...economic crisis, as the prices of everything produced from oil (fertilizer, food, and fuel) rise beyond what some people can afford to pay. Energy and economic problems come at a time of unprecedented environmental concerns, from the local to global level. At the beginning of the modern era—in A.D. 1—the number of people in the world was probably about 100 million, one-third of the present population of the United States. In 1960 the world contained 3 billion people. Our population has more than doubled in the last 40 years, to 6.8 billion people today. In the United States, population increase is often apparent when we travel. Urban traffic snarls, long lines to enter national parks, and difficulty getting tickets to popular attractions are all symptoms of a growing population. If recent human population growth rates continue, our numbers could reach 9.4 billion by 2050. The problem is that the Earth has not grown any larger, and the abundance of its resources has not increased—in many cases, quite the opposite. How, then, can Earth sustain all these people? And what is the maximum number of people that could live on Earth, not just for a short time but sustained over a long period? Estimates of how many people the planet can support range from 2.5 billion to 40 billion (a population not possible with today's technology). Why do the estimates vary so widely? Because the answer depends on what quality of life people are willing to accept. Beyond a threshold world population of...
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...ABSTRACT Adequate supply of affordable energy is a pre-requisite for sustained growth, especially in the developing and emerging economies. Natural gas has emerged as most benign fuel in this regard. Natural Gas is a new age fuel. With only one carbon and four hydrogen atoms per molecule, Natural Gas has the lowest carbon to hydrogen ratio, hence it burns completely, making it the cleanest of fossil fuels. Natural Gas satisfies most of the requirements for fuel in a modern day industrial society, being efficient, non-polluting and relatively economical. The periodic uncertainties and volatility in both the price and supply of oil, have also helped Natural Gas emerge as a major fuel in the energy basket across countries. Sector Natural Gas is used Generation of electricity by utilities Fertilizer Industry Industrial As fuel for base load power plants In combined cycle/cogeneration power plants As feed stock in the production of ammonia and urea As an under boiler fuel for raising steam As fuel in furnaces and heating applications For heating of spaces and water For cooking As a non-polluting fuel As the raw material from which a variety of chemical products e.g. methanol, are derived Domestic and commercial Automotive Petrochemicals India’s natural gas scenario is undergoing rapid changes and gas is poised to occupy a significant share in the energy mix. In this project, we will try to examine the various segments of natural gas users, their...
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...Culture HUM432 The Effects of the Automobile Industry on Japanese Culture The Japanese Culture The Japanese culture is one of the oldest cultures in the world. Its current state is the culmination of 30,000 to 50,000 years of history (Varley, P. 1973). It has been influenced by the introduction of aspects of many cultures from the Asian and Western worlds. It has resulted in the development and adoption of technologies which have in turn impacted the culture itself. The automobile industry is one of the largest technological industries that have developed in Japan. The growth of the automobile industry in Japan has had both positive and negative effects on the Japanese culture. The Japanese culture in 1950 prior to the accelerated growth of the automobile industry was complex and comprised of practices and institutions which developed based upon both ancient beliefs and contemporary influences. Ancient beliefs were a result of spiritual ideas, and internal political and economic structures that developed over time on this island nation, for the most part isolated from the western world until the 1800s. Western political and economic influences had an effect the culture thereafter. Spiritual beliefs in Japan are primarily an outcome of the influence of Shintoism, Confucianism and Buddhism, with some impact made by Christian missionaries who arrived on the island in 1600s. Shintoism, the earliest religious belief system of the indigenous people of Japan, is the belief that...
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...The Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution meets a series of social, economic and political changes that began to appear in England in the mid eighteenth hundreds. Subsequently, these changes spread to other countries and regions in the world such as France, Belgium, the Netherlands, northern Germany, the United States and Japan, finally change the world. When considering the Industrial Revolution, it is important to keep in mind the negative consequences as well as the global changes that took place. Back in the 18th century when the revolution began the majority of people lived in the countryside; new changes came from the growth of cities alongside the growth of the industries. We have to realize that with the Industrial Revolution...
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... This paper will look into the possibility of using algae for energy security in Indonesia. The prospects of algae being advantageous for the economy to undertake will be discussed. This paper will also focus on the development of such energy facilities in Indonesia. Background The consumption for electricity has been increasing in Indonesia (CIA World Factbook, 2013). This was due to the positive growth the economy has been experiencing in recent years (Trading Economics, 2013). In addition, the population is expected to increase from its current 239.9 million to 278.5 million by 2030 (The World Bank Group, 2011). This will lead to a surge in the demand for energy and electricity in the future. In light of today’s depleting fossil sources, there is a need to search for energy alternatives, for energy security. The government has actually implemented policies involving other forms of energy, such as solar, wind and biodiesel. As of 2012, renewable energy accounted for 11.5% of total energy production (Global Energy Statistical Yearbook, 2013). Algae, a 3rd generation biofuel, have not been brought forward by the government due to the lack of research and development capabilities in the country (Winston, 2013). Despite this, there is good reason to believe that algae are ideal for energy production in the future. It yields 7 to 31 times more oil than palm tree (Shay, 1993) and can be cultivated anywhere (Demirbas, 2010). Recently, developing countries like...
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...Tony Tyler Director General & CEO International Air Transport Association Annual Report 2012 68th Annual General Meeting Beijing, June 2012 Contents IATA Membership Board of Governors Director General’s message The state of the industry Safety Feature: What is the benefit of global connectivity? 2 4 6 10 18 22 26 30 36 42 48 52 Feature: How safe can we be? Security Feature: Do I need to take my shoes off? Taxation & regulatory policy Environment Feature: What is right for the passenger? Feature: Can aviation biofuels work? Simplifying the Business Feature: What’s on offer? Cost efficiency Feature: Why does economic regulation matter? Industry settlement systems Aviation solutions Note: Unless specified otherwise, all dollar ($) figures refer to US dollars (US$). This review uses only 100% recycled paper (Cyclus Print) and vegetable inks. # IATA Membership as of 1 May 2012 ABSA Cargo Airline Adria Airways Aegean Airlines Aer Lingus Aero República Aeroflot Aerolineas Argentinas Aeromexico Aerosvit Airlines Afriqiyah Airways Aigle Azur Air Algérie Air Astana Air Austral Air Baltic Air Berlin Air Canada Air China Air Corsica Air Europa Air France Air India Air Koryo Air Macau Air Madagascar Air Malawi Air Malta Air Mauritius Air Moldova Air Namibia Air New Zealand Air Nigeria Air Niugini Air Nostrum Air One Air Pacific Air Seychelles Air Tahiti Air Tahiti Nui Air Transat Air Vanuatu Air Zimbabwe Aircalin Airlink Alaska Airlines...
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...GREENER INDIA A report on promoting cycling in the country PEDALLING TOWARDS A Study supported by All India Cycle Manufacturers’ Association (AICMA) Pedalling Towards A A report on promoting cycling in the country GREENER INDIA All India Cycle Manufacturers’ Association (AICMA) Study supported by the The Energy and Resources Institute © The Energy and Resources Institute 2014 All rights reserved Published 2014 For more information Akshima T Ghate TERI Darbari Seth Block IHC Complex, Lodhi Road New Delhi – 110 003 India Tel. 24682100 or 24682111 E-mail akshima@teri.res.in Fax 2468 2144 or 24682145 Web www.teriin.org India +91•Delhi (0)11 Contents Project Team ...................................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................................................vii Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................... ix Preface ............................................................................................................................................................... xi Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................
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...ECONOMIC GROWTH Acknowledgements Editor: International Resource Panel Working Group on Decoupling Lead authors: Marina Fischer-Kowalski, Institute of Social Ecology Vienna, Alpen-Adria University, Austria, with the support of the Lebensministerium, Austria and Mark Swilling, Sustainability Institute, School of Public Leadership, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa Contributing authors: Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker (Chairperson of the Decoupling Working Group), Yong Ren, Yuichi Moriguchi, Wendy Crane, Fridolin Krausmann, Nina Eisenmenger, Stefan Giljum, Peter Hennicke, Rene Kemp, Paty Romero Lankao, Anna Bella Siriban Manalang, Sebastian Sewerin Jeff McNeely provided editorial support for the full report and summary brochure. The report went through several rounds of peer-review coordinated in an efficient and constructive way by Jeff McNeely together with the International Resource Panel Secretariat. Valuable comments were received from several anonymous reviewers in this process. The preparation of this report also benefited from discussions with many colleagues at various meetings. Special thanks go to Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker and Ashok Khosla as Co-Chairs of the International Resource Panel, the members of the International Resource Panel and its Steering Committee for their dedication and commitment. Janet Salem, UNEP, provided valuable input and comments; the International Resource Panel’s Secretariat coordinated the preparation of this report. Jaap...
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...decreasing efficiency of national juridical and fiscal regulation; the waning of the very idea of sovereignty; the growing constraints within which politicians can act; the emergence of a small class of the immensely rich alongside the billions of poor; the rise of new financial actors—pension funds, hedge funds, and sovereign wealth funds—capable of destabilizing or seizing control of entire realms of the economy; and the emergence of China and India as new global economic actors, as their companies storm the industrial bastions of the United States and Europe. Should one be for or against globalization? Can we turn our backs on globalization, and return to national or regional systems of production and exchange that are autonomous, even autarkic? Is the large cosmopolitan corporation the new leviathan—a monster that must be slain—or a force for human progress? It is tempting to reduce the debate over the economy of the twenty-first century to a simple alternative: being for or against globalization. Yet in my view, this would be a mistake. The growing interdependence of human society and our planet is irreversible, as is the 1 interdependence between humanity and the biosphere. The question of how...
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...Technologies for Alternative Energy Climate Change Working Paper No. 7 Ainsley Jolley Climate Change Project Working Paper Series March 2006 Centre for Strategic Economic Studies Victoria University PO Box 14428 Melbourne VIC 8001 AUSTRALIA Telephone +613 9919 1340 Fax +613 9919 1350 Email: csesinfo@vu.edu.au Website: http://www.cfses.com Technologies for Alternative Energy 1. Introduction In Papers 5 and 6 technologies for the main sources of energy consumption were discussed. In Papers 7 and 8 the attention is focussed on technologies that impact on emissions from energy production. Table 1 provides data on the main sources of GHG emissions in the advanced economies for the year 2000. Table 1. Sources of GHG Emissions in the Advanced Economies, 2000 Source of emissions Electricity and heat production Petroleum refining Other energy production (coal and gas transformation) Fugitive emissions (coal, oil and gas) Total energy production All sources of emissions Note: (a) energy production as % of all sources of emissions. Source: CSES (2004). Tg CO2 -e 3831.2 420.7 324.6 441.5 5018.1 13175.3 % of total 76.3 8.4 6.5 8.8 38.1 (a) Papers 7 and 8 focus on emissions from the production of electricity and heat, which represent 76.3% of all emissions related to energy production. The other sources of emissions are not discussed in detail in this report. Coverage of the issues relating to these sources of emissions is given in CSES (2004). Incremental technological...
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...in 1907 as a private messenger and delivery service in Seattle, Washington. Today, UPS is the world’s largest package delivery company, a leader in the U.S. less-than-truckload industry and the premier provider of global supply chain management solutions. It deliver packages each business day for 1.6 million shipping customers to 8.2 million receivers ("consignees") in over 220 countries and territories. In 2014, it delivered an average of 18.0 million pieces per day worldwide, or a total of 4.6 billion packages. Total revenue in 2014 was $58.2 billion. It are a global leader in logistics, and it create value for its customers through solutions that lower costs, improve service and provide highly customizable supply chain control and visibility. Customers are attracted to its broad set of services that are delivered as promised through its integrated ground, air and ocean global network. Its services and integrated network allow shippers to simplify their supply chains by using fewer carriers, and to adapt their transportation requirements and expenditures as their businesses evolve. Across its service portfolio, it also provide control and visibility of customers’ inventories and supply chains via its UPS technology platform. The information flow from UPS technology drives improvements for its customers, as well as for UPS, in reliability, flexibility, productivity and efficiency. Particularly over the last decade, UPS has significantly expanded the scope of its capabilities...
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...Zhouzhuang Wyndham Hotel Sustainability Project ACT650 Professor Jia Wu Group # 9 Yidi Zhang Hui Zhang Sanaz Zarghami Khosravi INTRODUCTION Zhouzhuang Wyndham Grand Plaza is a Chinese five-star luxury hotel, located in Zhouzhuang, a famous tourist resort. Its total area is 34,022 m2. According to a Chinese star hotel report, the average annual electricity consumption of a Chinese star hotel ranges from 100kwh/m2 to 200kwh/m2, ten times as the consumption of a common household. Compared to the population mean, our target hotel consumed about 130.34kwh/m2, which is a comparatively large consumption. The reason why we disregard other resources consumption, like water consumption, is that this hotel has installed facilities as their infrastructures for water use efficiency. The reason why the ballroom (which is mainly for accepting customers, holding banquets and arranging meeting and other versatile functions) is our target objective is that the ballroom has a high utilization rate compared with such like bedrooms and entertainment areas etc. Another reason is that the ballroom takes up the largest space among the single area in the hotel and the solar panels are going to be installed on the roof of the ballroom. As the electricity consumption varies from season to season in that during summers and winters, the peaks of consumption will occur, especially in the summer because the AC systems, including all refrigerating facilities, keep working for 24 hours. Meanwhile...
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...Opportunities for Women in Renewable Energy Technology Use in Bangladesh (Phase I) April 2004 Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP) and Bank Netherlands Water Partnership Program (BNWPP) Contents Preface........................................................................................................................vii Abbreviations and Acronyms....................................................................................xi Executive Summary.................................................................................................xiii Background and Context .................................................................................xiii Objectives ....................................................................................................... xiv Coastal Electrification and Women’s Development Microenterprise (CEWDM) ............................................................................................. xv Development of Training Modules ................................................................... xv Operational Performance................................................................................ xvi Social Outcomes............................................................................................. xvi Electrification Options as a Function of Household Income .......................... xvi Costs of Rural Lighting and Electrification.................................................
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...the textbook. * Review recent information on climate change at this website http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/stateofknowledge.html Introduction The current state of the biosphere shows unsettling trends. There is a need to meet these challenges, pursue more knowledge, and work as individuals and as a society toward long-term sustainability. Recent research has sent a message that global warming may not be a hypothetical threat, but a current issue warranting immediate action (Krogh, 2009). Global Warming There is a steady rise in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It is estimated that the average carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere has increased approximately 17% in the past 45 years (Campbell, Reece, & Simon, 2007). It is estimated that 20% of the excess carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere can be attributed to the burning of trees after deforestation. The burning of fossil fuel accounts for another 70-80% of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere. Global temperatures are concurrently on the rise. Carbon dioxide lets radiation through the atmosphere, but retains some of the heat it generates (greenhouse effect). When carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, this greenhouse effect is enhanced, and too much heat from the sun is retained in the atmosphere. Some scientists, therefore, believe that elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are responsible for global warming. Increased temperatures, in turn, may have deleterious effects...
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...GLOBAL WARMING: Energy, Fall 2005 v30 i4 p36(2) It could get a lot warmer. (GLOBAL WARMING) Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2005 Business Communications Company, Inc. If humans continue to use fossil fuels in a business as usual manner for the next few centuries, the polar ice caps will be depleted, ocean sea levels will rise by seven meters and median air temperatures will soar to 14.5 degrees warmer than current day. These are the stunning results of climate and carbon cycle model simulations conducted by scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. By using a coupled climate and carbon cycle model to look at global climate and carbon cycle changes, the scientists found that the earth would warm by 8 degrees Celsius (14.5 degrees Fahrenheit) if humans use the entire planet's available fossil fuels by the year 2300. The jump in temperature would have alarming consequences for the polar ice caps and the ocean, said lead author Govindasamy Bala of the Laboratory's Energy and Environment Directorate. In the polar regions alone, the temperature would spike more than 20 degrees Celsius, forcing the land in the region to change from ice and tundra to boreal forests. "The temperature estimate is actually conservative because the model didn't take into consideration changing land use such as deforestation and build-out of cities into outlying wilderness areas," Bala said. Today's level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is 380 parts per million (ppm). By the year 2300, the model...
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