...and profitability, leading to major restructurings to better focus on its core businesses. The result of this was a divestment of the middle section of its assets along the marginal curve. Thus, creating MW Petroleum Corporation – a new, free-standing exploration and production oil and gas company. MW was offered to a number of targeted international petroleum concerns, but the most attractive offer came from Apache Corporation. In late 1990, the group of Amoco Corporation and Apache Corporation began talking in regards to the possible acquisition of MW Petroleum Corporation from Amoco to Apache. If the acquisition pushes through, it will provide Apache a great opportunity as well as becoming one of the largest acquisitions since MW’s size is two times larger compared to Apache’s current operation. Nonetheless, Apache must first carefully evaluate MW’s value to come up with a proposal that would be attractive for Amoco and profitable for Apache as well. The following paragraphs will discuss the latter. 1. In the lights of low oil and gas price in the market, big companies, such as Amoco seek to restructure in order to increase profitability. Amoco’s plans are to reduce its capital and exploration that are not generating significant returns or the company not having advantage with the returns. The intention of the company is to review its assets with an eye toward selling “unprofitable” properties or business lines that do not meet its objectives. Doing so, will allow Amoco to...
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...Preface Let me begin this preface with a confession of a few of my own biases. First, I believe that theory and the models that flow from it should provide the tools to understand, analyze, and solve problems. The test of a model or theory then should not be based on its elegance but on its usefulness in problem solving. Second, there is little in corporate financial theory that is new and revolutionary. The core principles of corporate finance are common sense and have changed little over time. That should not be surprising. Corporate finance is only a few decades old, and people have been running businesses for thousands of years; it would be exceedingly presumptuous of us to believe that they were in the dark until corporate finance theorists came along and told them what to do. To be fair, it is true that corporate financial theory has made advances in taking commonsense principles and providing structure, but these advances have been primarily on the details. The story line in corporate finance has remained remarkably consistent over time. Talking about story lines allows me to set the first theme of this book. This book tells a story, which essentially summarizes the corporate finance view of the world. It classifies all decisions made by any business into three groups—decisions on where to invest the resources or funds that the business has raised, either internally or externally (the investment decision), decisions on where and how to raise funds to finance...
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...strong performance of the first two quarters, CPK decided to open 16 to 18 branches in the second half of 2007, and a capital expenditure of $85 million is required for the expected expanding plan. Susan Collyns, the Chief Financial Officer of the company, needs to make decisions to find an optimal capital structure for CPK. Before 2007, CPK was a company with zero debt. To benefit from the debt financing, CPK decided to level up the leverage by carrying out a shares repurchasing plan. The first part of the report will analyse the effect of the repurchase plan through the changes in return on equity (ROE), cost of capital and share price and emphasize how debt add value to the company. The recommendations on the capital structures will be made based on the analysis. The second part will discuss the effect on CPK’s shareholders if the repurchase is carried out through a tender offer rather than an open market repurchase. The effect of a tender offer on non-controlling and controlling shareholders will be analysed in the last part. ROE Return on equity is used to measure profitability of a company. From Appendix , it is clear to see that ROE rises as the financial leverage increases. The company is...
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...Deal?: A Conditional Assessment of their Role in a Nominal Portfolio Abstract This paper documents predictable time-variation in the real return beta of U.S. Treasury inflation protected securities (TIPS) and in the Sharpe ratios of both indexed and conventional bonds. The conditional mean and volatility of both bonds and their conditional correlation are first estimated from predetermined variables. These estimates are then used to compute conditional real return betas and Sharpe ratios. The time-variation in real return betas and the correlation between TIPS and nominal bonds coincides with major developments in the fixed income market. One implication of this predictability is that portfolio managers can assess more efficiently the risk of investing in TIPS versus conventional bonds. Conditional Sharpe ratios indicate that over the sample period, TIPS had superior volatility-adjusted returns relative to nominal bonds. This finding is striking in view of the absence of a major inflation scare during the sample period from February 1997 through August 2001, but is loosely consistent with the possibility that TIPS elevated rather than reduced Treasury borrowing costs. On the other hand, mean-variance spanning tests...
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...in practice than it is to compute on paper. 3 When Carly Fiorina argued for Hewlett-Packard’s acquisition of Compaq, she offered a number of of reasons the deal made sense. She noted that the combined company would be able to meet the demands of customers for “solutions capability on a truly global basis.” She also claimed that the firm would be able to lead with its products “from top to bottom, from low end to high end.” As her crowning argument, she claimed that the merger made sense because it would create “synergies that are compelling.” Synergy, the increase in value that is generated by combining two entities to create a new and more valuable entity, is the magic ingredient that allows acquirers to pay billions of dollars in premiums in acquisitions. It is true that investors have historically taken a jaundiced view of synergy, both in terms of its existence and its value and the track record on the delivery of synergy suggests that they have good reason for skepticism. In this paper, we will begin...
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... Annual percentage rate Beta coefficient, a measure of an asset’s riskiness bL Levered beta bU Unlevered beta BEP BVPS CAPEX CAPM CCC Basic earning power Book value per share Capital expenditures Capital Asset Pricing Model Cash conversion cycle CF Cash flow; CFt is the cash flow in Period t CR Conversion ratio CV Coefficient of variation Dp Dividend of preferred stock Dt Dividend in Period t DCF Discounted cash flow D/E Debt-to-equity ratio DEP Depreciation D1/P0 DPS DRIP Expected dividend yield Dividends per share Dividend reinvestment plan DRP Default risk premium DSO Days sales outstanding e Approximately equal to 2.7183 EAA Equivalent annual annuity EAR Effective annual rate, EFF% EBIT EBITDA EPS EVA F Earnings before interest and taxes; operating income Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization Earnings per share Economic value added (1) Fixed operating costs (2) Flotation cost FCF Free cash flow FVN Future value for Year N FVAN g GAAP HVN I IFRS IPER I/YR INT IP IPO IRR LIBOR ln(P/X) Future value of an annuity for N years Growth rate in earnings, dividends, and stock prices U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Standards Firm’s horizon value at t ¼ N Interest rate; also referred to as r International Financial Reporting Standards Periodic interest rate Interest rate key on some calculators ...
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...down into: (1) the investment (or capital budgeting) decision; and (2) the financing decision. The firm has to decide (1) how much to invest and which real assets to invest in and (2) how to raise the necessary cash. Balance Sheet The balance sheet presents the accounting value of assets and the source of money used to purchase those assets at a particular time. Current Assets Cash & Marketable Securities Receivables Inventories Fixed Assets Plant & Equipments Less accumulated depreciation Current Liabilities Long‐Term Debt Shareholders' equity Total assets = Total liabilities & Equity Income Statement The income statement is a financial statement listing the revenues, expenses, and net income of the firm in a period of time. Net sales (Cost of goods sold) (Selling, general & administrative expenses) (Depreciation) Earnings before interest & taxes (Interest Expenses) Taxable Income (Taxes) Net Income (Dividends) Retained Earnings 3 T1-3 Corporate Financing In the following two chapters (14 and 15), we assume that the firm has already decided on which investment projects to accept, and we focus on the best way to finance these projects. Managers want to raise money at the lowest possible cost, but their ability to find cheap financing is limited by the intense competition between investors. As a result of this competition,...
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...tly A sk ed Fr equen in s Question orporate C FinanCe io, a llocch ur izio D uiry, M a lv i Pa sc a l Q tonio Sa Le Fur , A n Ya nn From the team behind Pierre Vernimmen’s % = Corporate FinanCe + 3 Frequently Asked Questions in Corporate Finance Frequently Asked Questions in Corporate Finance Pierre Vernimmen, Pascal Quiry, Antonio Salvi, Maurizio Dallocchio and Yann LeFur A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published in 2011 Copyright 2011 Pierre Vernimmen Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com The rights of Pierre Vernimmen, Pascal Quiry, Antonio Salvi, Maurizio Dallocchio and Yann LeFur to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with...
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...though, valuing an asset seems to be a task that is far too complex and complicated for their skill sets. Consequently, they either depend upon those that they regard as professionals (equity research analysts, appraisers) for their valuations or ignore value entirely when investing. In this book, I hope to show that valuation, at its core, is simple and that anyone who is willing to spend some time collecting information and analyzing it, can value an asset. I also hope to strip the mystique away from valuation practices and provide ways in which we can look at valuation judgments made by analysts and appraisers and decide whether they make sense...
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...retained earnings. Still, companies have a gap between cash they need and cash they generate internally. This gap is financial deficit. So companies have to either sell new equity or borrow.This causes two different kinds of problems: 1) The plow back ratio? => Dividend policy 2) The proportions of debt and issue of equity? => Debt policy. • Net stock issue is negative = Company repurchases more stocks than issues them. Reasons for internally generated funds: a) avoid cost of issuing securities b) investors don’t get the message from lower future profits and higher risk. Recent years firms have issued more debt than equity. Still, there are many ways to calculate the Debt ratio of company: 1) Debt / total assets = ( Short + long term debt ) / Total assets, or 2) Proportion of debt in long term financing) = Long term liabilities Long term liabilities + stockholders’ equity The Debt Ratios has risen since 1950 because of the book value of the corporate assets falls as behind the actual value of those assets. This is caused the inflation. And the new tools for risk management have also improved the Debt Ratios. 14.2 The maximum number of shares that can be issued, without a special permission from the stockholders, is known as...
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...FINANCIAL TERMS MADE EASY BY ADEEL AND MOHSIN A Accrual -Estimates of costs incurred but not yet invoiced. They are charged to the Profit and Loss Account and will also appear as liabilities in the Balance Sheet. Examples: A business records its utility bills as soon as it receives them and not when they are paid, because the service has already been used. The company ignored the date when the payment will be made. An airline sells its tickets days or even weeks before the flight is made, but it does not record the payments as revenue because the flight, the event on which the revenue is based has not occurred yet. Acquisition - When one company purchases a majority interest in the acquired. Ad valorem -A tax based on the assessed value of real estate or asset. Ad valorem taxes can be property tax or even duty on imported items. Property ad valorem taxes are the major source of revenue for state and municipal governments. Explanation: The phrase ad valorem is Latin for "according to value". In the case of municipal property taxes, property owners have their property assessed on a periodic basis by a public tax assessor. Aging schedule - Table that classifies accounts payable or accounts receivable according to their dates. It helps in analyzing which payments are behind their due date, and by how many days. American depository receipt-A negotiable certificate issued by a U.S. bank representing a specified number of shares (or one share) in a foreign stock that is traded...
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...Journal of Financial Economics 33 (1993) 3-56. North-Holland Common risk factors in the returns stocks and bonds* Eugene F. Fama and Kenneth R. French 1992 Unirrrsit.v 01 Chicayo. Chiccup. I .L 60637, C;S;L Received July 1992. final version received September on This paper identities five common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds. There are three stock-market factors: an overall market factor and factors related to firm size and book-to-market equity. There are two bond-market factors. related to maturity and default risks. Stock returns have shared variation due to the stock-market factors, and they are linked to bond returns through shared variation in the bond-market factors. Except for low-grade corporates. the bond-market factors capture the common variation in bond returns. Most important. the five factors seem to explain average returns on stocks and bonds. 1. Introduction The cross-section of average returns on U.S. common stocks shows little relation to either the market /Is of the Sharpe (1964tLintner (1965) assetpricing model or the consumption ps of the intertemporal asset-pricing model of Breeden (1979) and others. [See, for example, Reinganum (198 1) and Breeden, Gibbons, and Litzenberger (1989).] On the other hand, variables that have no special standing in asset-pricing theory show reliable power to explain the cross-section of average returns. The list of empirically determined averagereturn variables includes size (ME, stock...
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...Journal of Financial Economics 33 (1993) 3-56. North-Holland Common risk factors in the returns stocks and bonds* Eugene F. Fama and Kenneth R. French 1992 Unirrrsit.v 01 Chicayo. Chiccup. I .L 60637, C;S;L Received July 1992. final version received September on This paper identities five common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds. There are three stock-market factors: an overall market factor and factors related to firm size and book-to-market equity. There are two bond-market factors. related to maturity and default risks. Stock returns have shared variation due to the stock-market factors, and they are linked to bond returns through shared variation in the bond-market factors. Except for low-grade corporates. the bond-market factors capture the common variation in bond returns. Most important. the five factors seem to explain average returns on stocks and bonds. 1. Introduction The cross-section of average returns on U.S. common stocks shows little relation to either the market /Is of the Sharpe (1964tLintner (1965) assetpricing model or the consumption ps of the intertemporal asset-pricing model of Breeden (1979) and others. [See, for example, Reinganum (198 1) and Breeden, Gibbons, and Litzenberger (1989).] On the other hand, variables that have no special standing in asset-pricing theory show reliable power to explain the cross-section of average returns. The list of empirically determined averagereturn variables includes size (ME, stock...
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...pg 121-129 Franchising agreement: stipulates (specifies) the duties and responsibilities of the franchisee and the franchiser. Benefits of Franchising For the Franchiser ■ The franchiser can attain rapid growth for the chain by sign- ing up many franchisees in many different locations. ■ Franchisees share in the cost of advertising. ■ The franchiser benefits from the investment money provided by franchisees. ■ Advertising money is spent more efficiently (the franchiser teams up with local franchisees to advertise only in the local area). ■ The franchiser benefits because franchisees are motivated to work hard for themselves; the more revenue the franchisee generates, the more money the franchiser makes. ■ The franchiser is freed from all details of a local operation, which are handled by the franchisee. For the Franchisee ■ Franchisees own a small business that has access to big business management skills. ■ The franchisee does not have to build up a business from scratch. ■ Franchisee failure rates are lower than when starting one’s own business. ■ A well-advertised brand name comes with the franchise and the franchisee’s outlet is recognizable because it looks like all other outlets in the chain. ■ The franchiser may send the franchisee to a training pro- gram...
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...Journal of Financial Economics 33 (1993) 3-56. North-Holland Common risk factors in the returns stocks and bonds* Eugene F. Fama and Kenneth R. French 1992 Unirrrsit.v 01 Chicayo. Chiccup. I .L 60637, C;S;L Received July 1992. final version received September on This paper identities five common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds. There are three stock-market factors: an overall market factor and factors related to firm size and book-to-market equity. There are two bond-market factors. related to maturity and default risks. Stock returns have shared variation due to the stock-market factors, and they are linked to bond returns through shared variation in the bond-market factors. Except for low-grade corporates. the bond-market factors capture the common variation in bond returns. Most important. the five factors seem to explain average returns on stocks and bonds. 1. Introduction The cross-section of average returns on U.S. common stocks shows little relation to either the market /Is of the Sharpe (1964tLintner (1965) assetpricing model or the consumption ps of the intertemporal asset-pricing model of Breeden (1979) and others. [See, for example, Reinganum (198 1) and Breeden, Gibbons, and Litzenberger (1989).] On the other hand, variables that have no special standing in asset-pricing theory show reliable power to explain the cross-section of average returns. The list of empirically determined averagereturn variables includes size (ME, stock...
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