...ASSIGNMENT 1 5 EXAMPLES EACH ON ANY 3 KINDS OF FORGETTING CHARITHA VASUDEVAN 140702015 I MA According to Paul Connerton, a sociologist and a scholar at the University of Cambridge, there are seven types of forgetting. He argues that 'forgetting' is not necessarily a failing, but it is a combination of actions that lead to one term - forgetting. The seven types of forgetting, in his view, are: 1. Repressive erasure 2. Prescriptive Forgetting 3. Forgetting that is constitutive in the formation of a new identity 4. Structural Amnesia 5. Forgetting as annulment 6. Forgetting as planned obsolescence 7. Forgetting as humiliated silence PRECRIPTIVE FORGETTING Prescriptive Forgetting is an act of collective forgetting where all members of a group/party decide on forgetting a specific memory in order to continue to function more efficiently. Example 1: Vibgyor School Rape Case A six year old girl of Vibgyor High school in Bangalore was allegedly raped by the skating instructor. It was revealed later that the instructor had earlier been sacked by another school for 'inappropriate behaviour'. Vibgyor International School, apparently, did not conduct a background check before employing him. The school remained closed for a few days as the investigation was being carried out. Later, the school re-opened after groups of parents visited the institution to take stock of the safety measures initiated by the management. Here, the parents...
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...When cues are present at the encoding stage of the process but not present at retrieval stage then this is when forgetting may occur. Cues are like additional pieces of information that allow us to receive certain pieces of information we are seeking. You could suggest that this is a bit like the contents page of a book. These memory cues may be necessary to access information that is available but not accessible as certain chunks of information need these cues to be retrieved. There are two types of cues, the first is context which are environmental cues for example a classroom at school. An example in everyday life would be when someone goes upstairs to get something and forgets what it was, they might remember again when they are back downstairs in the same place that they first thought about it. The second is state which are cues internal to the person such as being excited or afraid. For example if you learn something when in a relaxed mood but cannot recall it when in a tense mood. Cue-dependent forgetting can be supported by the fact that most people find that their recollections of childhood become less memorable as they get older. However, if they return to the place that they lived when they were a child, the streets, houses and school often serve to bring the past back to how they remembered. The physical environment of enfancy can act as an effective cue proving that many memory traces established a long time ago can be retrieved. The problem is we don't know what...
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...Joaquin Kray Period 8th ‘Bad Morning’ Langston Hughes Play Act I (It is early in the morning in a small, beat-down apartment. Benny is getting ready for work, sitting at the kitchen table and waiting for his wife, Loraine, to serve his breakfast. As always, his morning is starting off bad.) Benny: Woman, are them eggs and bacon ready yet? I already be runnin’ late for work! Loraine: You can’t rush perfection, my dear. Benny: I’ll tell you what, you really been pushin’ my buttons lately! Forgetting to do the laundry, leaving your damn clothes all over the floor. Ever hear of a hangar before? (Glances at wristwatch.) Good lawdy, this clock must be broken! Loraine: Well just in time. Breakfast is done. Benny: (sarcastically) Praise the Lord! Loraine: Oh, and don’t forget, my parents are coming over for dinner tonight. I’m going to need help cooking these greens and mashed potatoes. Benny: O’ good Lord, didn’t they just come over a few weeks ago?! Loraine: That was Christmas… Which was three weeks ago… Benny: I’m slowly losing ma’ mind. (Double-checks the time and frantically starts rushing through the apartment) Woman, I can’t find my shoes! Where did you put my shoes?? You know I hate when you be moving my things! Loraine: Oh, you mean those old beaten-up pieces of cloth I found on the floor? I reckon their on their way the city dump now! Benny: You stupid she-witch! (Rushes to the closet to grab an old pair...
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...Number 40 In the story Number 40, it is clear that it is a third person point of view. The narrator talks about the main character as "she" and her by her name. We see that in following quotes, "Melissa hated forgetting things" (p. 1 l. 1) and "She watched raindrops chase each other down the bus window". This is two quotes where the narrator clearly uses third person of the main character. This is something that happens through the whole story, so the point of view doesn't change. Furthermore me can say that it is a limited narrator in some ways, because we don't know how the main characters deep emotions. On the other side we know how she is as a person, that she is forgetful and how she feel about her living fellow Simon, talking to the other girl Emma or Emily, who she clearly had forgot the name of because she is this forgetful. If we look on the setting, I will start give a characterizing of both Melissa and Simon. Melissa is confused and forgetful. She is also a bit jealous on Simons friend Emma or Emily from work. Furthermore you can say that she might be full of fantasy because she suddenly can't find her house or might even live in a fantasy world. On the other hand there is Simon, he is presented as superior, in that way he knows better, and she will always call him if there is something she can't remember, we see that in following quote "But couldn't remember the name. if she'd had her phone she would have called Simon, because he was good at things like that'...
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...remember? Thorough case studies have been performed and a few prevailing theories about why this is and ways to reduce habits of forgetting have emerged. Memory is attributed to the functioning of three stages: encoding – the process of storing data, storage – the process of retaining data, and retrieval - the process of recovering data. Several factors are tied together and influence forgetting. It can happen before or even after the actual memory process. Keywords: memory process, encoding, storage, retrieval Why We Forget Forgetting is the loss of information stored in an individual’s memory. It’s the process in which older memories cannot be recalled from ones memory databank. Research studied by Edward Thorndike which was compiled in his novel “The Psychology of Learning” in 1914 shows one possible explanation: “The Decay Theory of Forgetting” found that there is a theory to explain this behavior. Over time, if the specific memory isn’t recalled and an effort isn’t made to preserve the notion or event, it will fade with time. If an attempt of recalling a memory is not made within a certain timeframe the memory will fade to darkness. Another theory known as “Interference Theory” was realized by the German psychologist Bergstrom, it is suggested that some memories compete and affect other memories. (Paul Connerton, 2008, “Seven Types of Forgetting”) When information is very similar to other information already stored in memory, interference or some kind of static is most likely...
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...memory. The information in the sensory memory moves to the short-term memory and held for approximately 20 seconds (Hockenbury, 2014). Short-term memory retrieves old information from long-term memory, as well as encoding the information to store in the long-term memory. Long-term Memory: Long-term memory is the last and final stage. This section can hold information for a lifetime and has an unlimited amount of room for storage (Hockenbury, 2014). The reason there is so much room is that it has different memory systems. The most effective way to get the information you receive to stay in your long-term memory is by elaborative rehearse the information. This way you can memorize the information you receive and not have to worry about forgetting it in a few seconds. It is very important to know how the memory works because it does help you learn. The reason I say this is that when we have information that we need to remember for a test or paper, we do not want to forget it right away. Knowing how to analyze the information correctly, will help the information stay in your long-term...
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...Part 1: Memory Techniques 1. Choose two of the memory techniques that you think would work best for you, and explain why you chose them. Describe how you can use these techniques to study for an exam. • The two Memory Techniques that I chose are Visualizing as I Read and Take a Note! I chose the visualizing as I read technique because when I am reading I like to imagine things or create pictures in my mind of what is going on. Like when I read the Hunger games for instance I imagined myself as Katniss on the field fighting for my family and to live. Well while I am reading my text book I can imagine myself doing the research on eyes and the human body. I also chose take a Note because I usually use this in my everyday life. I use it when I go to church or when I am going to a meeting. I take notes so that I can review them for later and study them because they come in handy. I also always use this method in school. I use flash cards and write down a summary on the lesson on them so when I need to review them for a test or anything I already have them in hand ready to read. 2. Explain the encoding, storage, and retrieval processes and how these processes operate while studying for and taking an exam. • Encoding and Storage is the process by which we place the things that we experience into memory. Unless we encode the information we learn we won’t be able to remember it later on. Sometime we only encode things that are important to us. One way of encoding information from...
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... I never thought I could get this attached to my classmates, so attached that I have mixed feelings as we graduate. I am happy for I know how much we’ve waited for this. I have felt our excitement for it vibrated throughout our classroom as we started with our countdown. I know that we’re happy because of the new freedom close at hand, a new challenge which perhaps tingle our spine from time to time. Yes, graduation has offered us a different kind of happiness. Yet, I’m sad deep within for I know that after this, we’ll go on our separate ways, living our separate lives. I have this creeping feeling we’ll barely see each other from now on. Hey! You’ll be pursuing your dreams and I’ll be pursuing mine. I’ll be forgetting my dear classmates for a while as I daringly take hold of a new chapter in my life, and I guess they’ll do the same too. You know, “forget the buried woes and dead despairs for there’s a brand new trial right at hand.” And then, as we settle down in our new “nest”, we’ll start remembering each other, and all shall be coming back – the laughters, the tears, the jokes, the songs – every little moment I have shared with them. But for now, I have to move on. I have to search for my rightful place in “the circle of life.” Then, though fate may separate us, I hope that sometime, somewhere, we’ll meet again. I shall look forward to that day when I can embrace you and we shall talk, laugh, cry and dance again. As we move...
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...Empathy Exercise Gina Krazer PSY/220 December 13, 2011 Mary Jeanell Buck Snap judgments have a negative effect of hindering one’s ability to foster empathy. Often, such judgments can prove to be incorrect about a person, if the time is taken out to get to know him/her. According to Bolt (2004, p. 51), “People are not always what they seem at first glance. This is not to say that negative judgments are always erroneous or that people never contribute to their own failure, merely that life situations are unique and shape people’s actions more than we know.” Almost every individual is guilty of making these snap judgments, including myself. However, I can only think of one person that I presently have negative feelings toward. I am not in the position to say that I know this person well either. She is a coworker of mine and one certain situation influenced my judgments about her. If I found that I was wrong, I would change my opinion and work to change the basic relationship that she and I hold. The circumstances that created this snap judgment occurred during the time I was training her to be a server. On the second day of her training, I had about three tables in a row not leave any tips. Since this does not normally happen, I had suspected that she may have taken the tips, because she was cleaning all of my tables. I had my general manager check the cameras and, as I suspected, she had taken the tips. I confronted her about it and she immediately apologized...
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...RELATIONSHIPS - PART ONE: UNDERSTANDING WHO YOU ARE Most of us have learned Bible teaches us mainly about two things.... 1. The first is our relationship with God. 2. The second is our relationship with one another. Every book in the bible deals with these two relationships. Almost everything that I talk about from this pulpit concerns our relationship with God. That is a good thing to talk about! Tonight though, I want to begin a new series concerning our relationship ourselves and with others. We are going to address relationships that deal with the husband, the wife, friends, and family, communication...but I want to begin this series tonight by talking about understanding yourself! The first key to understanding yourself is to understand... * Who you are. * Where you come from. * Where you are going. * What is your purpose. ...before you can be successful in any relationship...you must be able to understand yourself! Before you can be successful in your relationship with God you must be able to understand yourself! Tell the person next to you..."I am about to find out who I am." The bible says.... James 1:17-18 17 Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, and cometh down from the Father of lights, with whom is no variableness, neither shadow of turning. 18 Of his own will begat he us with the word of truth, that we should be a kind of firstfruits of his creatures. James, Jesus half brother, wrote...
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...Forgetting War Soldiers sometimes struggle adapting back to normal life after being at war and Harold Krebs is no different. Many soldiers who come back from the war are never the same as when they left. They cannot get past the physiological toll it took on them. In the story it says, “He did not want to leave Germany. He did not want to come home” (1). This shows how much of an impact the war had on him. It affected him so much that he would rather stay over in the war zone then come home and try to start a normal, new life. As civilians I don’t think we truly understand what some of the men and women in the armed forces go through when they are overseas. The fact that some of them, like Krebs for example don’t even want to come home shows us how difficult it must be over there. You would think that after being away from your family and friends for so long you would want to come home to them. Especially with all of the horrific stuff they see in battle. Post-traumatic stress disorder affects way more veterans than I think we realize. It is a very serious subject and I think a lot of people over look it. And cannot even begin to imagine some of the stuff those guys see over there and some of the situations they are put in. Taking someone’s life, or witnessing someone’s life being taken, friendly or enemy has to be very difficult. The thought of that moment when you pull the trigger and that person stops breathing has to be stuck in your head for a long time if...
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...Forgiving But Not Forgetting Calling the Holocaust a crime against humanity may be more than fitting, but to say that it is unforgivable may be a slight stretch. Simon Weisenthal's, The Sunflower, discusses the author's experience in the concentration camps during the Nazi Germany era and how a dying S.S. officer, Karl Seidl, changed his perspective on the Nazis as a whole. Forgiveness is understanding the offender’s actions and leaving the past behind to make for a better future as it is the more humane thing to do; for instance, something that Simon had done when he met Karl’s mother, allowing her to think of her son as a peaceful young man. Understanding an action is a large step in the concept of forgiveness because recognizing the events that took place is what allows the brain to process the information and contemplate the reasoning behind the action. According to Sven Alkalaj, a responder to Simon, “without recognition of what happened, there can never be forgiveness” (103). A person can easily say they would never forgive an S.S. officer, that would be the initial response. However, if we were to think about why those soldiers did what they did, we may understand the desire to protect family, fit in, and avoid suspicion during a fascist regime. The Stanford Prison Experiment conducted By Philip Zimbardo, illustrates how under the right conditions and enough peer pressure, even the average college student can have a sadistic side to them. Although, the S.S....
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...The article being analyzed in the following paper can be found under the title of “Unblocking memory through directed forgetting” by Rebecca H. Koppel and Benjamin C. Storm . This article relates to the topic of memory, more specifically, to aspects of memory acquisition and forgetting which will be mentioned in detail later. The purpose of the research done in this article was to observe how list-method directed forgetting affects memory blocking (Koppel and Storm, 2012). Something similar to this concept of memory blocking was covered in a class lecture and in the textbook, the idea of interference, where the recalling of new or old information can be hindered by the presence of other similar information (Hockenbury and Hockenbury, Bhadha,...
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...MEMORY: REMEMBERING AND FORGETTING AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS TO EDUCATION INTRODUCTION: Memory is generally defined as the processes of encoding, storing and retrieving information. These three processes interact with different memory systems. The memory systems that appear to be most important in the educational area are short-term memory, working memory and long-term memory. Memory is thought to begin with the encoding or converting of information into a form that can be stored by the brain. This encoding process is also referred to as registering information in memory. The memory systems that are involved in the encoding or registration of information in memory are sensory memory and short-term memory. Sensory Memory Information which first comes to us through our senses is stored for a very short period of time within the sensory register. Simply put, the sensory register is associated with our five senses – seeing (visual), hearing (auditory), doing (kinesthetic), feeling (tactile) and smelling (olfactory). However, the sensory buffers that have received the most attention in the research literature are the visual and auditory sensory registers. Generally information remains in our visual memory for a very short time, approximately several hundred milliseconds. This information or "image" is somewhat like an exact replica of what we have just seen, and it fades with the passage of time (Pashler and Carrier, 1996). Short-term Memory Most of the information that enters...
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...The phrase ” big brother is watching you” originated from George Orwell's acclaimed novel '1984'. Though it was published in 1949, people acknowledge his work and the book for its very desriptive and frightening story about a surveillance society – or 'the big brother society'. Now, the british comedian Russell Brand, brought this phrase to life, by commentating on the UK riots; ” Big brother isn't watching you”. He means that no one are watching the rioters. Russell Brand is known for his stand-up and acting. He is starring for example : ” Forgetting sarah marshall”. As a major name in Hollywood and around the world, it is a bit tricky for him to comment on such things as the riots, but he has done so and tries to explain, why this is happening. Russell Brand initiates the reader by saying, he no longer lives in London and that he used to work for the reality show 'Big Brother'. Then he comments on 'This week's riots' and says its tragic and frightening. As a part of his fame, he has risen to a level of economic standard, which means, he is not in the 'working class'. He is bothered by the reason that its in exactly this type of enviroment, these sorts of riots arise. At the time, he was one of them, and has lived through these things himself. He thinks that a lot of rioters are in a state of depression in a materialistic way, but as one might say, that their existentialistic journey, to find and approve themselves, may effect those amongst them. On page 8 l. 42 Russell...
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