...Running Head : Aviation Aerospace Human Factors in Aviation Aerospace Some of the greatest challenges in the operation and design of large machine systems such as aviation vehicles and aerospace vessels, arise from human factors . It is from such challenges that human-factor engineering has emerged, determined to optimize the interaction between man and machines for the purposes of safety and efficiency. As such, human-factors engineering concerns itself with operating procedures and the training of personnel , as well as issues of interface design (Britannica , 2008 ). These are crucial issues to aviation and aerospace, as human error has been identified as a primary contributor to more than 70 percent of commercial airplane hull-loss accidents. Graeber (1999) asserts that human error is a major concern within the areas of not only flight operations but in maintenance and traffic management as well. To remedy these matters, human factors engineering must identify the limits and characteristics of cognition , information processing and memory and how they can most effectively be integrated into the day to day operations of aviation and aerospace. This means going beyond mere personnel training and redundant safety protocols, but making knowledgeable and flexible observations about how humans interface with aviation and aerospace technology. Because technology tends to evolve faster than our ability to predict how humans interact with it, the overseers of aviation and aerospace...
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...ATSB TRANSPORT SAFETY REPORT Aviation Research and Analysis Report – AR-2008-055 An Overview of Human Factors in Aviation Maintenance Alan Hobbs Ph.D. December 2008 ATSB TRANSPORT SAFETY REPORT Aviation Research and Analysis Report AR-2008-055 Final An Overview of Human Factors in Aviation Maintenance Alan Hobbs Ph.D. - iii - Published by: Postal address: Office location: Telephone: Facsimile: E-mail: Internet: Australian Transport Safety Bureau PO Box 967, Civic Square ACT 2608 62 Northbourne Ave, Canberra City, Australian Capital Territory 1800 020 616; from overseas + 61 2 6274 6440 Accident and incident notification: 1800 011 034 (24 hours) 02 6247 3117; from overseas + 61 2 6247 3117 atsbinfo@atsb.gov.au www.atsb.gov.au © Commonwealth of Australia 2008. This work is copyright. In the interests of enhancing the value of the information contained in this publication you may copy, download, display, print, reproduce and distribute this material in unaltered form (retaining this notice). However, copyright in the material obtained from other agencies, private individuals or organisations, belongs to those agencies, individuals or organisations. Where you want to use their material you will need to contact them directly. Subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968, you must not make any other use of the material in this publication unless you have the permission of the Australian Transport Safety Bureau. Please direct requests for further...
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...Human Factors Models Abbie Ijams 4/15/14 PEAR Model – Aviation Maintenance The PEAR model recognizes four things: 1. The people who do the job 2. The type of environment in which they work 3. The actions that are taken 4. The recourses necessary to complete the job People: Most human factors programs are centered around people. They are the least reliable. However, they are necessary. There are four issues when considering the people in human factors. * Physical – physical size, age, strength, and sex. * Psychological – workload, experience, attitude, and emotional state. * Physiological – health, fatigue, lifestyle, and hunger * Psychosocial – interpersonal relations (people skills) Environment: There are two main locations in aviation maintenance – the ramp, hangar/shop and the relationship environment with the rest of the company. The first one can have issues with noise level, temperature, and other physical problems. The organizational factors with the rest of the company, however, has to do with communication, mutual respect, and cooperation. Actions: Human factors programs analyze the actions of individuals and the reasons they make the decisions that they do. Job Task Analysis (JTA) is used to determine what resources, instruction, and tools are needed to perform a task, as well as a person’s skill level and attitude. Resources: There are physical and non-physical kinds of resources. The physical types...
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...Dirty Dozen Twelve of the most common human factors that are related to aircraft accidents or incidents are called the Dirty Dozen. These factors have been identified to affect people and make them to make the poor decisions. The concept of the Dirty Dozen was created in 1993 by Gordon Dupont, he was working for Transport Canada during this time, while he was creating a training program on human factors in aviation. It is now recognized as the foundation of the aviation industries human factor in aviation maintenance. (Adams, 2009) Lack of communication This is one of the more important parts of the Dirty Dozen. Communications are a two way street that has to do with the person who is giving the communications to the person receiving the communications. During verbal instruction it is common the as little as 30% of a message is received. It is safe practice to keep important messages written down so there is not a lack of communications. Some maintenance outfits use log books so that other shifts can refer back to what was done and by who. Verbal messages need to be relatively short with key things being emphasized on. As a person that is getting instructions it is very important no to assume anything and to have things clarified. (Adams, 2009) Distraction Distractions are anything that can take the attention of a person during a task. There are distraction during work that cannot be removed and heave to be worked with. Noises are a key...
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...Human Factors in Aviation Safety Final Paper Curtis D. Hudson Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Human factors in aviation isn’t a new concept but at the time when the Hubble telescope, and stealth bombers were still fresh ideas, Human factors was just now hitting its stride. In 1988, Earl Weiner and David Nagel coincidently released a book titled Human Factors in Aviation (Salas, Maurino and Curtis). During this time, HF was still being slowly accepted and established as a practice to help increase the awareness and improve aviation safety. This period is also significant because prior to then, Human Factors researchers were not involved with aviation system designs and were normally included upon design completion. The incorporation of having HF researchers involved in the design process helped the role evolve and expand the field research. As students of HF research we are aware of the importance of the technology and design of the cockpit, crew resource management (CRM), health and judgment of the crew and how automation plays a role in aviation. This was also a somewhat foreign practice in the beginning. Human Factors researchers were limited to the cockpit and overall cabin technology design. It can be argued that Human Factors in Aviation played a big role in the way business is conducted now compared to before this book was written. When we hear of an aviation mishap, particularly a plane crash, the first thing that comes...
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...Aviation Maintenance from A Manger’s Perspective Lisa A. Williams Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Management 203 Christopher Urdzik April 26, 2015 Abstract This paper explores aviation maintenance from a Manager’s perspective. There are various governing bodies that control or oversee how maintenance is performed on a routine basis for commercial aircraft. The main governing body that is discussed here is the FAA. Also discussed is the required training of the Airframe and Powerplant mechanic and how management can be assured that mechanics are qualified to release aircraft after performing maintenance certifying these aircraft are safe to fly. Also, in this paper, the attempt is made to show where mechanics need ongoing training to assure management that the mechanic is trained on new technologies that are developed and used in commercial and corporate aviation. The answers are not mapped out by the FAA or training programs so it is up to the company to be sure that the mechanic is made aware of these new technologies through FAA study groups that managers can attend and brief technicians on new developments. Human error cannot be eradicated it is indispensable fact of the human behavior (Maddox, 1998). Although, aviation maintenance managers have acquired high levels of technological skills training related to their profession, the above statement from Dr. Michael Maddox is true in regards to human error. Research in the industrial...
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...The Human Factor in Aviation Maintenance Kenneth L. Arrington Embry-Riddle University Abstract Aviation maintenance professionals have earned high levels of technical skills training associated with their profession, however research in a number of industrial sectors indicate that up to 80% of accident causes can be attributed to a breakdown in human interaction. Human error cannot be eliminated it is essential fact of the human condition (Maddox, 1998). Maintenance professionals will always try to avoid making errors. Unfortunately, even the most highly trained and motivated professionals will make mistakes, however, with suitable understanding of the human factor and appropriate training, professionals can mitigate the consequences of errors. The human factor component of aviation maintenance can be grouped in four general categories: 1. Effective training for technicians and inspectors; 2. On the job safety of maintenance workers; 3. Human error that compromises public safety; and 4. Overall cost of maintenance errors. The Human Factor in Aviation Maintenance Aviation is an industry where mistakes mean lives are at risk. Airplanes have become more complicated and sophisticated in their evolution within the past 50 years. Maintenance technicians must continuously update their proficiency and knowledge in airplane repair because of the enormous differences in new and old aircraft that are presently in use (Maddox, 1998). Aviation maintenance...
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...ABC Contents 1. What is Human Resource Management? 3 2. Brief Introduction of Abu Dhabi Aviation 3 2.1. Structure of the Organization 3 2.2. Strategic Plans of the Company 4 2.3. Overview of HR Planning and Management 5 3. Strategic HR Plans and Organizational Structure. 5 4. Challenges that are faced by Human Resources Department 6 4.1. Managing Workforce and Retention 6 4.2. Work Culture and Diversity 6 4.3. Stress 6 4.4. Maintaining Ethics and Values 6 5. Internal Factors affecting Human Resource 6 6. External Factors affecting Human Resource 7 7. Emerging Human Resource Trend in UAE 7 8. Recruitment Trends 7 Bibliography 8 1. What is Human Resource Management? Human Resource Management is a department of an organization that focuses on internal factors of the organization like recruitment, management of employees and provides direction to the workforce. Human Resource Management also takes care of the benefits of the employees such as compensation, safety, wellness, training and motivation towards work. In other words, Human Resource Management is comprehensive and strategic approach to manage workplace people and maintain the environment of the organization effectively. (Susan, 2014) 2. Brief Introduction of Abu Dhabi Aviation Abu Dhabi Aviation is the one the largest commercial helicopter operator in the Middle East situated in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Abu Dhabi Aviation has its base in Abu Dhabi International...
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...Sfiro ID:2391385 Introduction To this very day, the majority of aviation related accidents are to human errors in various ways. As years past, aircrafts has turned out to be more reliable whereas humans on the other hand, has progressively in one or another played an important role in aviation accidents. It is rather surprising when consider all the effort and the expenses that had been put into management , several forms of research , and even training and development. It is indeed true that aviation safety has rather greatly improved over the last few decades , which has made flying the most safest method to travel around . Nevertheless, there is still human error related accidents occur. As humans being prevalently contributing to human errors, various human errors preventive approaches and accident investigation schemes were introduced. Till today, there are efforts implemented systematically to organize these schemes and approaches , but many are not clearly defined . Therefore, any safety professionals , are rather at a loss when deciding on whether to choose which preventive approach. This eventually led the professionals to rely primarily on the their personal experience and intuition to address the needs. Introduction to Crew Resource Management For the past several decades, humans has rather played a very progressively role in the aviation .At the same time, a growing number of several aviation organization has voluntarily assigned their personnel with a few...
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...AVIATION SAFETY PROGRAM Name Professor’s name Course Date Abstract The paper seeks to look into some of the critical issues concerning safety measures in the commercial aviation industry. It focuses more on the concept of stress in Air Traffic Controllers (ATC) and how high stress levels can affect the performance of ATCs. Further emphasis is laid on the various measures that can be put into place to address some of the safety issues in commercial aviation industry through the risk management strategies. Several aspects of the whole case arise in the whole program of addressing the issue. It becomes a matter of collective responsibility in the bid to address safety issues and come up with modalities to mitigate any safety threats in the future. At the end, we realize that all the players in the industry have the specific roles to play towards the program. Introduction In an increasingly competitive global environment, where the scramble for resources and the search for tangible opportunities seem to have overtaken any other global undertaking, the importance of commercial aviation cannot be overemphasized. Commercial aviation plays a very central role in the overall growth of any economy across the world. It is therefore imperative to look into the key issues that govern the aviation industry to ensure its success and proper functionalism. The concept of aviation security comes in as one of the most pressing issues in this regard. The...
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...The Importance of Aviation Maintenance Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University RSCH 202 Intro to Research Methods The Importance of Aviation Maintenance Introduction Aviation maintenance practices do not get followed like they should, too many mechanics tend to try and take shortcuts to get the job done. This can lead to catastrophic failures, and even death. Aviation maintenance work is a very importance piece of the productivity and maintainable condition with aircraft. Proper work and strong mechanical skills are needed. An airplane cannot just pull over in the clouds if an issue is suspected. This needs to be taken serious and stop with the shortcuts. A brief literature review According to an article posted by Matthew Bauman, there was a Naval Aviation Maintenance Program implemented in 1959 to help reduce the Class A. accidents (Bauman, 2013). Class A. accidents are those involving more than one million dollars in property damage. Matthew Bauman then continues with noting that more than 80 percent of issues are due to human error. “Understanding the role of human error in an accident or incident is fundamentally different from simply attributing such an event to an inherently fallible human operator” (Latorella & Prabhu, 2000). As holding a career as an aviation mechanic, there have been countless time of aircraft damage due to negligence, or just plain not paying attention. An article released in 2014, noted that a study done in the United Kingdom, tried to eradicate...
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...The Fear in Aviation Maintenance Aircraft maintenance is arguably one of the best managed maintenance practices across different industries. Aircraft maintenance operations in the US are usually closely monitored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) which ensures that the maintenance practices are done in a proper manner. Despite this oversight, maintenance errors still occur and have been, on many occasions, stated as the main cause of aircraft accidents. Knowledge of the factors that contribute to maintenance errors and therefore aircraft accidents can go a long way in enabling the industry regulars to draft precautionary measures and safety protocols to reduce the occurrence of these accidents. I. Factors contributing to maintenance errors Human factors, management factors, and structure factors are the most common factors that contribute to errors during the maintenance of aircraft (Stolzer, Halford & Goglia, 2012). Of the three factors, human factors account for the majority maintenance errors and therefore majority of aircraft accidents. There are numerous factors that can directly or indirectly contribute to human factors in maintenance errors can be categorized into the three groups of individual factors, job factors and organizational factors. Individual factors are those capabilities and attributes of an individual that may cause the individual to commit an error. These factors include their habits, personal attitudes, skills, personalities and their competence...
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...Changes in Aviation Since 9/11 Attacks Kristopher Preston Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Changes in Aviation Since 9/11 Attacks Introduction The September 11th terror attacks were a sequence of four attacks by al-Qaeda terrorists on the United States. They were carried out by al-Qaeda, an Islamic terrorist group. The terrorist attacks were launched in New York City and in the metropolitan area in Washington D.C on Tuesday, 11 September 2001. 19 al-Qaeda terrorists commandeered four planes and flew them into buildings in suicide attacks. Among the planes that were hijacked, were United Airlines Flight 175 and American Airlines Flight 11. These planes were crashed into the South and North towers of the World Trade center, respectively. American Airlines Flight 77 was crashed into the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, widely known as The Pentagon. The fourth plane was United Airlines Flight 93. Despite being targeted at Washington, D.C, its passengers tried to overcome the hijackers and ended up being crashed into an open field in Pennsylvania. The attacks killed approximately 3000 people. Among them included all 19 hijackers and the 227 passengers who were aboard the four planes. The 9/11 terrorist attacks are considered the most fatal case for firefighters in United States history. The bipartisan Commission was given the mandate of researching and presenting its conclusions, findings and recommendations that would ensure that a similar scenario...
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...There are three broad classes of aviation that are Military Aviation, Commercial Aviation and General Aviation. This report defines the scope of General Aviation, the type of aircraft flown that operate under it and the FAA Code Of Regulations that govern them which are 14 CFR Parts 91 and 21. Following that we’ll discuss and talk about some of the recent activities that have been taking place in the past few years in this field of aviation. The severity of a General Aviation accident is classified by the highest level of injury (that is fatal, serious, minor or none) and the total aircraft damage (destroyed, substantial, minor or none). Finally we will compare and analyze historical General Aviation accident rates between the years of 1995 and 1999 from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). Introduction Aviation is classified into three broad types that are Military Aviation, Commercial Aviation and General Aviation. General Aviation is defined as any civil aircraft operation that doesn’t fall under 14 (Aeronautics and Space) Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) parts 121,129 and 135. The operations that are included in General Aviation are that of U.S. registered aircraft operated under 14 CFR Parts 91 (General Operating and Flight Rules), 21 (Certification procedures for products and parts) and civilian public use (Qualified government missions that may include law enforcement, low-level observation, aerial application, firefighting, search and rescue, biological...
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...unsafe performance and actions. These settings include aviation, rail and maritime, and other transport operations such as road. Many accidents occur as a result of fatigue effects such as response slowing, and failures in attention (Mitler et al., 1988). Fatigue may take different forms, including sleepiness, mental and physical fatigue depending on the nature of its causes. To date, Aviation still the safest and fastest transportation means. The expected expansion of the air travel, operational demands and the higher level of technology have all evolved, result in increased levels of fatigue and human error rates (Evans, 2003). Pilot fatigue is considered to be the most concerned...
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