...experiment once again kills any contaminating microorganisms (bacteria) that may still be on the loop from the previous colony/culture/broth/medium it came into contact with. This prevents the spread (cross contamination) of unwanted/possibly contaminating bacteria which may contaminate the experiment and yield incorrect/unreliable results. 2....
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...Mouthwash Lab Report Fareeda sanusi Abstract: This experiment was done in order to find out which mouthwash killed the bacteria Staphylococcus epidermis and Bacillus subtilus the best. The mouthwashes used were Scope (clean mint baking soda), Listermint with fluoride, Cepacol, Rembrandt, and Therasol. Water was used as a control for the experiment. It allowed students to practice using T -values to determine significance of mouthwash effectiveness. The experiment also determined the active ingredient in the better mouthwash. My own hypothesis was that Scope would work the best on both bacteria. My hypothesis was proved wrong by Bacillus subtilis when Therasol eliminated the most bacteria. As for Staphylococcus epidermis Therasol worked just as well as Scope and Cepacol in killing the bacteria. However, there was significance at the 95% level between Scope and Cepacol. The charts, graphs, and the report below provide more information. Introduction: The battle for better breath is taking place all over the world. With each toothpaste and mouthwash claiming to be the best, how can one possibly determine which one to use? This experiment may perhaps put an end to this particular problem. Five fairly popular mouthwashes were used in this experiment: Scope, Listermint, Cepacol, Rembrandt, and Therasol. The effectiveness of each was tested on two different bacteria: Staphylococcus epidermis and Bacillus subtilus. Staphylococcus epidermis is a bacterium that is found in the skin, hair...
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...first people to observe microorganisms using microscope of his own design. Before Leeuwenhoek’s discovery of microorganisms, it had been a mystery why grapes could be turned into milk, wine and cheese, or why food would spoil. He did not make the connection between microorganisms and these processes, but by suing a microscope, Leeuwenhoek did establish that there were signs of life that were unable to see with naked eyes. Microbes are organisms that are too small and tiny to see without the aid of microscope, yet they are abundant on Earth. They live almost everywhere on earth where there is liquid water or even a tiny amount of moisture, including hot springs on the ocean floor, on human skin, deep inside rocks within the earth, in a cow’s stomach, and inside a sponge used for washing dishes. Microbes can be bacteria, archaea, fungi, or protists, but not prions and viruses, which are classified as non-living. Microbes are usually described as unicellular, or single-celled, organisms. However, some multicellular species are microscopic, and some unicellular protists are visible to the human eye. Many microorganisms are crucial to nutrient...
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...effects and the expansion of drugs which are mostly opposing bacteria such as MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). MRSA has happened to be the most frequent organism responsible for skin, soft tissue and surgical-site infections in the United States and in different parts of the Europe. Different findings had been conducted in a study of the genetic code of MRSA samples; they have added these samples to support to the theory that the introduction of extensive antibiotic use in the 1960s may have generated MRSA disease. Antibiotic word is an originated from Greek for anti, which means against and bios means life. A micro –organism bacteria is a life figure that is moreover good, living in our lower part of the canal near stomach and anus which called intestine, such bacteria’s infecting our bodies and making the world population ill. Antibiotics are a kind of drugs used to treat these infections caused by bacteria. Healthy immune systems can be destroyed by bad bacteria before they can cause disorder in the whole body which causing illness. Human bodies assault the bacteria by transferring white blood cells to the unsafe bacteria separating the good bacteria unaccompanied. Antibiotics are frequently used for higher respiratory infections. But the mainstream of these infections are essentially caused by different viruses. As a result, in these situation antibiotics is not obligatory as they only destroy bacteria. The other anxiety is that patients are starting to insist...
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...The idea that humans have power over our health has a long history in American popular culture. We tend to believe we are the masters of our own destiny and can solve the problems of our internal workings according to our will, power of positive thinking, upbeat attitude or a fighting spirit however we cannot ignore our living environment and the organisms that co-exist among us. As it turns out, we share our bodies with an unimaginably vast array of organisms that seem to play a substantial role in our well-being. Both in and on our body, there are 10 bacterial cells for every single human cell. This collection of organisms that inhabit the human body is referred to as the microbiome and accounts for nearly 2% of our total body weight. Trillions of bacteria and other microorganisms are thriving on our skin, genital areas, mouth, and especially intestines. (Ackerman, 2012) It is estimated that there are more than one thousand species that make up this community living in the digestive system alone. When we think of microbes in the body, we tend to think of bacteria that causes disease or germs that make us sick. Biologist, Sarkis K. Mazmanian believes we focused on the harmful bugs because they are foreign enemies that invade our bodies throughout our life and indifferent to seeing them as part of us and allying to learn more about them. Newborns may begin life as sterile creatures however the moment we passed through our mother’s birth canal, we inherited mom’s commensal...
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...precautions means that you must treat all patients as potentially infectious, which apply to all human blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions, non-intact skin and mucous membranes. The most effective, least expensive and simplest way to prevent the spread of infection is by washing your hands. A good reason to wash your hands is the growth and reproduction of bacteria. Bacteria reproduce by a process known as “binary fission.” Each cell of bacteria grows to its maximum size and then divides in the middle to form two new cells of bacteria. “The time required for this growth will take place amount to about 15 to 30 minutes. In only 8 hours, one bacteria cell can multiply to more than 3 billion cells in size, but more importantly, we aren't dealing with just one cell, there are many bacteria cells. Unclean hands alone can be responsible for 500 to 1000 bacteria’s.”(Infection Control Orientation) This is why so much emphasis is placed on good frequent hand washing. Hand washing should be done after interacting with all patients whether or not gloves are worn. You should always wash your hands immediately to avoid transfer of microorganisms to other patients or environments. It may be necessary to wash hands between tasks and procedures on the same patients to prevent cross contamination of different body sites. When washing your hands the equipment you should use is antimicrobial or non-antimicrobial soap, paper towels, and oil free lotion. You should not allow...
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...personally, to know about human evolution? Why or why not? Yes, Human evolution is the part of biological evolution concerning the emergence of humans as a distinct species from other primates. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably physical anthropology, linguistics and genetics. A study of the evolution of the human is necessary for the understanding of his cultural needs. Human evolution helps to understand ones purpose, open minded enough to hear and come up with different conclusion, theories, and hypothesis. 2. Can you think of other examples of an artificial and natural selections other than the ones discussed in this chapter? For an example what traits have been selected for? In the case of natural selection what was the selective agents? Artificial Selection on dogs, example of a breed where curly coat is desired, the source of variation in trait, mutation gives rise to a curly coat in a certain dog. The curly coat genes which have arisen by mutations are good examples of gain of function mutations. Natural Selection for antibiotic resistance in strep bacteria, Source of variation in trait, mutation gives raise a small proportion of bacteria resistant to the antibiotic. Genes conferring bacterial resistance can also be transferred from one species of bacteria to anther through one of several ways. The...
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...Was Aristotle Right or Wrong? Grand Canyon University Biology Concepts Lab-100 September 3, 2011 Resource 1: Was Aristotle Right or Wrong? Directions The exercise below presents a scenario that begins with an observation made by Aristotle (4th century BC). The theory of Spontaneous Generation, which suggests that life originated from inanimate matter, was popular in the ancient world. Your assignment is to apply the scientific method beginning with Aristotle’s observation by answering the questions in this document. You will need to develop the following: • Observation/Question • Hypothesis • Prediction • Experimental Design (including hypothetical data) • Conclusion (Note: The process of the Scientific Method is outlined well in the lecture found at Classroom>Canyon Connect>Module 1 Readings>. You can also find the process of the Scientific Method in Chapter 1 of your textbook as well as at the References listed at the end of this document. NOTE: For better understanding of the scientific process and successful completion of this assignment, to is very important that you review Module 1 Readings and the rest of the resources mentioned above before completing this assignment. Please respond to the questions in bold. All your responses to this assignment should be based on the information given on “Was Aristotle Right or Wrong?” Scenario Imagine that you live in the 4th century BC. You and Aristotle (your friend and companion...
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...For a very long time a lot of people have considered bacteria to be a bad thing. Something they feel as it is a must for us to kill it rather than to keep it amongst us. But what a lot of us lack education in, is the pros of bacteria inside our bodies. There is a lot of bacteria in our bodies, most of us are composed of bacterial germs, not human ones. ( SG5 Lecture Notes W5) Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria that is not recognized a lot. It is a bacteria that resides within our human guts in acidic surroundings of the stomach and is known for causing gastritis, peptic ulcers, and has been associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer. (Specter 2012, 1) This makes it seem as a negative bacteria. But this same “harmful” bacteria...
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...MICROBIOLOGY 2051 BRINNINSTOL Characteristics of Cells: true of all living cells * Communicate with environment * Molecules being exchanged—recognized by other cells—causes cell to do something (releasing toxins; move) * Growing—one cell divides and becomes two cells (binary fisson) * Some form appendages—form differently, look dfrnt, function dfrnt—spores, cysts, flagella * Evolve—ancestral cell Microbial Communities Table 1.1 More water than land Most microbes in soil Origin of Earth * 3.8 billion years ago—evidence of microbial cells Agriculture * Bacteria in plant (soybean plant) fixes nitrogen to usable nitrogen for environment * Cows have microbes in digestive tract to digest grass into sugar Energy—biofuels (methane, ethanol—from sugar cane) produced from microbial Disease—Cause & Treatment * More death-causing bacteria in 1900’s than today (in US!) Food—Microbes make food—bread, beer, cheese, 1665—Hooke; first to describe microorganisms through primitive microscope; drew picture of sprouting bodies 1676—Leeuwenhoek; first to describe bacteria; tiny microscope; drew multiple pictures of dfrnt kinds Four Types of Light Microscopy: 1. Brightfield: simplest; stained and illuminated, 10x 100x 1000x 2. Phase Contrast: cast shadow; shows depth 3. Darkfield: black background; light refracted 4. Fluorescent: fluorescent stained; naturally fluorescent;...
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...Our Earth is the most valuable thing to us because without it, we would have nowhere to live, and without an earth we would not have a home. Since this is the planet we call home, don’t you think we should at least take care of it and everything around it? Well the answer is yes, because if we are not taking care of the earth you are basically not taking care of your own home. Water is the most important thing on the earth because without it, we would not be able to live. The second most important thing is the soil, because without it we would not be able to grow food. When you litter, you are ruining the soil and taking away all of its nutrients, and when you have bad nutrients in your soil, it will produce bad crops. This is why we need to start composting....
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...Biological classification Biological classification is the arrangement of organisms into categories that express their PHYLOGENY, or line of descent, based on information such as structure, development, biochemical or physiological functions, and evolutionary history of organisms. The purpose of such a classification is to provide a clear and practical way to organize and communicate information about organisms. Classification can show relationships between different ancient and modern groups, indicate the evolutionary pathways along which present-day organisms may have developed, and provide a basis for comparing experimental data about different plant and animal groups. Organisms included in a group share a common genetic heritage in their DNA, and they must be more closely related to each other than they are to the members of other groups of the same rank. However, classifications of organisms are modified as ideas of their phylogeny change. Taxonomy is the theory and practice of classifying organisms. It is a branch of systematics, the study of the diversity of organisms. The first scheme for classifying animals into logical groupings may have been proposed by Aristotle more than 2,000 years ago. Since that time, many new classification systems have been proposed; none, however, has succeeded in fitting all plants, animals, and microorganisms into a single, completely satisfactory scheme. For example, some taxonomists classify algae with the protista or consider them plants...
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...FOOD PRESERVATION AND STORAGE In the past few years preservation of food has been practiced in different ways due to food decay after harvest. For this reason, people where able to enjoy their harvest for a long time .Today, people have distorted from rural practice of preserving food to modern practice of preserving for fun. However, Food preservation is the process by which certain foods like vegetables and fruits are preserved from the growth of bacteria, yeast, fungi and other micro-organisms which causes food blemish. Food preservation practice should be done in a hygienic manner to observe the health of the people for it can cause food borne illness. The preservation of food should not affect the colour, taste or the texture of the food. However, there are several reasons why we preserve food in our society today. We preserve food for personal satisfaction, helps in acquiring more skills on how to reduce waste products, prepare for emergencies, it makes transportation of food and it’s environmentally friendly. There are different methods of food preservation and storage which differ from traditional techniques to industrial or modern techniques. Methods of food preservation There are many process designed to preserve food which involve a number of preservation methods. There are two methods of preserving food; the traditional and modern methods. In ancient times food was preserved in many ways including; freezing, salt, drying, sugar, smoking, drying, refrigeration, lye...
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...qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer...
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...Report on Escherichia Coli and Tetani Clostridium. Tetani Clostridium is responsible for the critical, often lethal, disease Tetanus which is caused by the exotoxin tetanospasmin. Escherichia Coli is a microbe that lives in our gut and can be very helpful to us. Both microbes are bacteria and are rod-shaped bacilli. Both of these microbes have an interesting life cycle, one can help us and both can make us sick, use different life processes and are affected by their environment. Escherichia Coli (Background of E. Coli) Life Cycle E. Coli is both an aerobic and anaerobic rod shaped bacilli which is gram _____. E Coli reproduces in two ways; binary fission and conjugation, which is the transfer of genetic material through a sex pilus. The most...
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