...Assess the reasons why there was a crusade in 1095 The first crusade began in 1095 following the Council of Clermont, although the official crusade forces didn’t leave until 1097. It was at the Council of Clermont that Pope Urban II first talked about the idea of a crusade. He explained that the Byzantine emperor, Alexius, had appealed for help as his land was constantly under attack from Muslim forces. Many people answered the appeal and took part in the crusade, however many embarked for different reasons. Some devout Christians, such as Peter the Hermit, will have taken part due to religious zeal and a desire to help the Christians in the East. Others, such as Baldwin of Boulogne or Bohemond of Taranto may have also desired the chance to gain land and material rewards in the East. Whatever their reasons, over 100,000 people took part in the crusade, final taking Jerusalem in 1099. The factor that sparked the whole idea of a crusade was Emperor Alexius’ appeal to Pope Urban II in 1095. Alexius saw an opportunity to take back some land lost to the Seljuk Turks as the Norman leader, Robert Guiscard, had recently died and the Muslim forces were focusing on internal conflicts. Although Emperor Alexius needed military assistance, his appeal to Pope Urban II focussed more on the suffering of the Christians in the East at the hands of the Muslims as opposed to fighting. He put emphasis on the fact that Christians were being slaughtered and that Muslims and Seljuk Turks had...
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...Jaida Rodgers History A Impact of the Crusades The Crusades were a very important part of history. It has been said that The Crusades are what started the beginning of modernization. Not only were they what started the beginning of modernization, they also had many impacts on Europe. The four major areas of impact on Europe were in the Economic, Political, Social, and Religious parts. Though all the areas were impacted, not all were good impacts. One of the areas that will be focused on is the Economic area. The Crusades were very commerce. Commerce is the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale. The Crusades were always in demand for transportation for not only men, but their supplies as well, would always edge ship-building on, and also had the market extend for Eastern products in Europe. Cities that had benefitted from this are places such as Cairo, Alexandria, Damascus, and Mosul because of all the trade that had been happening with the Italian seaports across the Mediterranean Sea, they were making more money. Many believe that the Economic area was the most important part of the Crusades, but many believe that they are wrong and it is not one of the most important parts of the Crusades. The next area that will be focused on is the Political area. There were bad and good impacts on the Political impact of the Crusades. The Crusades actually took down aristocracy and wanted to show the importance of the kings and the people. It is said that many...
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...How the Crusades Changed the World HIS/276CA June 23, 2014 How the Crusades Changed the World The Dark Ages were a time of cultural recession for Western Europe. The barbarian invasions during the fifth and sixth centuries had obliterated the Roman Empire in the West. The wisdom of the lost Empire was nothing more than a memory. The Crusades offered endless opportunity and provided exposure the knowledge, culture, and resources that fueled the European progression into the Renaissance; a fortuity that shifted both cultural and religious power in the modern world. By the end of the 10th century, Western Europe was destitute. The inhabitants could not farm their land properly, and soon a cycle of famine, flood, and disease began to dictate the lives of the people. The only surviving institution was the Western Church in Rome. Roman popes soon began to challenge the Byzantine emperors for ultimate control of the church. Tension grew between the two branches of Christianity, which lead to cultural, theological, and irreconcilable differences between the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe and the Greek Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire (Stalcup, 2000). This event, known as the East-West Schism in 1054, was a precursor to the Protestant Reformation (Stalcup, 2000). Meanwhile, a holy war in Spain between Christian Europeans and Muslims terrorized the outskirts of Rome during the tenth and eleventh centuries. Western Europe became very accustomed to religious...
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...Pius II was elected as Pope at a time when Rome was still recovering from the aftermath of the Great Schism and facing new threats from the Ottoman Empire. Upon his election he promised to address the threats from the Turks, which he did by preaching a Crusade against them. Scarce resources in a city in ruins and decaying Christian identity led Pius to become supportive of an idea he had always argued against – Papal Supremacy. As Pope, this new point of view was meant to provide enough power to influence the split Christian community and spark the crusade he was so fixed on. His commitment to this promise is apparent in his commentaries on the transfer of the sacred head of St. Andrew to Rome. Pius’s depiction of the pompous procession emphasizes the importance of the Papal position, the apostolic succession of clergy men, and Rome’s history as the center of the world, all of which affirmed the Pope’s supremacy over councils and emperors and had the potential of bringing Christians together against the Turks. In order for his preaching of the crusade to be effective, Pope Pius needed to restore the importance of the papacy position, which had been overshadowed by councils since 1418 when the Council of Constance did away the Great Schism. The news about St. Andrew’s head being rescued from Patras before the enemy got a hold of it presented him with an opportunity to do just that. Pius claimed the sacred head belonged at the St. Peter’s citadel with his brother and planned...
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...One of the largest religions in the world is Islam, with more than one and a half billion followers nationwide which is rapidly growing today. Islam and Christianity appear to be very different, but core beliefs behind them are very similar. Most of Islam’s population came from the Middle East, but there are still large amount of Muslims throughout the United States (Nation Master, 2010). Islam has grown significantly in the past twenty years within the United States. They both, belief in one God and that both religions result from the direct descendent of Abraham, a quality that is also shared with Judaism. The doctrinal beliefs of each religion are each different. Islam is the most important figure in the world, and a name that is recognized by most around the world is the prophet Muhammad. Muhammad was born in approximately 570 C.E. in the town of Mecca. At the time of his birth the area of Mecca was populated by many people who practiced polytheism, and a minority of the population was devoted to Christianity and Judaism. Instead of pursuing any of these practices, instead Muhammad would find himself meditating in a cave on the outskirts of town quite frequently, and it is there where Muslims believe their religion was founded. One night while meditating it is said that an archangel visited Muhammad and declared him as one of God’s prophets. Over his lifetime he had many more visions and through the help of his wife and cousins the words he received were written down, and...
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...Kyle Baldani Religious Studies Islam and Christianity: A Comparison October 4, 2010 Islam is one of the largest religions in the world, with more than one and a half billion followers worldwide it is the most rapidly growing religion today. While on the surface Islam and Christianity appear to be very different, the history of the two religions and the core beliefs behind them are very similar. Most of Islam’s population comes from the Middle East, but there are still large amount of Muslims all over the world including Africa, China, and the United States (NationMaster, np). Depending on the region in which they live some customs may vary. Within the United States Islam has grown significantly in the past twenty years, largely due to the high percentage of immigrants coming over from the Middle East. Fundamentally speaking there are a few major correlations between Islam and Christianity. Two of the biggest similarities are the monotheistic bases of the religion, or belief in one God and the belief that both religions result from the direct descendent of Abraham, a quality also shared with Judaism. While there may be many similarities in the area of which the two sects were founded, they still differ in many ways most of which come from the doctrinal beliefs at the heart of each religion. The most important figure in the world of Islam, and a name that is recognized by most around the world is the prophet Muhammad. Muhammad was born in approximately 570 C.E. in the town...
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...natural sciences and newfound knowledge rather than accepting older teachings (Brotton, 39). It fostered curiosity and innovation in many industries and aspects of life. In a sense, it was a new chapter or book in our human history index. The Renaissance also paved the way for the Protest Reformation to eventually occur (Brotton, 101). There are many factors that led the Renaissance to occur. It was a combination of the Crusades and the Mongols expansion that began under Genghis Khan that led to the fruition of the Renaissance. The Crusades brought the two worlds of Islam and Christianity in a manner like never before. The death toll of the Crusades varies among academia between one and five million people (Madden, 172). Besides all the bloodshed, the Crusades allowed Europeans to rediscover new forms of art, expressions, and ways of life. Europe became too involved in their feudal and monarchy type systems. They had forgotten the importance of the arts and sciences and were more focused on building fortunes and spreading salvation. Europeans, by way of the Crusades, were astonished at the advancements of the Muslim world and sought to learn and capitalize from it (Madden, 156). The Abassid Empire, the Muslim empire, stored the knowledge of past civilizations and continued to utilize them (Madden, 158). Greek and Roman teachings on mathematics, anatomy, medicine, biology, physics, and more were protected by the Abassid Empire (Madden, 159). These ancient Greek and Roman teachings...
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...constantly been the key concern among many socialists, ecologists as well as scientist thought the universe. Everybody is looking towards the welfare as well as the need for safeguarding the environment. Thus, the progression and creation of technology has smashed the earth to the larger extent and how it is very vital to take actions against the features that are hazardous to the environment. Consequently, this is never perceived as the responsibility of religion to concern about nature as well as the environment. The novel thoughts of Christianity along with environment restoration and preservation have offered the novel aspect of thought and new rationale to consider the significance of saving the environment. Therefore, this is the most outstanding issue of uniting the impression concerning Christianity with the environment protection. The key query that arises here is why as Christians it is our responsibility to preserve nature. Also, what are the procedures along with events that a Christian can take so as to safeguard our environment (Hubert, 2015). Therefore, this argumentative paper will show on the specific actions that Christians should take regarding the environment and its preservation. The Christian...
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...89,91-96 6. Who was the Carthaginian leader who led his troops across the Alps in the Punic Wars? _____________________________ P123-124 7. List the members of the First Triumvirate. ____________________________ P138 8. _______________ was the first Roman emperor to become a Christian. P180-183 9. Which edict legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire? __________________ P180-183 10. Cleopatra of Egypt had a romantic relationship with which two Roman rulers? ____________________________ and _______________________ P97,140-141 11. The Edict of ________________ declared the acceptance of Christianity in Rome. P182 12. ___________________ was the prophet of Islam. P206-208 13. Followers of Muhammad are called __________________. (World Religions lecture) 14. The holy book of Islam is the ___________________. (World Religions lecture) 15. The holy book of the Christians is the ____________________. (World Religions lecture) 16. The first 10 books of the bible that are most cherished by the Jews are called the ______________________. (World Religions lecture) 17. Pope _____________ II called for the Crusades. P296-297 Urban 18. ______________________ painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. P337-338 19. “Justification by faith alone” is the...
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...Byzantine Empire despite being in other respects part of western European culture. It can also be used for the art of peoples of the former Byzantine Empire under the rule of the Ottoman Empire after 1453. In some respects the Byzantine artistic tradition has continued in Greece, Russia and other Eastern Orthodox countries to the present day. The finest work, the most elegant, and the most accomplished technically, was, naturally enough, associated with the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, which was the very hub of the civilized world from the foundation of the city as capital around 330 till its conquest by the Turks in 1453. But there were other great centers too. In Rome, Milan, Ravenna, and elsewhere in the West works of the greatest importance that were in no way provincial were executed in the early years of Christendom, though little of quality was produced there that belongs to the period covered by this essay. In Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, and elsewhere in the East a great deal was also being done in early times and production continued there till Syria, Palestine, and Egypt were overrun by the Moslems just before the middle of the seventh century. Though little remains on the spot, quite a large...
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...Reconsideration. The series has been published in both the US and in Israel, where it was translated to Hebrew and published in the NATIV, a Jewish magazine facilitated by the Ariel Center for Policy Research (ACPR). Synopsis Over the centuries, Christian support of the state of Israel has been looked upon with a suspicious and vigilant eye. In fact, history will clearly show that the essence of pure evil, operating under the guise of “Christianity”, has facilitated a complete and justifiable collapse in Judeo-Christian relations. Only recently has the relationship between the Jewish people and Christians become fruitful, and the "mending" process, albeit positive, continues to evolve. Even so, the question remains: “Why do Christians support the state of Israel?” Christian Zionism, a theological belief that identifies the restoration of the Jewish people to their biblical homeland as the literal fulfillment of biblical prophecies foretold thousands of years ago, may arguably exist as the most oft-misunderstood “form” of Christianity, today. Moreover, Christian Zionist dogma has been the recipient of much indignation from those who would inaccurately and misguidedly opine and define it as “non biblical” and/or “extreme”. However, a comprehensive examination of the theological background of Christian Zionism will reveal several, relevant misconceptions. Moreover, after reading this...
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...peace (Individual and World) Islam and Christianity The understanding of peace Christianity Concept of peace The New Testament understanding of the word ‘peace’ is living in an idyllic condition and communicating regularly with God, as epitomized by the Garden of Eden. Perfect peace was lost when Adam and Eve sinned (Genesis 3) but the coming of Christ restored the potential for peace. Therefore belief in Jesus enables humans inner peace in their lives and the looking forward to the day when Jesus will reign supreme on Earth. As Jesus states in John 16:33 peace is found in him. This is multifaceted. 1) His death was for human sin and allows humans and God to become one again. 2) His ministry is full of Jesus providing peace to those he came into contact with. Matthew 11:28-30, he offers peace to those that are troubled, in Mark 1:21-2:12 he casts out demons and forgives sins and in Hebrews 12:14 followers are encouraged to copy Jesus by making ‘every effort t live in peace with all men. 3) When Jesus returns will bring everlasting physical and spiritual peace on Earth for those who believe. The central theme of Jesus’ teachings is the Kingdom of Heaven. The kingdom of God is characterized by peace- there will be no hardships or grief or pain (Revelation). The righteous and faithful will be redeemed and will live in perpetual peace. Islam Concept of peace Peace can only be found in the submission to the will of God. Like in Christianity peace was lost through Adam and Eve’s disobedience...
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...The least important factor for the destruction of the Roman Empire was ___. (a) the rise of self-sufficient manors. (c) the widespread use of slaves. (b) lack of orderly succession to the throne. (d) military strength of the Germanics. The Frankish leader who defeated the Moors at the Battle of Tours was ___. (a) Clovis. (c) Charlemagne. (b) Pepin. (d) Charles Martel. Areas that Charlemagne united within his empire are now part of _____. (a) France and Germany. (c) England and Spain (b) Spain and Portugal. (d) Austria and Russia. An important result of Clovis’ conquests was the _____. (a) spread of Christianity in Europe (b) union of the Western and Eastern Roman empires (c) expulsion of the Moslems from western Europe (d) decline of feudalism in central Europe. The "Dark Ages" in western Europe refers to the period _____. (a) after the creation of the Feudal system (b) soon after the assassination of Julius Caesar (c) followed the collapse of the Roman Empire (d.) strengthening the central authority of Rome within the Empire. Which was not a result of the Germanic invasions of the Roman Empire? (a) Raising the level of civilization (c) Curtailing trade (b) Overthrowing the Roman government (d) Destroying many fine buildings The tithe was _____. (a.) an asylum for the poor. (c.) a monastic order. (b.) a tax levied by the Church. (d.) a special...
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...Christianity- The Largest Religion PREFACE “Universal Online Solutions”, presents a series of short articles on different religions. A Jew might contain more information on the Judaism. Same could be predicted about the followers of other religions. Then why to compose an article on any religion? That is for the two major reasons: First, all people do not have sufficient information on their own faith. It needs a lot of research to know about a religion. Some people manage to spend the required time and do the needed research. Majority cannot or do not concentrate on the religion. They have the faith because their predecessors had the same. A Christian child follows Christianity without any persuasion. This series will give the major information to its followers which they never struggled to obtain. The article will provide them all the necessary information about their faith in a concise nutshell. Efforts have been made, after extensive research work, to establish the basics of a faith, its worships, prayers, rituals, its history and all interrelated information in one thousand words or so. We have spent weeks in research to introduce this faith to our readers in its fullest context, enabling them to know all about their faith in a few minutes. Second, the individuals who are interested to know about other religions; but refrain to go through scriptures and revelations. This concise article will be of great interest to them. The article is neither a critical...
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...Topical current Medieval Jerusalem Religion heart of Christianity, Judaism, Islam Lack of water desert Conflict wars Crusades十字军东征 Book about Discover different recipes in their home Italian their culture complicated background Their background are mixed The importance of sharing food Show friendship and trust sign of community Breaking bread share ideas more than physical meaning Also cultural and community Element working together similar Work together to cook and to make peace Israel Change hand diversity Why different languages appear Mother tongue your first language Anecdotal : story one example, not scientific Culinary cuisine Private odyssey journey filter through the prism Consciousness in turn Freshmen fifteen ice cream bar at midnight TED Talk Paleolithic nostalgia Legumes foraging Legume vegetable (in French) a certain kind of vegetable (in English) Foraging don’t go to supermarket Paleo virile live primal Chronciallly ill Abandon more like ancestors A lot of meat Don’t contain grains Improve health and live longer Eat meat found in plants vitamin c Digest plants matter the meat myth Lean small Inherent bias Two dental calculus Inside tubers fad diet bananas a farmers food latex Whicj are oliveoil model diet acess svocade olives chinkens eggs broccoli Carrot human inventions Paleo diet manymany carible Plural essentialmoredern seasonal Organs toxin s benefit sort of diet forgiors No onr coreect...
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