...Human Memory Model, Thinking, and Intelligence Kasia Nlabandian American Intercontinental University Online 03/09/2014 Abstract In this week project subject is human memory model, which I’m going to discuss about in my paper about the following step by step. How many memory models and stages of memory a human have, how memory operate, the factors that enhance or impede information that flow in each step of the process, I’m also going to talk about proactive and retroactive interference, how we can counteract, there effects, type of forgetting, how can we improve memory consolidation and how can we retrieve. Memory, Thinking, and Intelligence Everyone knows about human memory is what allows us to store memories and use them or retrieve them in the future like colors, images, conversations and more, I’m going to discuss in details the memory system from stimuli into long term memory. We have technical enhance impede flow in every step. Proactive interference and retroactive interference show us how we will contract our effects while studying facilitates the maximum retention into long-term memory and also I’m going to discuss how we can forget things and what other types of forgetting we have. The strategy can improve our memory, consolidation and retrieval. Human Memory processes and stages Human memory is like a computer anything we need or is important we will store them for later; the same thing is with our brain we will encode, store and reuse them from our...
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...Jose Vargas, Section B3, TA: Nian Ci Lo, Fun Paper #2 11/10/14 Using the Correlational Method to Study Sleep Through the Lifespan. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlational method as a means for examining the relationship between REM sleep and memory. I will describe previous research and then investigate how REM and memory are associated in young people and in older people. In some ways, the sleep patterns of these two groups are very similar, but in some ways they are not. 1 a. One way in which these patterns differ from each other is in the architecture of their sleep. In the normal brain of a young person, the duration of REM sleep increases while the duration of NREM-3 or deep sleep decreases as the night progresses. In infants and babies, REM sleep roughly covers half of the sleep and there is a lot of NREM-3 sleep. However, older people tend to have much less REM sleep than younger people and their NREM-3 stages of sleep become almost extinct, which is why older people are more prone to waking up at night, unlike babies who are heavy sleepers.1 b. REM sleep, also known as paradoxical sleep, is also known to cause genital arousal characterized by erections in males and increased in vaginal fluids in women. While the average young man has erections during nearly half their sleep, older men have erections for only a quarter of their sleep due to the reduced REM that is caused by aging. This may apply to women too. 1 c. Researchers have noticed that there...
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...English Importance of sleep. Sleep is very important and beneficial part of our lives. Sleep helps us to have a better quality of life, but nowadays not sleeping well has become part of the lives of many people. The sleep needed is between 7 to 9 hours, but some people get 6 hours or less. Sleep deficiency can be presented at any time of our lives, as adult people, teenagers and even in children. Sleeping well helps us physically and mentally. It is known that sleep plays an important role and helps us to improve our memory, health, learning and metabolism. Also sleep has an big impact on our life and it can bring a lot of consequences such as, long term diseases, car accidents, memory problems, shorter life, lower grades, deficiency at work, mad mood, poor performance exercise and extra activities. One of the consequences that lack of sleep brings is long term diseases. If we do not sleep what we need, we can increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and hypertension, metabolic problems such as, obesity and diabetes and emotional disorders such as, depression and bipolar disorder. When we deprive our bodies of sleep, it raises ghrelin which it is a hormone that regulates the need to eat. When we do not sleep, that hormone increases causing us want to eat more when we do not need it, so that is when obesity problems are presented. Also, sleeping decreases leptin which is another hormone that regulates the need to eat and when it decreases, we will have the need...
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...The Human Memory Tracey Percifield American Intercontinental University Abstract Unit 4 IP The human mind is a fascinating instrument that is very complex and even though we know quite a lot about it we still do not know everything. The human memory has three phases of memory interpretation; Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory. Knowing how each of these memories store information is comparison to c computer. The average adult knows anywhere between 50,000 to 100, 00 words. The brain is incredible in protecting itself when injuries occur at times. The Human Memory The Father of Psychology begins with Sigmund Freud and his analysis of Psychoanalysis and the theories he introduced. Freud had many theories that caused controversy throughout his career but in today’s society they are accepted and his findings were true then as they are now without the controversy. In the unconscious mind we absorb many things from learning to traumatic events and information is stored, processed and in some ways affect our lives if we don’t resolve the issues at hand then we carry them with us and they still may affect us as we grow older (IEP, 2010). In 1968 two other Psychologist Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin develop a model of the human mind with the understanding how memory storage is taken in and processed and recalled for later usage. The model is referred to Atkinson-Shiffrin model and is explained as three phases of sensory, short-term and...
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...NEUROSCIENCE OF MEMORY What is memory? It is often associated with the “thinking of again” or “recalling to the mind” of something learned at an earlier time. Descriptions of this sort imply a conscious awareness in the rememberer that they are recollecting something of the past. For example, we might remember our first day of school or some general knowledge such as who the prime minister is. On closer reflection, this is only really the tip of the iceberg when we look at the full range of human memory capabilities. Much of our memory is submerged from conscious view (e.g., skills such as driving or typewriting). Performance on complex tasks such as playing a musical instrument can even be disrupted when conscious awareness intrudes. We learn and remember how to use language often without having to be conscious of its grammatical rules. A better description of memory could be ‘the ability to retain and utilize acquired information or knowledge’. Memory is an integral part of our existence, yet it is only vaguely understood. Through empirical studies on people, the methods of cognitive psychology have lead to some useful descriptions, distinctions and theoretical advances in our understanding of different types of memory. These approaches have paid little attention to the biological substrate of memory – the brain. This is probably partly because, until recently, the tremendous complexity of the brain has hampered our ability to gain useful insights into memory from...
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...Research Proposal: People views about the Psychological role of sleep in our lives Date: August 26, 2013 Subject: Proposal to do a research paper/project on the people views about the psychological role of sleep in our lives. INTRODUCTION Sleep has been the subject of speculation and thought since the time of the early Greek philosophers, but recently scientists have discovered ways to study sleep in a systematic and objective way. With the advent of new technology, scientists are now being able to measure electrical patterns and activity produce by the sleeping brain. Sleeping time is controlled by circadian clock (a biochemical mechanism that oscillates with a period of 24 hours and is coordinated within day-night cycle) and in humans to some extent by willed behavior. Sleep helps the brain commit new information to memory through a process called memory consolidation. Psychological role of sleep has a great impact on our lives. In today’s society, a lack of sleep and high energy are accepted as the “norm”. It seems that people have lost sight of the importance of sleep on our mental and physical health. Many research studies have been conducted and have found that there are many benefits to sleeping regularly and well. It is not quantity that matters so much as quality of sleep. Research has also been done to study the future of sleep and how that may affect people psychologically. The field of sleep psychology is advancing, and will surely change...
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...Psychology (Memory) - Forgetting Definition: forgetting mean failure at anytime to recall an experience, when attempting to do, or to perform an action previously learned. Many Psychologists are interest in process by which forgetting take place, the researcher who found this field was Hermann ebbinghaus (1850-1909), he invented a lot of claptrap syllable in order to access a pure learning, one is the rate at which we forget. He used little or no meaning material because he knew learning new information is subjective by what we already know, therefore he decided to create a learning situation that were free of past knowledge. The way we forget stuff is highly predictable, when we gain some new information or knowledge, the forgetting take place right away. Ebbinghaus found that he forgot significant amount of the information within 20minutes, almost half of the useless information was forget ton in an hour, and almost two third of the information was forgotten by the end of the day. In 1973 Yarn ell and lynch took this experiment further by experimenting football player immediately after the injury and after twenty minutes of injury. They discovered that immediately after the injury the player remembered what strategy they and their team player were using but after twenty minutes they could not remember anything about the strategy; it completely disappeared from their memory. This may be because of damage also known as amnesia. Psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus was also one...
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...Essay Questions for Human Learning and Memory Chapter 1: Some Basic Assumptions 1. What is neural determinism? What evidence supports it? 2. Discuss the arguments for and against determinism, citing evidence wherever possible. 3. What is introspection, and why did psychologists abandon it as a method for understanding people’s behavior? 4. Discuss the arguments for and against the use of animals in psychological research, citing evidence wherever possible. Chapter 2: Classical Conditioning 1. How did Pavlov account for extinction? What evidence supports his acount? 2. Suppose you participated in an experiment in which you occasionally received a tone followed by a puff of air to your eye, and that after 20 pairings you began to blink as soon as the tone was presented. One possible explanation is classical conditioning. What other explanations are possible? What are unpaired and random control groups, and how do they allow us to decide whether your blinking was truly the result of conditioning? 3. Discuss the evidence that classical conditioning can play a role in the development of hunger, fear, sexual arousal and drug craving. 4. How have classical conditioning principles been used in the treatment of phobias? Can conditioning principles also account for the origin of phobias? Chapter 3: Conditioning Principles and Theories 1. For more than 50 years, research on classical conditioning suggested that if a CS and a US were contiguous, then conditioning...
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...MEMORY Memory is one of the most important concepts in learning; if things are not remembered, no learning can take place. Futhermore, memory has served as a battleground for opposing theories and paradigms of learning (e.g., Adams, 1967; Ashcraft, 1989; Bartlett, 1932; Klatzky, 1980; Loftus & Loftus, 1976; Tulving & Donaldson, 1972). Some of the major issues include recall versus recognition, the nature of forgetting (i.e., interference versus decay), the structure of memory, and intentional versus incidental learning. According to the early behaviorist theories (e.g., Thorndike, Guthrie, Hull), remembering was a function of S-R pairings which acquired strength due to contiguity or reinforcement. Stimulus sampling theory explained many memory phenomenon on the basis of statistical outcomes. On the other hand, cognitive theories (e.g., Tolman) insisted that meaning (i.e., semantic factors) played an important role in remembering. In particular, Miller suggested that information was organized into "chunks" according to some commonality. The idea that memory is always an active reconstruction of existing knowledge was championed by Bruner and is found in the theories of Ausubel and Schank. Some theories of memory have concerned themselves with the nature of the processing. Paivio suggests a dual coding scheme for verbal and visual information. Craik & Lockhart proposed that information can be processed to different levels of understanding. Rumelhart & Norman describe three...
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...LiteGreen: Saving Energy in Networked Desktops Using Virtualization Tathagata Das tathadas@microsof t.com Microsoft Research India Pradeep Padala∗ Venkata N. Padmanabhan ppadala@docomolabs-usa.com padmanab@microsof t.com DOCOMO USA Labs Microsoft Research India Kang G. Shin kgshin@eecs.umich.edu The University of Michigan U.S. Of this, 65 TWh/year is consumed by PCs in enterprises, which constitutes 5% of the commercial building electricity consumption in the U.S. Moreover, market projections suggest that PCs will continue to be the dominant desktop computing platform, with over 125 million units shipping each year from 2009 through 2013 [15]. The usual approach to reducing PC energy wastage is to put computers to sleep when they are idle. However, the presence of the user makes this particularly challenging in a desktop computing environment. Users care about preserving long-running network connections (e.g., login sessions, IM presence, file sharing), background computation (e.g., syncing and automatic filing of new emails), and keeping their machine reachable even while it is idle. Putting a desktop PC to sleep is likely to cause disruption (e.g., broken connections), thereby having a negative impact on the user, who might then choose to disable the energy savings mechanism altogether. To reduce user disruption while still allowing machines to sleep, one approach has been to have a proxy on the network for a machine that is asleep [33]. However, this approach suffers from...
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...The short-term memory/long-term memory distinction If there is a difference between short- and long-term memory stores, there are two possible ways in which these stores may differ: in duration, and in capacity. A duration difference means that items in short-term storage decay from this sort of storage as a function of time. A capacity difference means that there is a limit in how many items short-term storage can hold. If there is only a limit in capacity, a number of items smaller than the capacity limit could remain in short-term storage until they are replaced by other items. Both types of limit are controversial. Therefore, in order to assess the usefulness of the short-term storage concept, duration and capacity limits will be assessed in turn. Short-term memory is used to remember a number looked up in a telephone book. Students who cram for a test retain the information in their short-term memory. Important life moments, such as the birth of a child, are stored in a person's long-term memory. Looking through old photos will likely trigger long-term memories. Bottom of Form Short-term and long-term memory, while closely related, have many differences. Long-term memory is used to store information, memories, skill sets and procedural knowledge that can be readily retrieved when needed, both voluntarily and involuntarily. Short-term memory is designed to retain information for a brief period of time, after which it is then either forgotten or stored permanently...
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..."Given that the primary focus of education is to maximize human potential, then a new task before us is to ensure that the conditions in which learning takes place address the very biology of our learners." (Mary A. Carskadon, PhD) High-Schools throughout the United States can start as early as 7:15 am. Studies are proving that this is having a very negative effect on the student body. Not only are the students not performing as well as they could, but their physical and mental health is in jeopardy too. Schools should start later in the day. First, the early start times have been proved to be affecting the teenager’s health. Dr. Judith Owens, Director of Sleep Medicine at Children’s National Health System, says “The research...
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...17 November 2011 Consolidation: An Attempt to Save Money, or an Effort to Reduce Student Learning The proposals by the state to consolidate several public schools on O’ahu has created no small amount of concern by parents, students, and teachers. This is probably due to the recent attempts by the state to close small public elementary schools like Pu’uhale and Likelike Elementary. Despite the state’s numerous attempts to cut short the number of school days in a week (furlough days), the state legislation has finally decided to cut short the number of schools on the island (consolidation). Their goal - which is really a short term goal - is one that involves the reduction of spending, which will save the state approximately one million dollars a year. While this may seem reasonable and understandable, the viewpoint that the state has totally dismissed is the viewpoint of enhancing these small schools and providing incentives for those schools that perform well in their test scores and achieve exemplary academic growth. There are multiple reasons for why the state should not consolidate these small schools, and the four arenas this proposal will examine to support it consists of a political reason, an economic reason, a social reason, and a cultural reason. And in examining these reasons in light of the argument to not consolidate public schools in Hawaii, people - especially parents - will be able to defend these small schools and provide solid evidence for why their child’s school...
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...Bondarchuk Essay Why do we sleep? Russell Foster Speak in public is very hard work and not many people can possess this skill. Neuroscientist Russell Foster opens a session of TEDGlobal all about us, asking the question: Why do we sleep? Thirty-six percent of our lives are spent asleep, which means, if you live to 90, you’ll have slept for 32 years. But we don’t appreciate sleep enough, says Foster. He quotes Thomas Edison — “Sleep is a criminal waste of time, inherited from our cave days” — and Margaret Thatcher — “Sleep is for wimps.” Simply put, says Foster, not only do we not appreciate sleep, but we treat it like an illness and an enemy. Of course this simply shouldn’t be the case. In fact, some areas of the brain are more active during the sleep stage than while the body is awake. But the essential question that we — ahem — lose sleep over: Why do we sleep? There is no real consensus, but Foster gives three popular answers: 1. Sleep is for restoration, to replenish and repair metabolic processes. Indeed, a whole host of genes are “turned on” only during sleep — genes associated with restoration and metabolic pathways. 2. Sleep is for energy conservation, to save calories. This may seem an intuitive answer, says Foster, except that the difference between sleeping and quietly resting is about 110 calories a night, the equivalent of a hot dog bun. Not a very gob od upshot for such a complex process. 3. Finally, sleep is for brain processing and memory consolidation...
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...Module 24 Memory Behavioural Perspective * Concentrates on OVERT behavior * Stress S – R relationship and argues that this one “STAMPED IN” Cognitive Perspective O Predict Expect Evaluate Memory Predict Expect Evaluate Memory S R Chimpanzees Experiment: Waiting at the place where the drone went pass to get it down Insight – the sudden understanding of how to solve a problem as a result of re-organizing the problem. Memory – the learning that persists overtime. Measuring Memory * Recall – retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time. (i.e. Fill-in-the-blank question) * Recognition – identifying items previously learned. (i.e. Multiple choice question) * Relearning – learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time. (i.e. measures the time you save when learning the same thing the second time) Tests of recognition and of time spent relearning demonstrate that we remember more than we can recall. As rehearsal increases, relearning time decreases. Information processing model * Encoding – get information into our brain * Storage – retain that information * Retrieval – later get the information back out Parallel processing – the processing of many aspects...
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