...make depending how much they believe those actions can help them in the workplace. Certain setbacks in the workplace can lead to people acting this way also. Unethical decisions are made when one apply a limited vision to the decision, resulting in unethical outcomes. Therefore, unethical decisions mostly from one’s choice. The perception of the ethical issue is what triggers an ethical decision that is why one who perceives an ethical problem to be more severe would tend to behave more ethically than one who does not. Although this doesn’t mean that individuals will ignore the organization’s ethical standards when they think the ethical issue is important, the individual is still more likely to make judgment based on personal values rather than work place standards. (Kreie, 2000, p67) In the study of Kreie, a survey was conducted to find out what results in one’s ethical decisions and the results shown that people rely heavily on their personal values towards what seems ethical and unethical to them. From the results of Kreie’s study, the argument that unethical decisions are made with individual’s choice is supported. The possible influence of one’s choice on...
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...Critiquing Philosophical Approaches to Ethical Decision Making With this assignment everyone is required to evaluate the philosophical approaches for each of the scenarios from Appendix B. Your required to evaluate whether or not the reasoning for the course of action which is listed that makes sense. When evaluating the approaches we are informed to take a course of action that is most ethical, the best reasons for the choice making and the reasons for believing this alternative is ethical. Consequentialism is the intent to maximize the usefulness of a decision. The relevance of this act is depended on its consequences. Now for this approach it’s necessary to have good ethical decisions and perception of it. Even this is important for the students to analyze a decision in and how harmful and beneficial it is. Many of the philosophers are debated on the consequences that should be counted. Deontology is a bit different just because it focuses on the obligation or the duty in motivating the decisions or the actions of the consequences. All of this depends on the respect, fairness, and the rights. This approach is up to the related issues of duty, moral standards, the principles and rights. The next is approach is the Virtue ethics and it focuses on the integrity of the individuals and the morals of the community. To identify the issues of the ethical actions but instead of agent centered. This professional community helps to identify the ethical issues and the guidelines; there...
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... Presumes only most basic knowledge about Ethics The Key Question: What Do You Need to Know To Assess Students’ Knowledge and Application of Ethical Theories? EB EP Copyright Gregory B. Sadler, 2011 What Do You Need to Know To Assess Students’ Knowledge and Application? You need basic understanding of each ethical theory You need to know what to look for in student responses You don’t need to be in agreement with any of these ethical theories You don’t need to know whether these theories are ultimately correct or not You don’t need to be concerned with other “big picture” issues, e.g. the origin of ethics EB EP Copyright Gregory B. Sadler, 2011 What We Are Going To Cover Five Ethical (families of) Theories Each articulates a particular perspective on good and bad, right and wrong Basic Principles / Key Terminology Important Variations in that family What to look for in student responses Knowledge of theory Application of theory EB EP Copyright Gregory B. Sadler, 2011 Five Theories Egoism the self and its needs Utilitarianism overall pleasure and pain for all concerned Deontology duty Care Ethics relationships, vulnerability, and empathy Virtue Ethics character EB EP Copyright Gregory B. Sadler, 2011 Three important points These are not the only Ethical Theories out there These are among those most frequently discussed in Business...
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...difference between what is morally right and what is not right. Ethical theory defines what is perceived to be right and what is wrong, while ethical practice suggest that one’s environment and cultural beliefs determine who one will react in any given situation. The question how do we as a society decide what is morally right or wrong in moral “free choice” (Mosser, 2010)? Morals are unique to each person, culture, religious belief and environment. Ethical practice is defined by the diversity within each society, where no to people are alike. Morals don’t define ethics, ethics define morality. Abortion an age old ethical debate between moral right choice and wrong choice, why? To evaluate abortion with ethics, we must first understand the argument from all perspectives. What is the debate reason abortion is so fiercely argued in past and present generations? Abortion is the term to define the choice to terminate a woman’s pregnancy. Unitarian view, which is the view that relativist challenge. Utilitarian view suggest that abortion is not wrong because its selfish and benefits the mother not the unborn fetus, this is what Unitarians refer to as :ethical egoism”(Mosser,2010). Relativist view is just a little less judgmental, suggesting that some situations may be determined morally correct while others simply remain wrong. In this paper neither the argument that neither the Unitarian view nor the Relativist view are completely correct. The suggestion that Ethical Egoism is the foundation...
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...Renarta Mentis University of Phoenix BSHS/332 Theresa Edwards Ethical Relativism October 13, 2014 Do you know about Ethical Relativism? Do you practice Ethical Relativism? Can Ethical Relativism hurt you or harm you? Ethical Relativism is the act of knowing what’s right from wrong. Every culture and society may have different views. Ethical relativism does not tell what’s right from wrong, it’s cultural diversity and describes its theory. According to the text, relativism can differ from person to person, culture to culture; society to society. One should respect one’s views as they may or may not be the same. All cultures do not agree with others, however as an individual you try to change the persons view. Do you do what is morally, and politically correct? As an individual that can establish wrong, or right, and make the right choices. Ethical relativism does not know what’s right from wrong. Everyone should be able to make choices according to one’s culture, or what society believes is right, however it is the actions of a person who has rights and the ability to make the right choices, and allow a person’s values? Is there an excuse or pass for doing something that is clearly wrong, however allowing one’s self to believe that it is morally and ethically correct, can be nearly impossible. When a person’s morals becomes a position that can be a lot different from others. Society’s views are better than others in a transcultural way. A person can act, but to act...
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...Ethical Perspectives University of Phoenix MGT/344 Organizational Behavior and Ethical Responsibility Stephen D. Kempisty December 4, 2008 Ethics maybe considered as a large field of study, however, it is generally designed to demonstrate to people “what is right or wrong in human behavior and conduct” (Thiroux, 2003). Ethics is also applicable to the ability to make choices, so the absence of this ability or opportunity to make a choice could be considered to be unethical behavior. Even though one is sometimes unaware of it, when choices are made there are standards competing, or ethical perspectives, that governs one’s behavior. My ethical perspective can be basically summed up into the saying ‘do unto others as you would have them do to you’. An individual’s duty lies within doing what is morally right. My perspective recognizes that ethical principles must be at all times appropriate, regardless of the circumstances, and at all times must be committed to enhancing individual freedom. (ethics-twi.org). Ethical perspectives can be put into four categories. Each category will identify a different standard for making choices, and also makes reference to some interest that is valued or referred. Utilitarianism is often times referred to as situational ethics. The ‘right’ thing to do does not necessarily depend in ethical standards, but rather on the assessment of the situation, the alternative...
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...Ethical Decision Making: Right vs. Right By Mary Hunter on February 7, 2012 in Teaching People I mentioned in my back to school post a couple of weeks ago that I am taking an ethics class this semester. This class is one of the required classes for my behavior analysis master’s program. The class has been pretty interesting so far and each class has been filled with plenty of good discussions and debate. Recently we read a book chapter by Rushworth Kidder called “The Ethics of Right versus Right.” (If you’re interested, the full chapter is actually available for free from the Institute for Global Ethics, although you do have to sign up to get access to it.) Tough choices and ethical dilemmas are often very hard to make. What makes these decisions hard, according to Kidder, is that they are often choices of “right” vs. “right.” Both possibilities have value and merit, yet one must be picked over the other. (Now, this doesn’t mean that there aren’t still right vs. wrong choices. These just aren’t ethical decisions.) The most interesting part of this chapter was that Kidder names four basic paradigms that encompass most of these ethical dilemmas, the right vs. right choices. Ethical choices often involve decisions between: Individual versus community Truth versus loyalty Short term versus long term Justice versus mercy These four basic paradigms can be useful for analyzing ethical choices and realizing what has created the conflict. If you have...
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...Journal of Medical Ethics 2001;27:98–103 What makes a problem an ethical problem? An empirical perspective on the nature of ethical problems in general practice Annette Joy Braunack-Mayer University of Adelaide, Australia Abstract Whilst there has been considerable debate about the fit between moral theory and moral reasoning in everyday life, the way in which moral problems are defined has rarely been questioned. This paper presents a qualitative analysis of interviews conducted with 15 general practitioners (GPs) in South Australia to argue that the way in which the bioethics literature defines an ethical dilemma captures only some of the range of lay views about the nature of ethical problems. The bioethics literature has defined ethical dilemmas in terms of conflict and choice between values, beliefs and options for action. While some of the views of some of the GPs in this study about the nature of their ethical dilemmas certainly accorded with this definition, other explanations of the ethical nature of their problems revolved around the publicity associated with the issues they were discussing, concern about their relationships with patients, and anxiety about threats to their integrity and reputation. The variety of views about what makes a problem a moral problem indicates that the moral domain is perhaps wider and richer than mainstream bioethics would generally allow. (Journal of Medical Ethics 2001;27:98–103) Keywords: Empirical ethics; general...
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...CHAPTER 2 – Ethical Decision Making Model Objectives: * To know the definition of Ethics, * To discuss Principles of Ethical Conduct * To identify the Ideas organizing Principle of Ethics * To provide a systematic way of making ethical decision. * To encourage, motivate you to think about Ethical Decision you make. Meaning of Ethics Ethics: * Ethics provides a set of standards for behavior that helps us decide how we ought to act in a range of situations. In a sense, we can say that ethics is all about making choices, and about providing reasons why we should make these choices. moving from a primary focus on teaching employees to master the knowledge, skills, and job behaviors and apply them to the day-to-day activities (Making Choices: Ethical Decisions at the Frontier of Global Science) * Ethics refers to principles that define behavior as right, good and proper. Such principles do not always dictate a single "moral" course of action, but provide a means of evaluating and deciding among competing options. * The terms "ethics" and "values" are not interchangeable. Ethics is concerned with how a moral person should behave, whereas values are the inner judgments that determine how a person actually behaves. Values concern ethics when they pertain to beliefs about what is right and wrong. Most values, however, have nothing to do with ethics. For instance, the desire for health and wealth are values, but not ethical values. (www.josephsoninstitute...
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...“Ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, professionals, etc. (Velasquez, Moberg, & Meyer, 2009).” The genuine procedure of moral choice making alludes to the procedure of assessing and picking among choices in a way reliable with moral standards. In making ethical decisions, it is important to see and take out untrustworthy choices and select the best moral option. This paper will inform the reader about the four ethical principles and the methods of ethical decision making, which all will assist with resolving ethical dilemmas. Ethical principles are the establishments of moral examination since they are the perspectives from which direction can be gotten along the pathway to a choice. “Ethical principles assist care providers in making choices based on moral principles that have been identified as standards considered worthwhile in addressing healthcare-related ethical dilemmas” (Pozgar, 2011). The four ethical principles are autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. There is a 96 year old male who has been diagnosed with terminal liver cancer. Currently the patient is admitted to the ICU for the proper treatment. The patient is confused and disoriented, very skinny and appears underfed, and is covered with bruises, which are common in patients with liver disorders. “The principle of autonomy involves...
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...feedback and images, are available for question creation. Add Creation Settings Name Chapter 3--Fighting Fraud: An Overview Description Modify Instructions Add Question Here Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Research has shown that ______ detect most frauds. Answer Auditors Customers Vendors Employees Add Question Here Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question All of the following are methods that organization can adopt to proactively eliminate fraud opportunities EXCEPT: Answer Accurately identifying sources and measuring risks. Implementing appropriate preventative and detective controls. Creating widespread monitoring by employees. Eliminating protections for whistle blowers. Add Question Here Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Audits, public record searches, and net worth calculations are used to gather what type of evidence in fraud investigation? Answer Testimonial Forensic Documentary Observational Add Question Here Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Which of the following is NOT a part of the evidence square? Answer Management evidence Documentary evidence Testimonial evidence Physical evidence Add Question Here Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question All of the following factors can be associated with high levels of fraud and detract from a positive work environment EXCEPT: Answer top management...
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...decisions are made as a result of poor information. To know what to do, Dr. Wexford needs to have more information concerning such matters as university or funding agency policies that may apply to this situation, the team's intellectual property interests, the possibility of negotiating some kind of agreement with the other team, whether the other team also has some information it is willing to share, etc. Will the public/science be better served by the additional research? What are the different options? People may fail to see different options due to a limited imagination, bias, ignorance, or fear. In this case, there may be another choice besides 'share' or 'don't share,' such as 'negotiate an agreement.' How do ethical codes or policies as well as legal rules apply to these different options? The university or funding agency may have policies on data management that apply to this case. Broader ethical rules, such as openness and respect for credit and intellectual property, may also apply to this case. Laws relating to intellectual property may be relevant. Are there any people who can offer ethical advice? It may be useful to seek advice from a colleague, a senior researcher, your department chair, or anyone else you can trust (?). In the case, Dr. Wexford might want to talk to her supervisor and research team before making a decision. After considering these questions, a person facing an ethical dilemma may decide to ask more questions, gather more...
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...Essay 1. In what directions can information travel within an organization’s formal hierarchy? 2. What is the grapevine, and why should managers be aware of it? 3. What steps have to occur before an audience member perceives the present of an incoming message? 4. Why should communications take an audience-centered approach to communication? 5. How is communication affected by information overload? 6. How can you make sure your feedback is constructive? 7. Why is ethical communication important? 1. Why do you think good communication in an organization improves employee attitudes and performance? Explain briefly. 2. Is it possible foe companies to be too dependent on communication technology? Explain briefly. 3. How can a lack of shared experience between sender and receiver result in communication failures? 4. As a manager, how can you impress on your employees the importance of strong business ethics when dealing with colleagues, customers, and general public? 5. Ethical Choices because of your excellent communication skills, your boss always asks you to write his reports for him. When you overhear the CEO complimenting him on his logical organization and clear writing style, he responds as if he’d written all those reports himself. What kind of ethical choice does this response represent? What kind of ethical choice does this response represent? What can you do in this situation? Briefly explain your solution and your reasoning...
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...variety of ethical theories that provide a substantial framework when trying to make ethically correct answers. Each ethical theory attempts to adhere to the ethical principles that lead to success when trying to reach the best decision. When one understands each individual theory, including its strengths and weaknesses, one can make the most informed decision when trying to achieve an ethically correct answer to a dilemma. Ethics Essay Even though people usually base their individual choice of ethical theory upon their life experiences (1,2). Each of these theories is seen every day through in our actions and decisions. One of the virtue theories that I can relate to is virtue, which encourages me to be the best that I can be, and put forth the effort necessary to be successful in my endeavors. I believe that by being the best person I can be, I not only demonstrate discipline, but that I also acquire the tools and knowledge necessary to take what I have learned and use it to help others. People usually base their individual choice of ethical theory upon their life experiences (1,2). It seems I'm personally drawn more to Virtue Ethics and Deontology, but I'm not sure which would over power the other. Theory Differences Deontological ethics contend that individuals should lead by example and establish moral precedent through their virtuous actions. The deontological theory states that people should adhere to their obligations and duties when analyzing an ethical dilemma....
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...Approaches to ethical decision making at times can be made using different philosophical approaches, which was the first part of our assignment this week; the completion of Appendix B where we were to decide which course of action was to be taken based on each philosophical approach for the given scenarios. The three philosophical approaches are: consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics. Consequentialism is the view that the value of actions is derived solely from the value of its consequences. In accounting, this approach is used to analyze which decision is most ethical based on the harms and benefits to the stakeholders; basically, it is the decision that does the greatest good for the greatest amount of people. In short, consequentialism is the decision is ethical if the positive outcome is greater than the negative outcome. Deontology is the ethical theory that is concerned with duties and rights. Whereas consequentialism is concerned with actions consequences, deontology is concerned with the obligation or duty motivating the decision (Brooks, 2007, p. 330). Decisions are based around moral standards, rights, fairness, and principles. Virtue ethics seems to lie somewhere between consequentialism and deontology; its primary concern is with traits of character that are morally right. Virtue ethics focuses on an individual’s integrity and character in relation to the moral community, such as professional communities (Brooks, 2007, p. 332). Scenario 1 The...
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