...Homeostasis Homeostasis can be defined as the body's ability to maintain a regular internal environment. This is done by maintaining a body temperature within a certain field. An internal environment means the environment inside an organism. Negative feedback ensures that, in any control system, changes are reversed and returned back to the set level. The negative feedback keeps our body temperature at a constant 37°C. If we get too hot, blood vessels in our skin vasodilate (become larger) and we lose heat and cool down. If we get too cold blood vessels in our skin vasoconstrict (become smaller), we lose less heat and our body warms up. Negative feedback makes sure this happens. The other factors also controlled in the body by negative feedback are: blood oxygen levels and salt levels. The body loses heat through: * Evaporation of water from your skin if it is wet (sweating). If your clothing is wet, you will also lose some body heat through evaporation and through respiration (breathing) when the body temperature is higher than 99°F (37°C). During intense exercise, the body loses 85% of its heat through sweating. * Radiation (similar to heat leaving a woodstove). This normal process of heat moving away from the body usually occurs in air temperatures lower than 68°F (20°C). The body loses 65% of its heat through radiation. * Conduction (such as heat loss from sleeping on the cold ground). Heat is lost in air temperatures lower than 68°F (20°C). The body loses about...
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...Homeostasis Homeostasis can be defined as the body's ability to maintain a regular internal environment. This is done by maintaining a body temperature within a certain field. An internal environment means the environment inside an organism. Negative feedback ensures that, in any control system, changes are reversed and returned back to the set level. The negative feedback keeps our body temperature at a constant 37°C. If we get too hot, blood vessels in our skin vasodilate (become larger) and we lose heat and cool down. If we get too cold blood vessels in our skin vasoconstrict (become smaller), we lose less heat and our body warms up. Negative feedback makes sure this happens. The other factors also controlled in the body by negative feedback are: blood oxygen levels and salt levels. The body loses heat through: * Evaporation of water from your skin if it is wet (sweating). If your clothing is wet, you will also lose some body heat through evaporation and through respiration (breathing) when the body temperature is higher than 99°F (37°C). During intense exercise, the body loses 85% of its heat through sweating. * Radiation (similar to heat leaving a woodstove). This normal process of heat moving away from the body usually occurs in air temperatures lower than 68°F (20°C). The body loses 65% of its heat through radiation. * Conduction (such as heat loss from sleeping on the cold ground). Heat is lost in air temperatures lower than 68°F (20°C). The body loses...
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...Operant conditioning Psychopathology- the study of abnormal behaviour Biological functions such as eating, drinking and sleeping are regulated by… • Homeostasis: steady state of equilibrium within bodily systems. A system is returned to a resting level through motivational states that energise and direct homeostasis-restoring behaviours. ! • Thus, homeostatic systems include several features: 1. Set Point: biologically optimal level the system strives to maintain. 2. Feedback mechanisms: provide information regarding the state of the system with respect to variables being regulated. 3. Corrective mechanisms: restore the system to its set point when needed. Physiological needs describe a deficient biological condition. Occur with tissue and bloodstream deficits, as from water loss, nutrient deprivation or physical injury. ➡ If water loss occurs below an optimal homeostatic level (around 2%) this creates the physiological need that underlies thirst. defined as • THIRST iswater deficit.a consciously experienced motivational state (drive) that readies the body to perform behaviours needed to replenish ➡ So drive is a psychological (not biological) term. Conscious manifestation of an underlying biological need that has motivational properties (to energise and direct behaviour). ➡ How does thurst arise? Water lies inside (intracellular fluid contributes 40% body weight) and outside (extracellular fluid contributes 20% body weight) cells. ! We may distinguish between osmometric...
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...100 words. |What is nutrition? Why is nutrition essential to our daily lives? | |Nutrition is substances and food that provide energy and structure to the body and regulate body processes. Nutrition is | |essential to our daily lives because it is necessary supplements provide by food for our ingestion, digestive system required by | |organisms and cells for the human body to stay alive. There are six classes of nutrients; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, | |water, vitamins, and minerals play an important role in regulating the body process. | |What is the connection between nutrition and health? | |The connection between nutrition and health is that if the body is not receiving the proper nutrients then a person can | |jeopardize their health. Food is the primary source for health and nutrition, although vitamins and supplements act as | |substitutes. Nutrition gives fuel to the body that provides energy move the muscles. The vitamins and minerals used to help the| |body function properly and food sustains health. The body needs the proper nutrients to stay alive and healthy. | |What is the relationship between poor nutrition and disease? | |What we eat has an enormous...
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... as well as a description of the techniques used while practicing this particular theory in application are discussed. An evaluation and critique are also provided, in addition to an overall summary of what was learned in the process of researching Structural Family Therapy. Keywords: structural family therapy, structural family theory, family systems Structural Family Therapy Historical Overview Structural Family Therapy (SFT) was created based on a theory developed by Salvador Minuchin which focuses on functioning within a family system (Nichols, 2014). Minuchin was born and raised Jewish in Argentina prior to moving to Israel where he became a physician. During the early 1960’s, he worked with at-risk youth within underprivileged sectors of society and poor families. As a result of his work with minority groups, Structural Family Therapy is one of the only theories with a sense of multi-culturalism. In 1967, Minuchin wrote a book entitled Families of the Slums which described his experiences with these families. While he was trained in psychodynamic techniques, he opted to take a different approach in working with this population by focusing on sociological aspects and how families were impacted within a social context (The Minuchin Center for the Family, 2012). What Minuchin found while working with poor families was that the interaction styles between them were more action-oriented than verbal, so in response, the treatment team created techniques which entailed a...
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...The Road to Cirrhosis Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease that is characterized by normal liver cells being replaced by scar tissue. This affects the normal functioning of the liver and usually occurs from years of damage to the liver, resulting in inflammation, scarring and thickening of the fibrous tissues. It is most often a result of chronic hepatitis C or alcoholism, however there are other causes which will be discussed throughout this paper. Why is the liver important? More often than not, a person is born with a healthy, normally functioning liver. The liver is an extremely important organ and plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Among the most important functions of the liver are: processing nutrients from food, removing toxins from the body, helping to store sugar and releasing it into the blood as needed to maintain glucose levels, and producing bile for digestive purposes. The liver also plays a role in producing proteins, fat metabolism for producing energy, breaking down old damaged cells, and blood clotting. It is obvious to see that the liver has many important functions that a person’s body depends on. Cirrhosis of the liver can affect the normal functions of the liver, as well as the body’s normal homeostatic state. This can result in many problems, including death....
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...Stress (biology) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about biological stress. For stress in physics and mechanics, see Stress (mechanics). |[pic] |This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. See the talk page for details. | | |The following WikiProjects or Portals may be able to help recruit one: | | |• WikiProject Biology· Biology Portal • WikiProject Medicine· Medicine Portal •WikiProject | | |Neuroscience· Neuroscience Portal | | |If another appropriate WikiProject or portal exists, please adjust this template accordingly. | Stress is defined as an organism's total response to an environmental condition or stimulus, also known as a stressor. Stress typically describes a negative condition that can have an impact on an organism's mental and physical well-being. |Contents | | [hide] | |1 Ambiguity of the word | |1.1 Biological background | |2 Neuroanatomy | |2.1 Brain ...
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...field of nursing is the ability for nurses to individualize their care plans for their patients. In order to ensure that unique patients are able to get healthy, they need nursing care plans as unique as they are. This means assessment and evaluation of each patient before and during care. Nancy Roper's desire to become a nurse started in childhood, and as a result of her experiences and education, she, along with two of her colleagues, developed the Roper-Logan-Tierney Model of Nursing to assess patients' level of independence and provide the best individualized care for them. COMPONENTS/CONCEPTS OF THE MODEL Living is a complex process which we undertake using a number of activities that ensure our survival. The current model seeks to define 'what living means, and categorizes these discoveries into Activities of Daily Living (ADL). According to Roper, in a given circumstance, people are able to perform daily activities of living independently but when disease or hindrances occur, the nurse can use these activities of living to be able to assess the patient and identify interventions that can support independence in areas that may prove difficult or impossible for the individual on their own. The model assesses the individual's relative independence and potential for independence in ADLs,(considering their lifespan, development, and the five key factors on a continuum ranging from complete dependence to complete independence) in order to determine what interventions will lead...
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...Unit F912: Promoting Good Health Health & Social Care AS Contents Page A01 – Pages 3 - 13 A02 - A03 – A04 – Promoting good health This unit explores what is good health, the models, the range of lifestyle choices and societal factors which influence health and well-being. Health and well-being are not only affected by an individual’s lifestyle choices (e.g. smoking, eating unhealthy ‘fatty food), but also by societal and environmental issues (e.g. living near a motorway – high pollution levels) Government policies and legislation have an imperative part to play in the promotion of good health, as the introduction on screening programmes (e.g. cervical smear test, antenatal screening etc.); which prevent ill health, has been an incredible and useful tool. Health promoters also have a significant role to play in helping individual’s using services to make the right decision about their health. As their choice of presentation approach can make or damage a health promotion campaign. Further, health promoters need to take into account the presentation methods, and to ensure that they have been chosen well to confirm that the message is successfully put over to the individual to whom it is directed. What is ‘health’? The Worlds Health Organisation (WHO) defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. However, others may simply define health as the absence of illness...
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...productive behaviour. A manager must possess six competences to effectively apply the learnings and techniques in the workplace. These competences are self-competency, diversity, across cultures, communication, teams and change. Competences provide the foundation for an individual in the performance of his role in the organization (Hellriegel and Slocum 2011). 2.0 Individual differences Individual differences are the ways which makes each person differ from each other. Individual differences include the following attributes; physical, intelligence, personality, attitudinal and emotional. These individual differences affect behaviour and ultimately job performance (Mullins 2007). 2.1Intelligence Based on studies conducted by various researchers intelligence is a significant determinant of job performance. Intelligence is an individual’s general mental ability to grasp...
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...ACKNOWLEDGMENT http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Stress-Management-Among-College-Students/52332 Executive summery This gives us a detailed idea of what is stress and also the definition of stress is been defined. For more detailed study the types of the stress is also defined. By looking at the starting of the project you will find: * Introduction and definition of stress * Stress in biological terms * What is stress? * Coping with stress at work place. * Reducing of stress. After the theoretical part I have include the research part. My research work include two questionnaires * Burn out test * Stress analysis questionnaire My research includes the research methodology which contains the information as follows: * Research objectives * Sampling(types and methods of sampling) * Research instrument * Time consideration * Limitation of survey * Advantages and dis advantages of written questionnaire * Finding INDEX Conceptual Framework 1.Introduction 1.1. Introduction to stress 1.2.what is stress? 1.3.Types of stress 1.4.Coping with stress at workplace 1.5. Stress Management 1.6.Workplace stress 1.7. Reduce your stress 2.Research Methodology 2.1Research objective 2.2Sampling 2.3Research instrument 2.4Data analysis and interpretation 2.5.Causes of stress 2.6.youngstres opinion about how to reduce stress 2.7.Research flowchart 2.8.Time consideration...
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...sugar and absorbs them into your bloodstream gradually. This gradual release of sugar helps minimize blood sugar swings. Consumption of soy foods may also increase production of insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes, according "Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease," by Maurice Edward and Moshe Shike. Eating food is how you provide fuel to your body to stay alive. Food is digested by a complex system of organs, hormones and enzymes and eventually becomes the usable energy for your cells called glucose. Your brain and muscles must have a supply of glucose to function. Blood glucose is the amount glucose (sugar) present in the blood of a human or animal. The body naturally tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabolic homeostasis. The purpose of this study is to determine the...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 4 CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Interfacing between Human and Other Elements. 6 2.3 Factors Affecting Performances 6 2.3.1 Fitness and Health 5 2.3.2 Stress 7 2.3.3 Workload 10 2.3.4 Sleep 13 2.3.5 Circadian Rhythms 15 2.3.6 Fatigue & Shift Work 17 2.3.7 Alcohol, Medication and Drug Abuse 23 2.3 FACTOR AFFECTING PERFORMANCE 32 2.4 TYPES OF ERROR IN AVIATION 36 2.5 MANAGING ERROR IN AVIATION 36 CHAPTER 3 : CONTENTS 38 CHAPTER 4 : RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION 42 REFRENCES 43 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION Errors are the result of actions that fail to generate the intended outcomes. In common with most other complex technical activities, human error is implicated in the majority of aviation-maintenance-related quality lapses, incidents, and accidents. General estimates of this human error contribution have increased over the years, from a low of around 20% in the 1960s to values in excess of 80% in the 1990s. Human error in aviation is somewhat of a sensitive topic due to the recent tragic events of September 11, 2001. The goal of this research is to understand human error in aviation, in order to understand how designing better computer systems can assist in making the aviation industry safer for pilots and passengers, by reducing...
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...towards others, groups, objects etc. Attitude is defined as the individual’s evaluation of any aspect of his/her social world (Olson & Maio, 2003). It refers to the general and relatively enduring evaluations people have of other people, object or ideas (Petty, Wheeler, & Tormala, 2003). According to Dillard (1993), there are several varying conceptualizations of attitude in social research. At different points in it history, the concept of attitude has been linked to emotional, cognitive and behavioural processes (Brecker & Wiggins, 1989). Therefore, the definition of attitude should consist of cognitive, affective and behavioural components (Rokeach, 1968, Ajzen, 2005). According to Thurstone’s definition of attitude, it is referred to an affect for or against a psychological object (Ajzen, 2005). Ajzen and Fishbein (1975), defined attitude as a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favourable or unfavourable manner with respect to a given object. Petty and Cacioppo is of the view that attitudes are general and enduring positive or negative feelings about some person, object, or issues (Petty & Cacioppo, 1981). Attitudes are defined by Allport (1953, as cited in Myers, 2008) as a reasonably stable organization of beliefs, feeling and behavioural dispositions towards something or someone. He suggested that they can be described as feelings or evaluations, negative or positive, about some person, group, object or...
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...Traumatic head Injury is the most common cause of death and disability in the UK (National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2014) and is the world’s leading cause of morbidity and mortality of those under the age of 45 (Wilson, 2011). A head injury has an impact in epidemiological and economic terms as well as loss in quality of life (Mar et al. 2011). Approximately 700,000 people per year in England and Wales attend an emergency department for head injury, with almost half being the result of falls (NICE, 2007 & Clinical Knowledge Summary, 2009). The vast majority of patients (90%) will have minor head injuries (Vos et al. 2012) and be discharged, however many patients will need to be admitted for definitive care and treatment. The most common cause of head injury is from falls, assaults and road traffic accidents (Department of Health, 2001 & NICE, 2007) with 70-88% of those head injuries occurring in the male population (Dolan & Holt, 2013). This essay aims to explore the physiological and psychosocial impact of sustaining a head injury. This will include normal physiology of the brain, along with the altered physiology and signs and symptoms as a result of the injury. Advanced interpersonal skills required by the nurse to care for the patient or their family will also be examined. To achieve this, the author will analyse and evaluate types of head injury and their classification, whilst also considering the social and psychological consequences...
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