...perspective on the reduction to crime and solutions is the realist. They both believe that crime is a real problem and is rising therefore both left and right realist have their own individual solutions to how crime rates can be reduced. Left realist are focused on the on policies to deal with crime and deviance, they aim to reduce inequalities and have a more equal distribution of income and wealth. Realist look into the cause of crime in order to find solutions, Lea and young whom are both left realist stated that crime rates are higher within inner city areas because of relative deprivation and marginalisation. When one is feeling relatively deprived it means they do not feel as well off in comparison to another person they used examples of working class boys who feel relatively deprived to middle class boys. The problem with this is there can be no solution to this as it is impossible to get rid of it as there will always be someone who is richer. They also stated that working class males may feel marginalised as they feel powerless and nothing they can do can better their situation. These two combined are what cause working class males to form deviant subcultures. Left realist argue that urban crime is a response to a lack of legitimate opportunities and the powerlessness that deprived groups feel in terms of improving their situation. Left realist believe that economic and social reform acts need to be introduced by the government in order for crime rates to reduce. The policies...
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...Paper English 11 If more surveillance was added to society it is believed that it would make the community safer and very beneficial. Automated cameras are the hot new law enforcement tool. Cities use them to catch red light runners and speeders. Washington is setting up hundreds of cameras to monitor streets, federal buildings, subway stations, and other locations. Cameras are not cause for concern, then, when it comes to individual privacy, fairness, or accuracy; the real issue is government power. Cameras are a tool that can be used for good reasons that include watching children in school, decrease the amount of crimes committed, and help the government. Schools have somewhat started to add cameras in their hallways for multiple reasons. One reason is it would help identify a suspect if there happened to be a crime committed in the school like a shooting. The cameras could help both during and after an incident. Video footage will go over the Internet to computers that both school officials and police can access in real time if an emergency arises. It's possible that surveillance could help find the location of the threat and allow safe evacuations from other parts of the building. Not only do school security cameras help you maintain safety around your campus, they also discourage misbehavior. Being very obviously placed, school surveillance cameras have been shown to reduce threats of violence and vandalism drastically. One problem many schools continually struggle...
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...work together. Anytime a person commits a crime, punishment and rehabilitation are needed to address the problem swiftly and effectually. (Punishment vs. Rehabilitation: A Proposal for Revising Sentencing Practices, 1991). When the offender moves from prison to a step-down unit as they get closer to his or her release, they tend to have other issues other than drug and alcohol rehabilitation, and this is what causes recidivism. Research has shown that many prisoners in super maximum units experience extremely high levels of anxiety and other negative emotion. When released, often without any "decompression" period in lower security facilities, they have few of the social or occupational skills necessary to succeed in the outside world (Rehabilitate or Punish, 2003). Craig Haney, Ph.D. states, "This is what prison systems do under the emergency circumstance, they move to punitive social control mechanisms. But it's a very short-term solution, and one that may do more long-term damage both to the system and to the individuals than it solves (Rehabilitate or Punish, 2003)." Throughout this paper, I will be a discussing the strengths of punishment, and how it deters the offenders from repeating the crimes. I will also discuss the advantages of rehabilitation over punishment and how it affects the community, victim, and his or her family, effects on the offender, and finally the fiscal effect on the society. Deterrence in Crime and Its Effectiveness Developing an increase...
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...Reducing Fear of Crime Strategies for Police Gary Cordner Reducing Fear of Crime Strategies for Police Gary Cordner Kutztown University January 2010 This project was supported by Grant Number 2003-CK-WX-K049 awarded by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions contained herein are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. References to specific agencies, companies, products, or services should not be considered an endorsement by the authors or the U.S. Department of Justice. Rather, the references are illustrations to supplement discussion of the issues. The Internet references cited in this publication were valid as of July 2009. Given that URLs and web sites are in constant flux, neither the authors nor the COPS Office can vouch for their current validity. Letter from the Director Dear Colleagues, Fear of crime has an incredibly corrosive effect on individuals and entire communities. This issue is of great concern to all of us in law enforcement. Fear negatively shapes all aspects of the quality of life of America’s communities. The COPS Office recognizes that people not only need to be safe, but they also need to feel safe. Treating both of these issues as two parts of a greater whole is a critical aspect of community policing. That is why we produced this document, “Reducing Fear of Crime: Strategies for...
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...STANLEY ASUMANU 33371253 WHAT GUIDANCE CAN ECONOMIC MODELS OF CRIME AND AVAILABLE STATISTICAL EVIDENCE OFFER TO POLICYMAKERS TRYING TO REDUCE CRIME? The study of the causes and effects of crime was predominant in sociology and psychology. Economic analysis of crime did not take effect until the late 1960s when Gary Becker gave thought into the rationality of crime: “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach”. Becker’s work was then followed by George Stigler’s “The Optimum Enforcement of Laws” and Isaac Ehrlich’s “Participation of Illegitimate Activities: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation” in 1970 and 1973, respectively (Merlo, 2004). Since then, the separation between economics and criminology has broken down as theoretical and empirical economic research on crime has increased (Machin et al. 2014). The issue to be discussed is how these economic models can guide policy makers to reduce crime. Gary Becker (1968) focused his attention to question “how many resources and how much punishment should be used to enforce different kinds of legislation?” Criminals are rational (Becker 1986). They considered the costs and benefits of committing a crime. Essentially, crime should be made unprofitable rather than incurring costs to eliminate it. Becker (1968) considered the economic importance of crime despite several economists neglecting it due to the immoral aspect of crime. Crime incurs costs; tangible such as medical cost, lost output, cost of creating...
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...on whether violence and crime could be tackled effectively and consequently minimized by ultimately legalizing guns in the United States has remained a hard nut to crack over the past decade. On the other hand, ardent debate has been going on getting the guns off the streets. There are valid points on both sides of the issue where legalizing of guns will have benefits as well as disadvantages to the American society. In states where legalization of guns has been effected, citizens have realized numerous benefits. However, the legalization of guns has not been without disadvantages because when the guns find their way into the hands of gangs and children owing to the availability, high rates of crime and deaths are witnessed. Therefore, gun legalization in United States is an issue which has come to the forefront and should be accorded all attention bearing in mind the benefits as well as the disadvantages (Blek 121). Cook, Molliconi and Cole (60) state that guns are weapons that can be used to mitigate crime or violence but can be used to perpetuate violence and crime. It is true that guns do not do the real shooting: people do the shooting. It is the person who possesses the gun and the intent to do harm that we should be worried about. The pride of a person with a gun can actually make him or her to impose his or her will upon other people. This aspect is what puts the legalization of guns in jeopardy because when guns are in the wrong hands, crime and violence sets in. On...
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...work together. Anytime a person commits a crime, punishment and rehabilitation are needed to address the problem swiftly and effectually. (Punishment vs. Rehabilitation: A Proposal for Revising Sentencing Practices, 1991). When the offender moves from prison to a step-down unit as they get closer to his or her release, they tend to have other issues other than drug and alcohol rehabilitation, and this is what causes recidivism. Research has shown that many prisoners in super maximum units experience extremely high levels of anxiety and other negative emotion. When released, often without any "decompression" period in lower security facilities, they have few of the social or occupational skills necessary to succeed in the outside world (Rehabilitate or Punish, 2003). Craig Haney, Ph.D. states, "This is what prison systems do under the emergency circumstance, they move to punitive social control mechanisms. But it's a very short-term solution, and one that may do more long-term damage both to the system and to the individuals than it solves (Rehabilitate or Punish, 2003)." Throughout this paper, I will be a discussing the strengths of punishment, and how it deters the offenders from repeating the crimes. I will also discuss the advantages of rehabilitation over punishment and how it affects the community, victim, and his or her family, effects on the offender, and finally the fiscal effect on the society. Deterrence in Crime and Its Effectiveness Developing an increase...
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...Despite changes in the law, sentencing people with crack and powder cocaine crimes are still being treated unfairly. Treating the two types of the same drug differently is not only a fairness issue but a monetary one. The disparity is unfair to black drug users who are more likely to be charged with crack cocaine offenses and end up with longer prison terms than cocaine users of other races. It leads to long sentences for lowlevel nonviolent drug offenders. It cost the state millions of dollars in prison expenses that could be saved if the disparities were removed. Lawmakers should re-examine the sentencing differential between crack and powder cocaine. The federal government had a 100:1 ratio in sentencing people for possession of the two...
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... criminological theory, predictive analysis, and tactical operations that ultimately lead to results and outcomes -- crime reduction, management efficiency, and safer communities. It is also a tool to increase odds of stopping crime, a technology for any jurisdiction of any size, a training tool to bring newer police up to speed more quickly, information available immediately where and when it is needed. There are advantages and disadvantages to the predictive policing system. Some advantages are: safer cities, less street patrolling to prevent crimes, actually preventing crimes before they occur and have a negative effect on the potential victim in any way. There are some disadvantages to predictive policing: Predictive policing will only target neighborhoods and areas that have high crimes rates. It may cause neighborhoods where crime doesn’t usually occur to go unnoticed or have higher response time. The predictive policing is a great technical system to utilize to maintain safer cities, reduced crime, and productive police force. The police department will have to seek IT administrators to maintain the database for high crime locations. Most repeated crimes occur in the same areas or locations. This will require reduced workforce due to the lack of readily available police to prevent crime. The high crime locations and environments of where the crimes occur will change. The police must document the information gathered to then see patterns developing in the same or different...
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...Reducing Crime Despite the enormous volume of criminological writing and debate which has taken place throughout the nineteenth and twentieth century, the resulting theories which have emerged have tended to each focus too heavily on one particular aspect of crime and its control and as such, have proved to be incomplete approaches to our understanding of crime and its reduction; the focus of these being on the victim or on the offender, on the social reaction to crime or on the criminal behaviour itself [Young, 1995, p 102], but never sufficiently all inclusive. As a result, the criminal justice system, in reliance on this partial criminology, has introduced penal measures which have proved completely ineffective in reducing crime. I shall demonstrate my argument with a discussion of post World War II criminology and penology, and provide practical examples of how partial criminology has lead to a failure in crime reduction [by 'partial criminology', I refer to criminological theories which have focussed and relied too heavily on one particular aspect of crime and have as a result, failed to help its reduction]. I shall then conclude this essay by discussing some of the more recent criminological approaches which have emerged in the latter decades of the twentieth century, and discuss how these writings and debate might have paved the way for a brighter future in terms of effective crime control. From the latter part of the 1950's to the early 70's, the study of deviance...
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...Property Crimes Case Study # 49 Applied Managerial Statistics: GM533 Virginia Davis, Lauren Holder, Stanley Philip and Andrea Watson Executive Summary The Property Crimes study examined data provided by various U.S. government agencies on crime rates in the fifty U.S. states. Other data studied were eight possible contributing factors such as per capita income, high school dropout rate, average precipitation, population density, and urbanization. Analysis revealed, of the eight possible contributing factors, three of those variables (urbanization rate, high school dropout rate and population density) affected property crime rates. Of the given data, the model accounted for approximately 66% of the contributing factors associated with property crimes. Statistically, the data is generally considered to be strong, however, to account for the remaining 34% of factors contributing to property crime rates in the U.S., further data and evaluation of other possible factors would be necessary. Introduction Property crime, as defined by the U.S. Department of Justice (2011), is the taking of money or property without force or threat to victims and is inclusive of the following offenses: burglary; automotive theft, larceny and arson. An exception to the rule is arson, although it does not involve the taking of property, it does use force against victims. Additionally, crime is defined as an act of violence that is carried out by one or more individuals and can be toward another...
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...poverty. But how about those who were here from the very beginning, before anyone else landed in Canada; the ones that are called First Nation people, or Aboriginals? What is the government doing for them? Why are First Nations people suffering the worst in Canada? The first nations have been oppressed by the Canadian society and continue to live under racism resulting in gender/ class oppression. “55.6% of the poor are aboriginals and a lot of them live in reserves around Canada that Canadian government have put them in. Even Though we have signed a treaty to show constitutional and moral basis...
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...a terrifying glimpse at what he believed to be a fictional future. 1984 is about a time where the main character Winston battles against Oceania’s ideologies such as newspeak, doublethink, thought crime and most importantly Big Brother. I think that technology and doublethink were the main reasons that benefited the Inner Party’s ability to maintain power because it allowed them to control their citizens both mentally and physically. Oceania’s government is shaped in a way that people’s thoughts are manipulated and actions are limited. One way the Party members maintain control is through the concept of doublethink. According to the books definition, doublethink is the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one’s mind simultaneously and accepting both of them. Winston described it as “to know and not to know, to be conscious of complete truthfulness while telling carefully constructed lies.” (P. 31) Doublethink has many different ways of basically operating the minds living in Oceania. An example of doublethink that I believe helps Winston realize that the government is controlling their society is when the telescreens broadcast a message containing bad news concerning the chocolate rations. The Ministry of Plenty had made a promise a while back to never reduce chocolate rations, but because of doublethink, even though it was reduced it made everyone feel like it was a blessing. According to this quote, “The Chocolate rations are to be reduced from thirty grams to twenty...
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...people of other countries can only dream. Yet in our society there are serious social issues that for reasons unknown are not being addressed. One of the most important issues that typical politicians are afraid to address is that of what to do with the nation’s illegal drug problems. Although we hear terms like The War on Drugs and Drug Treatment, a fresh approach to this issue is overdue. The country should take a new look at drug legalization as a solution to a problem that has been long out of control. Addiction and drug abuse are such buzzwords these days that a clear clarification is needed of what is meant by these terms. Addiction has crossed the line from being defined as a physical dependency on drugs to include such classifications as religious addiction, shopping addiction, food addiction, work addiction, television addiction, and love addiction. Although a person may feel that he or she can’t live without their particular addiction, there is no scientific proof or medical test for an addict. To keep things in the broadest perspective, addiction will be defined here as the continual repetition of a normally non-problematic behavior to self-destructive access. This 3 definition leaves room for a broad range of behaviors without physical cause that will allow for a search of the real problem behind the behavior and not the excuse of saying that it is the result of a disease. Since addiction is believed to be a social problem then an attempt at cutting off the source of addiction...
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...Juvenile Crime Jacqueline Allen CJS200 June 9, 2013 Charles Musselwhite Abstract Juvenile crime is a crime committed by minors (juveniles) younger than the statutory adult age. In most of the legal systems there are specific procedures followed when dealing with minor offenders, such as juvenile detention centers, boot camps, etc. This paper will attempt to create a better understanding of the offenses, the causes, and the procedures to deal with the criminal behavior of juveniles. In addition this paper will project ideas to reduce the criminal behavior of these minor’s through intervention and preventative measures. Juvenile Crime Each state has its own trenchant juvenile justice system with its own practices and laws. There are however broad underlying opinion that separates the juvenile justice system from the criminal justice system. The fundamental rationalization of the juvenile court system is that youth are developmentally different from adults and that they are susceptible of being lead or directed. Because of this pliant behavior the justice system feels that rehabilitation and treatment, with the addition of community protection are very feasible goals. In the adult court the defendant is provided greater Constitutional rights than are available in the juvenile court. An example of this is the criminal defendant has a right to a trial by a judge or a jury of their peers. A minor does not have that right; their fate is decided by a juvenile court...
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