's silent film was produced in a short amount of time and had a low budget. John Ford’s talkie used innovative camera angles, music and conversation to drive plot and action. Although different stories, during the rising action, both films had settlers surrounded by shooting Indians and were saved at the last second by soldiers. Characters followed a pyramid of importance, where white men were held in the highest regard and Native Americans were seen as primitive savages. Starting at the bottom of the pyramid, there wasn't an individually unique Indian, always being seen in a group. By having Native Americans seen as a setting, it sharpened “the moral issues and dramatic conflicts for the white principles”. The Native Americans were woken up from being passed out drunk and were called to brutally attack the villagers of Elderbush Gulch. Similarly in Stagecoach, they were not seen until the climax but were a constant ever looming threat to the concerned white travelers. Even though the Indians initiated the attack towards the group of travelers in the stagecoach chase, they were portrayed as incompetent, not thinking of shooting the horses. Accuracy did not concern the directors when depicting the Plain Indians. Mexicans are above the destructive Native Americans, but are still below white people. Unlike...
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