...Doctors have long suspected that childhood sexual abuse is a common theme in the back ground of women with bulimia nervosa. This hypothesis has come under much scrutiny and as a result, has been tested and re-tested time and again. Studies have had findings stating everything from, there is no evidentiary support for this hypothesis, to there is a non-specific correlation and yet other studies claim that childhood sexual abuse is a direct risk factor for bulimia nervosa. More recent articles seem to point toward some type of relationship between bulimia nervosa and childhood sexual abuse. The process of finding this information takes some digging. Many search engines (including Medscape, Proquest, and Google’s scholarly article search) were used. Much of the research in this area seems to have been done approximately ten years ago and therefore was not current enough to be used. These older studies also have a common theme in that they tended to lean toward the opinion that bulimia nervosa and childhood sexual abuse are not directly related. The more current articles on this subject agree more with the school of though that bulimia nervosa is closely related to childhood sexual abuse. According to Pearlstein (2002) “Many older studies involved clinical rather than community samples” (p. 5) which may shed some light on why their results showed little to no correlation with bulimia nervosa and childhood sexual abuse. If there is a relationship between childhood sexual abuse...
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...Cheryl L. Mclean WAOL Intro to Psychology Eating Disorders Chapters 12 and 13 February 18—24 Eating Disorders Have you ever known anyone personally who has had an eating disorder? Is this a disorder that only affects teenagers? I’m a soon to be 47 year old who can say in my life time at least one in every 10 of my friends have suffered from some sort of eating disorder. I can also say that a few of my friends who have had an eating disorder did not grow out of it by their adult years. It is sad to say but I have even witnessed how one of my girlfriends behavior even affected her 8 year old daughter. One morning when the child woke up, she complained about be very bloated and fat. This child did not have an ounce of fat on her. I remember at that time worrying that if this child is concerned about her weight at age eight how will she view her self image in her teenage years and will she result to the extreme measures that her mother has taken to remain slim. There are several types of eating disorders but the two most dangerous ones are Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa. Anorexia People with anorexia have an extreme fear of weight gain and a distorted view of their body size and shape. As a result, they can't maintain a normal body weight. Some people with anorexia restrict their food intake by dieting, fasting, or excessive exercise. They hardly eat at all — and the small amount of food they do eat becomes an obsession (TeensHealth...
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...abnormal behaviour, for example a lack of serotonin causes depression. This approach is better at explaining endogenous depression. Family, twin and adoption studies are used to research into depression. Supporting evidence for the biological approach is that depression is universal, as they are increasing and found cross culturally. Weismann (1987) stated that family evidence suggests that a person is 10 times more likely to suffer from depression, if a parent or sibling has a similar disorder. This could be because living with a person who is depressed could be depressing. However, according to a behavioural explanation this behaviour could have being modelled as the female could identify with the eating disorder and use them as a role model. Also family studies are conducted using retrospective data (looking back) and rely on correct and accurate diagnosis and records which aren’t always reliable. This could be because older generations may not have being diagnosed with an eating disorder because there was a stigma attached and didn’t seek the help they needed. Mc Guffin et al (1996) conducted an experiment based on nearly 200 pairs of twins found that when an identical twin had depression. There was a 46% chance that...
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...Eating Disorders BEH/225 Stephanie Copp July 9, 2014 Julie Bruno Most people think that hunger is all in one’s stomach; however, research shows that this is not the case. Hunger is controlled by a complicated system of chemicals that transmit signals between one’s brain and the body. “The cells in the hypothalamus communicate with cells in other parts of the brain to coordinate the release and uptake of chemicals that help regulate how much and what you eat” (Kirby, Jane RD., 2014). Motivation seems to be the role of the primary drive for hunger, and motives is a category that has been identified as biological or primary; hunger and the managing of food intake. The hypothalamus is a small; however important, part of the brain. It controls motivation and emotion, such as hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, sleep, and body temperature. In the 1940s the Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation was widely used in explaining motivation, which states that the force behind motivation was the reduction of drives; hunger being an example of a drive. However this theory is not used much in today’s world. External and internal motivations both play a part in one’s eating habits, and they can affect one positively or negatively; internal motivations being one’s emotions and external motivations being our environment and culture. Negative effects such as over eating, not eating enough, or just poor eating habits can lead to eating disorders. Even though there is no one single...
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...Eating Disorders Latonya Lewis BEH/225 Pamela Applewhite June 26, 2015 Most people think that hunger is all in one’s stomach; however, research shows that this is not the case. Hunger is controlled by a complicated system of chemicals that transmit signals between one’s brain and the body. “The cells in the hypothalamus communicate with cells in other parts of the brain to coordinate the release and uptake of chemicals that help regulate how much and what you eat” (Kirby, Jane RD., 2014). Motivation seems to be the role of the primary drive for hunger, and motives is a category that has been identified as biological or primary; hunger and the managing of food intake. The hypothalamus is a small; however important, part of the brain. It controls motivation and emotion, such as hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, sleep, and body temperature. In the 1940s the Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation was widely used in explaining motivation, which states that the force behind motivation was the reduction of drives; hunger being an example of a drive. However this theory is not used much in today’s world. External and internal motivations both play a part in one’s eating habits, and they can affect one positively or negatively; internal motivations being one’s emotions and external motivations being our environment and culture. Negative effects such as over eating, not eating enough, or just poor eating habits can lead to eating disorders. Even though there is no one single cause...
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...Eating Disorders Being thin is a very serious reality most young girls are having to face in today’s society. Dancer. Gymnast come close to the brink of death be be socially accepted in there career. It is unhealthy but a very dark secret kept in the dark until the recently. Being thin is severely influenced through modeling, media, dance, and peers. Many factors are involved as to the “why?” aspect of these disorders. Some factors may include, parent divorce, peers, career, media, or even boyfriends. Sadly, Erin of just fourteen suffers from Anorexic Nervosa. A disorder in which the mind tells your stomach to not accept food; the young person with this has a fifty fifty chance of living or death. When asked what she saw in the mirror she responded,” I see someone who is FAT, UGLY, A DISSAPPOINTMENT, FAILURE.” Erin's condition was influenced due to her mother leaving to take a job somewhere far. She sought out peer acceptance and for Erin, it was being thin. It wasn’t until Erin was hospitalized and close to death of malnutrition that the reality of death, hit her. She sought out help, thankfully. Women are usually unhappy with their bodies due to the fact that they do not feel pretty because of weight. Women are strongly influenced by media and modeling that forms a harsh opinion about one’s self. “Twiggy”, a British mini model, weight only 91 pounds standing only five feet six inches. However, in some early cases starvation was not motivated by appearance but spirituality...
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...have shown that American children receive an estimated 5,260 messages of attractiveness through the media, by adolescence. The United States also has the world’s highest rates of obesity and eating disorders. This statistic crosses a melting pot of backgrounds and cultures which eliminates any genetic reason; instead societal messages from the media should be addressed. (Ross, n.d.) Advertising Photoshopped Women Social problem Eating disorders in the United States has been a social problem for many years, with up to 24 million people of all ages and genders affected. 50 percent of these people also fit the criteria for depression and only 35 percent of these receive treatment. Considered a norm violation type of social problem, many eating disorders are directly and indirectly caused by the media advertising digitally altered body images in their campaigns. ("Eating disorders statistics", n.d.) Thus, the problem can now be considered a system-blame problem, which, blaming the system is only part of the truth behind eating disorders, and proves to absolve the person of responsibility for the disorder. (Long, 2012) Manipulation of images used in advertising through the use of Photoshop or some other digital tool can contribute to unrealistic body image expectations, eating disorders, and other emotional problems. (Diller, n.d.)...
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...a glance at all the horrifying aspects of Anorexia Nervosa and how it affects the mind and body. I. Introduction: A. Attention Getter: In this world there are 10 to 30 million Americans who are challenged everyday with an eating disorder (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, P 288) B. Thesis Statement: Just a glance at all the horrifying aspects of Anorexia Nervosa and how it affects the mind and body. C. Credibility Statement: Ever since I was thirteen years old, I have had this image engraved into my mind. The perfect body type. Something I didn’t ever really have. But once of my friends took the “perfect image” to the next level, that’s when I decided to educate myself on Anorexia Nervosa. D. Importance of Topic: Unfortunately, we live in a world where if you are built “big boned” you’re ugly, if you are too skinny, you’re ugly, if you have a certain hair color, you’re ugly, and if you have acne, you’re ugly. But if you’re blonde, you’re beautiful, if you are tan, you’re beautiful, and if you are from California, you’re beautiful. In this world there is no winning unless you are Jennifer Lopez, Halle Berry, or Scarlett Johansson. E. Preview: The main points that I’ll be covering will give a better understanding on what leads people to become anorexic, how it effects the mind and body, and other simple signs that occur when someone is dealing with being anorexic. Transition: Anorexia is the disease within you. II. Body A. A lot of people...
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...20, 2012 Elizabeth Jorgensen Site Visit Report The Eating and Weight Disorder Center of Seattle (EWDC) is one out of a group of treatment centers in Seattle called Evidence-Based Treatment Centers (EBTC). EWDC offers treatment for different eating and weight disorders. The program does not single out one type of population, as they serve a variety of populations. The disorders that EWDC help their clients with do not stand-alone as they usually lead to medical complications and mental health issues. These concerns were instrumental in determining the opening of the EWDC. It is important that individuals seek help, as it is the first step to recovery. Staff The staff at EWDC includes five licensed psychologists. Angela Doyle and Peter Doyle are both co-directors and licensed psychologists. Co-authoring many articles and book chapters, Dr. Angela Doyle also presents her work at national and international conferences. Dr. Peter Doyle authored and pre-authored numerous articles and book chapters in peer-reviewed journals and delivers invited speaks of eating disorders at notional and international conferences. Angela Davis earned a Ph.D. in clinical psychology worked at Harborview Medical Center on a study evaluating cognitive behavior therapy for over-weight and obese adults with binge eating disorders. She has also received extensive training in the latest version of cognitive-behavior therapy for eating disorder. Dr. Davis has authored and co-authored book chapters and...
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...Describe the application of behaviorist perspectives in health and social care. (P1) Operant conditioning is a type of behavior modification which can be used to either decrease or increase the likelihoods of a certain aspect of a behavior will occur. The process relies on the idea that organisms (a person) respond to stimuli, and that if they can be taught to associate a specific stimulus with a particular behavior, they will be more likely to engage in or avoid the behavior, depending on the type of stimulus involved. This approach first came to notice B.F Skinner (s famous psychologist) were of his work was carried out in the 20th centaury. His work was mainly with the use of rats and pigeons to us e them to discover new ways of leering style and behaviors. Skinner was create1a very famous box which is still used today some science experiment call the Skinner box. This bow was designed with a lever which when pressed by a rate inside it would produce a food pellet to the rat when pressed accidentally. After a while the rate will begin to realize that when it presses the lever a food pellet will be released so there for will repeated this action for to receive food. The pellet of food in this situation is a product of reinforcing as the rat will like more of the food an can get it when he wants by pressing the lever which in turn increases the possibility of this behavior being repeated. There are two different types of stimuli which can be used in operant conditioning...
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...Every second of every day, while you are out thinking about what to wear the next day others are wondering if it is there last or if there even is a tomorrow for them .Remember the cartoon show ”Winnie the pooh” each and every one of those characters had a brain disorder. Pooh suffered of an eating disorder that why he was obsessed with honey all the time, Piglet was diagnosed with anxiety that’s why he was scared all the time .Eeryore was cursed with depression, Tiger had a disorder called ADHD (hyper-active disorder).Christopher Robin was Schizophrenic .Brain disorders is like a bad computer virus it never goes away and if it does its all for awhile. A brain disorder can either be genetic or non-genetic, a genetic brain disorder is caused by a variation or mutation in a gene .A variation is a different form of gene. A mutation id a change in a gene. Genetics brain disorders affect the development and function of the brain. Some genetic brain disorders are due to random gene mutations or mutations caused by environmental exposure ,such as cigarette smoke .Other disorders are inherited ,which means that a mutation gene is passed or a group of genes is passed down through a family. They can also be due to a combination of both genetic changes and other outside factors. Many people with genetic brain disorders fail to produce enough of certain proteins that influence brain development and function .These brain disorders can cause serious problems that affect the nervous system....
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...“deviation from social norms” and under this definition a person’s thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it violates the unwritten rules about what is expected or acceptable behaviour in a particular social group. Behaviour may be incomprehensible to others or make others feel threatened or uncomfortable. For example, someone would be classified as being abnormal if they laughed at a funeral, as this is socially unacceptable. A weakness of this definition is that it lacks cultural relativity as social behaviour varies when different cultures are compared. For e.g. it’s common in south Europe to stand much closer to strangers than in the UK. As well as this voice pitch and volume, touching, directions of gaze and acceptable subjects for discussion have all been found to vary between cultures. This means what is considered deviant or abnormal varies considerably across cultures, thus weakening this definition. Another limitation of deviation from social norms is that it lacks time validity. This is because social norms change over time; behaviour that was once seen as abnormal may be acceptable and vice versa. For example, drink driving was once considered acceptable but is now seen as socially unacceptable whereas homosexuality has changed the other way. Until 1980 homosexuality was considered a psychological disorder but is considered acceptable today. This is a weakness because it means abnormality cannot be judged across eras. Another definition is failure to function...
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...“deviation from social norms” and under this definition a person’s thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it violates the unwritten rules about what is expected or acceptable behaviour in a particular social group. Behaviour may be incomprehensible to others or make others feel threatened or uncomfortable. For example, someone would be classified as being abnormal if they laughed at a funeral, as this is socially unacceptable. A weakness of this definition is that it lacks cultural relativity as social behaviour varies when different cultures are compared. For e.g. it’s common in south Europe to stand much closer to strangers than in the UK. As well as this voice pitch and volume, touching, directions of gaze and acceptable subjects for discussion have all been found to vary between cultures. This means what is considered deviant or abnormal varies considerably across cultures, thus weakening this definition. Another limitation of deviation from social norms is that it lacks time validity. This is because social norms change over time; behaviour that was once seen as abnormal may be acceptable and vice versa. For example, drink driving was once considered acceptable but is now seen as socially unacceptable whereas homosexuality has changed the other way. Until 1980 homosexuality was considered a psychological disorder but is considered acceptable today. This is a weakness because it means abnormality cannot be judged across eras. Another definition is failure to function...
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...Behavior and Psychological Disorders PSY 103 Intro to Psychology January 2015 Michael Phillips - instructor FINAL WEEK PP PRESENTATION Behavior and Psychological Disorders Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder that typically starts during the teenage aged years, mainly affecting females more than males. It is a dangerous and potentially life threatening illness that affects the body and the mind. People affected by this disorder have an extreme terror of gaining weight and severely reduce the volume of food they eat becoming under-weight, and have a distorted view of their body image. Eating disorders are very complex and experts cannot explain the exact cause but they have learned it may be created by an assortment of genetics, family behaviors, social influences, and personality traits. Research has shown that there are some specific psychological factors and personality traits that may have influencing factors for some people to develop an eating disorder. Many of these individuals have low self-esteem, feeling helpless, tend to be perfectionists, and have an intense dissatisfaction in their appearance. If the disorder is left untreated, it can lead to starvation, serious health problems, and even death. Early intervention and treatment has shown to be effective in its recovery. General Behaviors People suffering from anorexia nervosa are typically very competitive and are determined to succeed. They compulsively measure their appearance and compare their...
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...Disorders Autism Autism it is a serious disorder that begins in infancy and is characterized by abnormal social development, impaired language and communication, and repetitive behavior. The diagnosis of autism is based on “observed behavior and educational and psychological testing (Autism Speaks).” When trying to determine whether a child is autistic or not there are a number of signs that parents and observers can watch for. Children that have poor eye contact, little interest in other people, and do not respond to their name are considered to be autistic. Other signs involve the child having trouble with their speech. This could mean no babbling or no speech at all by 16 months. If a child does not gesture or point at things as in showing you something their interested in or possibly want by a certain age then they may also be considered autistic. Autism begins in early brain development and obvious sign may occur between 2 and 3 years of age. Genetics seems to be the most responsible for autism. “Many genes on several chromosomes have been implicated; in some cases genes related to neural communication appear to have been copied to many times or left out during meiosis (Carol K. Singleman, Elizabeth A. Rider).” Meiosis is the process of a reproductive cell in the mother’s ovaries or in the father’s testes that contains 46 chromosomes splitting into two 46 chromosome cells. Once this division process is complete then those two chromosomes split again to form a total...
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