...precipitation) B. Land Use * Majority of the region consists desert land * Only 20% of the land is arable and is suitable for agricultural use C. Agriculture Practices (Process and products) 1. Animal Husbandry >Animal Herds (Cattle and Sheep) * Animals are one of the important exchange commodities – aside from their transportation use; they are also used for wool and skins production * herds provide food such as meat and dairy products, wool and leather from which to make clothes and all kinds of other household items such as felts, quilts, pillows, and mattresses. Minor animals: Chickens, goats, and pigs are also raised. 2. Farming - Almost all the sown agricultural land is under irrigation because of its arid climate. >Wheat >Cotton Plantation Other crops or agricultural products: (Minor products) citrus fruits, dates, figs, melons, pomegranates, olives, sugarcane, sesame and pistachios. II. Problems A. Rebel Activities Collectivization, Privatization -The Central Asian countries including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic,...
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...Position of Kazakhstan in International Trade and Business Student’s name Institutional affiliation Analysis of macroeconomic situation in Kazakhstan 1 Macroeconomic trends Kazakhstan is one of the richest economies in Asia. It is also the second largest of the former Soviet Republics after Russia. The economy has enormous fossil fuel reserves and plentiful supplies of minerals (Francis, 2011). There are different metals available in the economy including uranium, zinc, and copper. Some like uranium are exported to almost all parts of the globe. The economy was ranked 11th out 42 countries in the Asia-pacific region. The overall score of the economy is also above world and regional averages. The GDP of the economy grew from 78,014,200 in 1995 to 147,453,000 in 2005 (Aitzhanova, et al. 2014). The dollar exchange rate has been well managed through a sound monetary policy that has been adopted. The country has been faced with inflation challenges. In 2001, the inflation rate was very high because of strong foreign-currency inflows (Ibrayev, Badjanov & Li, 2014). However, the economy survived the pressure, and surprisingly it is one of the first former soviet republic that has repaid all debts to the international monetary fund in 2000 (Datkhayev, 2013). The country paid $400 million ahead of the schedule. From then, the economy has been able to limit its foreign debt within manageable levels. [pic] Figure 1: Kazakhstan GDP in billion USD retrieved from...
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...Welcome to the third edition of EY’s Kazakhstan attractiveness survey. In this new edition, we continue to analyze the latest foreign direct investment (FDI) trends in Kazakhstan and explore what investors think about the country’s investment climate, as well as its potential. This year, the country’s macroeconomic, social and political stability have taken over as the key driver of investment. This represents a shift from our previous two surveys, which showed that the country’s low labor costs and productivity gains on offer were its most appealing features. This change can be attributed in part to the ongoing instability of the global economy. It is this uncertainty that has led investors to look to countries such as Kazakhstan as a safer place to grow. The reality of foreign investment in Kazakhstan confirms this perception. While global FDI inflows declined by 18% between 2011 and 2012, Kazakhstan remained a stable destination for investors, receiving US$14b in FDI inflows. Investors continue to perceive Kazakhstan as a treasure trove of natural resources, while they also value some knowledge-based, high-value-add sectors that hold considerable promise. The Kazakhstan Government remains committed to reducing the country's dependence on extractive industries and developing a more balanced, knowledge-driven and investor-friendly economy. It continues to improve the competitiveness and productivity of priority sectors, such as agriculture and agro-processing; construction and...
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...Khrushchev’s economic reforms failed because they were poorly thought through”. Assess the validity of this view (45 marks) “Khrushchev had grasped the nettle. He also exhibited a characteristic recklessness. The road ahead would be rockier than he expected, for he over estimated ordinary people’s gullibility. In a sense the whole of later Soviet history may be seen as a reaction to his revelations.” J. Keep. After emerging victorious in the power struggle following Stalin’s death, Khrushchev was in a very strong position, but not yet an unchallengeable leader. Khrushchev wanted to move away from the Stalinist era and was aware that there was a desire for change in the USSR. He had accepted some of the fundamentals of Stalinism, such as the dominance of the party, however he wanted to shift to blame for past errors onto Stalin. Khrushchev believed that economic reform was necessary and wanted to encourage initiative. He also wanted to avoid opposition and not give his rivals the opportunity to strike against him. He was an ambitious politician, and aimed convince the Soviet people that they no longer had to fear arbitrary terror, while preserving the basic structure and ideology of a socialist state. This was the background to his speech at the 20th The Party Congress in February 1956. Khrushchev's main reforms were to increase agriculture and make it more efficient and in industry he wanted to turn focus from heavy industry to consumer good, making the workers life better...
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...In terms of Central Asian integration, the period of Soviet Union power in this territory is extremely important. The Soviet administration was the most important governing body for more than 70 years (1918-1991). The boundaries of modern independent states was clearly identified in this period. The composition of the economic regions of the USSR changed in line with the objectives of improving the management and planning of the economy in order to accelerate and improve the efficiency of social production. It means that the economy of one particular division was narrow directed. For instance, Uzbekistan became the main supplier of cotton in the region. It leaded to the reformation of the irrigation system of Central Asia and great expansion of irrigation canals. As a consequence of short-sighted politics in relations of water, the Aral Sea had experienced numbers of serious problems that are not resolved even till now . Kazakhstan also became a victim of politically repressive Soviet regime with its flour specialization. The economies was severely affected by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the resulting loss of their vast market. However, the Soviet period has also some advantages in the life of Central Asian countries. The realization of the road and railway infrastructure project started its existence when five states were the parts of the USSR. In spite of the fact that the ethnic diversity was disregarded during the Soviet period, the education had big importance...
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...prices; the third analyzes in more detail the Structural Change/Shock story; and the fourth notes the consequences, especially for Developing Countries. The paper closes with the big question - When the bubble breaks, will long run real prices be on a higher level with a stable or increasing trend or will we back to “Business as Usual” with real prices dropping down to the previous level and continuing their 150 year downward trend? THE CURRENT SITUATION IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT FAO’s price index of all foods in dollar terms has more than doubled since last three years of the 20th century, and the real food price index has increased by over sixty percent (Figure 1.). Between the beginning of 2007 and mid-year 2008, rice prices tripled, wheat prices more than doubled and maize prices doubled (Stoeckel, 2008).(See figure 2) Prices for individual commodities such as milk, maize and oilseeds have also increased. The Wall Street Journal (June 10, 2008) reports that the cereal import bill of 82 low income countries has doubled since 2006. Figure 1: Extended Annual...
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...Scorecard of Ukraine First of all, we would like to say a few words about Ukraine as a country. Ukraine is located in the southeast part of central Europe. From East to West it covers 1,316 km, and from North to South 893 km. With the area of 607.3 km2 Ukraine is a second largest country in Europe and the forty forth – in the world. The population of Ukraine is 46,143.7 thousand inhabitants. By land Ukraine borders Russia, Belarus, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Moldova, whilst bordering with three more by sea: Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia . Ukraine is bounded by the Black and the Azov Seas, with 2,782 km of coastline. Map of Ukraine. Source: Graphic Maps (www.worldatlas.com). Ukraine has experienced the significant population decline of 10.5% since announcing its independence – from 51.838 million in 1990 to 46.1 million in 2008. The birth rate has been increasing since 2001 and reached 10.2/1000 in 2007. However, death rate has also increased to 16.4/1000, which accounts for the negative National growth of -6.2/1000. The average life-expectancy at birth is measured to be 68.25 years in 2006 – 2007. The average population density in 2008 is 77 people per sq. km. While preparing the scorecard of Ukraine, our team have chosen the most important indicators, economic ones as well as non economic indicators, which are able to reflect the economic health of the country and to gauge a country’s standart of living in order to show an investment opportunities. First...
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...the civil flag. In 1917, after the Russian Revolution, they adopted a new flag that had yellow emblems in it. But in 1991, after the SU collapsed, the old flag was adopted again. Geographic Data Russia is located in the northern part of Eurasia, occupying one-tenth of all land on Earth. According to National Geographic, “It is the largest country in the world in terms of pure size and spans across two continents (Europe and Asia) and eleven time zones” (National Geographic Kids, 2014). The area of Russia encompasses a total of 17,075,200 square kilometers, out of which 79,400 kilometers is water and 16,995,800 kilometers is land. Russia has fourteen neighboring countries including China, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Mongolia, Norway, Poland, and Ukraine. According to Global Ports, “Russia’s coastline extends to the Atlantic, Pacific, and the Arctic oceans which makes for important gateways such as the Baltic Basin, Black Sea Basin, and the Far East Basin” (Global Ports, 2015). The capital city of Russia is Moscow, which has a population of approximately 11,980,000. This is Russia’s largest city and it is located in the Central Federal District along the Moskva River. Moscow has latitude of 55.752 and a longitude of 37.616. The time zone this city belongs to is called MSK (Moscow Standard Time) and it is eight hours ahead of Central Standard Time (CST) here, in the United States. “Moscow is known for being the center...
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...Biofuels and the underlying causes of high food prices Alessandro Flammini October 2008 The development of this report was coordinated by Maria Michela Morese and Jonathan Reeves (Global Bioenergy Partnership Secretariat). The views expressed in this report reflect those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Global Bioenergy Partnership or those of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. For info: alessandro.flammini@fao.org ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank DDG Dried distillers grains DEFRA Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GHG Greenhouse Gas OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development PRC People’s Republic of China UAE United Arab Emirates US United States of America USDA Department of Agriculture of the United States WFP World Food Programme of the United Nations WTO World Trade Organization Table of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................i BACKGROUND.....................................................................................1 THE CAUSES.......................................................................................4 THE CLIMATE ISSUE ......................................................................... 4 INTERNATIONAL STOCK LEVELS......................................................... 5 INCREASED GLOBAL FOOD...
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...Deloitte International Tax and Business Guides, provides information on Denmark regarding the investment climate, operating conditions and its tax system. If a company’s objective is to expand internationally, and is properly structured, a Denmark holding company can act as a legally tax-exempt conduit for dividends received from subsidiaries around the world (1). A Denmark holding company is legally exempt from dividends tax received from a foreign subsidiary (1). Denmark levies no withholding tax on dividends paid to the foreign parent. Additionally, a holding company is not required to pay capital gains tax on shares held for more than three years (1). A Denmark company has access to a network of double taxation treaties Denmark has signed with major trading nations around the world. A minimum of one shareholder and one director is required for Denmark company formation. The shareholder and director can be the same person, and need not be resident in Denmark (1). Denmark’s ranked as the world's 11th freest economy in the Heritage Foundation's 2012 Index of Economic Freedom, which measures freedom as it relates in business, trade, monetary, financial, investment and labor markets (Appendix 3). Denmark’s GDP per capita (PPP) for 2011 was estimated at $40,200 USD. Denmark's fiscal position remains among the strongest in the EU at 46.5% of GDP in 2011 (Appendix 4). In its 2012 World Competitiveness Yearbook, the Switzerland-based IMD positively ranks...
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...FIGURE 1.1 FIGURE 1.2 FIGURE 1.3 FIGURE B1.1.1 FIGURE 1.4 FIGURE 1.5 FIGURE 1.6 FIGURE 1.7 FIGURE B1.3.1 FIGURE B1.3.2 FIGURE 1.8 FIGURE 1.9 FIGURE 1.10 FIGURE 1.11 FIGURE 1.12 FIGURE 1.13 FIGURE B1.4.1 FIGURE B1.4.2 FIGURE B1.8.1 FIGURE B1.8.2 FIGURE 1.14 FIGURE 1.15 FIGURE 1.16 FIGURE 1.17 FIGURE 1.18 FIGURE 1.19 FIGURE 1.20 FIGURE 1.21 FIGURE 1.22 FIGURE 1.23 FIGURE 1.24 FIGURE 1.25 FIGURE B1.9.1 Despite some Q1 weakening, business sentiment in Europe and the US signals further expansion Economic activity is strengthening from very weak levels in Europe Inflation and unemployment trends are on divergent paths across major economies Net capital flows and net financial exposures (width of arrows proportional to amounts in billions of U.S. dollars) Developing country activity is strengthening but at a modest pace Manufacturing surveys are pointing to continued expansion in East Asia and South Asia Output gaps remain small in most developing regions Capital flows have recovered strongly after a steep fall in February Currency depreciations were more modest during the winter turmoil among countries that reduced external imbalances Distribution of changes in developing country bilateral exchange rates with the US$ Most developing country equity markets have fully recouped losses since mid-2013 Borrowing costs have fallen since the start of the year for developing countries Metal prices have extended their falls while food prices have turned up Commodity exporters have suffered...
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...| | | Foreign Direct Investment | | | | | | Marking its second investment in India, Warren Buffet’s Berkshire Hathaway will induce investment in a chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) industrial unit in Gujarat, through its wholly owned subsidiary Lubrizol Corporation. Lubrizol will initially invest Rs 1,177 crore (US$ 242 million) in the project and its construction work is expected to commence by January 2013.In order to tap more foreign funds, Cox and Kings has got the nod from Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) to increase its foreign equity by 10 per cent to 53.94 per cent, from the previous 43.81 per cent. Currently, foreign promoters have a stake of 19.87 per cent and FIIs hold 22.72 per cent. FIPB has granted its approval to the travel company to raise Rs 750 crore (US$ 154 million) from foreign markets.Meanwhile, Singapore-based Global Schools Foundation plans to invest Rs 300 crore (US$ 61.6 million) and start 25 schools in India over 2011-16. The foundation owns and operates Global Indian International Schools (GIIS) and Global School of Silicon Valley (GSSV) across eight countries all over the world.Policy InitiativesRecently, the government has further liberalised the FDI mechanism for allowing overseas investment in bee-keeping and share-pledging for raising external debt.Moreover, it has eased FDI norms for construction of old-age homes and educational institutions. The modification endorses removal of issues pertaining to the minimum...
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...Exim Policy 2002-2007 MARAN LAUNCHES FOCUS: AFRICA PROGRAMME NEW TERRITORIAL INITIATIVE TO BOOST TRADE WITH AFRICA Shri Murasoli Maran, Union Minister of Commerce & Industry, launched the "FOCUS: AFRICA" Programme giving a boost to India’s trade with the Sub-Saharan African Region, while announcing the first 5-year Exim Policy of the new millennium here today. The programme FOCUS:AFRICA is geared towards tapping the tremendous potential for trade with the sub-Saharan African region, which had remained negligible despite the growth recorded in India’s trade with Africa in recent years. The share of the sub-Saharan region in Africa’s total trade has grown from 45 per cent in 1995 to 71 per cent in 1999. During 2000-2001, India’s total trade with Sub-Saharan Africa was US $ 3.3 billion. Out of this, India’s exports accounted for US $ 1.8 billion and imports were US $ 1.5 billion. In the first phase of the "FOCUS: AFRICA" Programme, the target countries identified are: Nigeria, South Africa, Mauritius, Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Ghana. These seven countries accounted for nearly 70 per cent of India’s total trade with the Sub-Saharan African Region during 2000-2001. Similarly, certain target commodities for export focus have also been identified. These are: • Cotton yarn, fabrics and other textile items; • Drugs & pharmaceuticals; • Machinery & instruments; • Transport equipment; and • Telecom and information technology In...
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...Abbreviations GHG – Greenhouse Gas CO2 - Carbon dioxide CH4 - Methane N2O – Nitrogen oxide LNG- Liquefied Natural Gas Abbreviations GHG – Greenhouse Gas CO2 - Carbon dioxide CH4 - Methane N2O – Nitrogen oxide LNG- Liquefied Natural Gas Highlights * We model two major oil and gas companies. * We examine causes of Climate Change * Increase in further research may produce other alternative to exist source of energy * Combined efforts will help to meet carbon reduction target ABSTRACT Playing a major role in the world, the oil and gas industry is faced with the challenge of climate change. This paper establishes the fact that climate change troubles our planet today. In establishing this fact the paper examines the causes of climate change, the relationship between climate change and the oil and gas industry through CO2. It further evaluates the various methods available to reduce CO2 emissions and the challenges the companies have in implementing the methods. This paper uses two major oil companies as case studies, to establish the above stated facts and concludes that oil and gas companies need to be involved in more research and development of alternative supply of energy, in order reduce CO2 emissions, in collaboration with other sectors of the economy in achieving the targets made regarding climate change, environmental laws and policies. Keywords: CO2, Climate Change, Industry, Oil and Gas. 1. INTRODUCTION Climate change is a global...
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...1 National Goods and Services Tax Bill, 2014 introduced in Lok Sabha It is also called Constitution (122nd Amendment) Bill It seeks to introduce Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime Inserts article Articles 246A, 269A and 279A in the Constitution Provides for Union Finance Minister headed GST Council Sets in a uniform and integrated indirect tax regime in India 14th Finance Commission submitted its report to President It covers the period between 1 April 2015 and 31 March 2020 The Commission headed by former RBI Governor Y V Reddy Provides for devolution of tax receipts from the Centre to the States Article 280 of Constitution provides for appointment of Finance Commission First and 13th Finance Commission was headed by K C Neogy & Dr Vijay Kelkar resp. Union government decriminalized Attempt to Suicide For this purpose Section 309 of Indian Penal Code removed 20th Law Commission headed by Justice A P Shah recommended in its 210 Report 210th Report on Humanization and Decriminalization of Attempt to Suicide France was the first country to decriminalize this offence Lok Sabha passed the Repealing and Amending (Second) Bill, 2014 Introduced as a periodic measure for updating the list of laws in force Seeks to repeal 90 laws and pass amendment to two laws Proposes to amend the two laws to rectify typographical errors The laws are Railways...
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