...terror of the guillotine – the French Revolution has all of the ingredients of an engrossing drama. Yet to delve beneath the surface of these characters and symbols is to discover the complexity of this transformative era. The events of the French Revolution, transpiring over the span of a decade, were part of a grander Age of Revolutions and at the same time were comprised of a series of smaller stories of individual French citizens becoming politically engaged amidst tremendous poverty, intellectual transformation, and ultimately... violence. A combination of factors including rising expectations spurred by the Enlightenment, massive starvation, and frustration with the mismanagement of an inept monarchy pushed the Revolution’s initial aims. These aims were worn down as political conflicts splintered revolutionary groups and led to a frenzy of executions by guillotine. The special two-hour presentation, The French Revolution, peels through the layers of these remarkable years, from 1789 through the turn of a new century, to reveal an era of intense and lasting political and intellectual change. While the complexity of the French Revolution might seem to present daunting challenges, its significance in shaping international currents merits a careful exploration. Within the course of a decade, the French monarchy was shorn of its political power, a framework was created for a universal understanding of basic human and civil rights, and countless French citizens across class backgrounds...
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...its audience was impeccable. As these executions were made into public showings, it was only normal for the vivid and grossing images these executions produced to play a role into the daily lives of many people during the French Revolution. As mentioned in previous text, it can be concluded that the use of capital punishment did deter crime but only to a certain extent. When many children began using mini guillotines as toys and then were later taken away because of the negative influence theirs parents had on their child’s life can support the claim that capital punishment was used to deter crime. The action their parents took could have potentially prevented their child from becoming a criminal as those ‘toys’ could have possibly implemented the idea that slicing someone’s neck is socially acceptable to do to others. Another factor that could have served as a deterrent are the executions of Marie-Antoinette and King Louis XVI. After they were executed by the guillotine, a time period began where it was called ‘The Reign of Terror’. “During the Reign of Terror, at least 300,000 suspects were arrested; 17,000 were officially executed, and perhaps 10,000 died in prison or without trial” (“Reign of Terror”). The causing of “terror” had a purpose which was “to take harsh measures against those suspected of being enemies of the Revolution (nobles, priests, hoarders)” (“Reign of Terror”). Its general deterrence plays a role as for someone who was against the Revolution would be considered...
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...The French Revolution © Student Handouts, Inc. www.studenthandouts.com The Old Regime (Ancien Regime) • Old Regime – socio-political system which existed in most of Europe during the 18th century • Countries were ruled by absolutism – the monarch had absolute control over the government • Classes of people – privileged and unprivileged – Unprivileged people – paid taxes and treated badly – Privileged people – did not pay taxes and treated well Society under the Old Regime • In France, people were divided into three estates – First Estate • High-ranking members of the Church • Privileged class – Second Estate • Nobility • Privileged class – Third Estate • Everyone else – from peasants in the countryside to wealthy bourgeoisie merchants in the cities • Unprivileged class The Three Estates Estate Privileges Exemptions •Collected the tithe •Censorship of the press •Control of education •Kept records of births, deaths, marriages, etc. •Catholic faith held honored position of being the state religion (practiced by monarch and nobility) •Owned 20% of the land •Paid no taxes •Subject to Church law rather than civil law •Moral obligation (rather than legal obligation) to assist the poor and needy •Support the monarchy and Old Regime •Collected taxes in the form of feudal dues •Monopolized military and state appointments •Owned 20% of the land •Paid no taxes •Support the monarchy and Old Regime •Nobles First Population •Circa 25,000,000 •None •None •Paid all taxes...
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...French Revolution French Revolution The French Revolution played an important part in the history, not only in France but around the world. It showed that a monarchy was not the only option. The French wanted equality for everyone across the country. There was to be a stop in different classes of people and the unfair taxing of money and selling of food. Which the government was so desperate they would try to get every dime and nickel they could from the third estate. In the process of reaching their freedom, the French, had many ideas and ideals that helped shape the French Revolution War. Liberty, equality, brotherhood, hubris, fiscal irresponsibility, democracy and technology were a few of those ideas to say the least. Liberty was one of the things that the French revolutionist yearned. They were not seen as a group of people but seen has money for the government. They wanted freedom and liberty from their monarchy that they were influenced by. Monarchy in France was a king and queen that ruled all and people had no voice. They were ruled under King Louis XVI during the 10-year revolution. As they fought for their freedom from the king and queen, they had to decide where they would go after they had gained their independence. As the United States when they declared their independent from Great Britain they declared themselves a democracy. Ones the French gained their independence and overthrew the king and queen of France, and they became a republic for the people...
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...FRENCH REVOLUTION The French people overthrew their ancient government in 1789. They took as their slogan the famous phrase"Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite"--Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. Equality, or doing away with privilege, was the most important part of the slogan to the French revolutionists. For equality they were willing to sacrifice their political liberty. They did this when they accepted the rule of Napoleon I. Fraternity, or brotherhood with all men, was also sacrificed. However, they did win equality before the law. Why the French Wanted Equality The French had good reasons for wanting equality. Before 1789 inequality was typical of the old government. The nobles and clergy were the privileged orders. They were exempt from such direct taxes as the taille, or land tax. Most taxes were paid by the Third Estate--a class that included peasants, artisans, merchants, and professional men. Even among these groups taxes were not equal. Some provinces were exempt from certain assessments, such as the gabelle, or salt tax. In addition, the collection of some taxes was made by contractors or tax farmers, and the tax gatherers collected whatever they could. Other Inequalities There were social and economic inequalities as well as political ones. The peasant suffered under the burden of out-of-date feudal dues. These were collected with renewed vigor by the nobles in the latter part of the 18th century. Rabbits might destroy the peasant's garden and pigeons eat his grain...
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...French Revolution AOS 1 Revs Revision Notes – Part I AOS 1 – French Revolution Index: 1. PRE REVOLUTION FRANCE a. France in the 18th Century b. Power and Limitations of the King c. Privilege and its Spread d. Frances Taxes (How and What) e. The Estates 2. IDEAS, INPUTS AND CAUSES a. Very Short List of Causes of the Revolution b. Shift to Sensibility c. American Revolution Input d. The Liberal Economic Theory (Physiocracy) e. The Philosophes 3. FINANCIAL CRISIS AND MANAGEMENT a. Frances Financial Crisis b. Frances Finance Ministers (Comptroller-General) c. Compte Rendu d. Parlements and Their Role e. Assembly of Notables and Their Role 4. EVENTS PRECEEDING AND DURING EXILE AND RECALL OF PARLEMENTS a. Ségur Ordinance b. Diamond Necklace Affair c. Eden Treaty d. Calling of the Assembly of Notables e. The Dutch Crisis (Spring 1787) f. Last Chance with the Notables g. Notables Dissolved h. Attempts to Pass Reforms at the Parlements i. Exile and Recall of the Parlements j. Society of Thirty 5. EVENTS PRECEEDING CALL OF ESTATES GENERAL a. The Reduction of Parlement’s Rights b. The Day of Tiles (Grenoble) c. The Famine of 1788 d. The Calling of the Estates-General 6. ESTATES-GENERAL ...
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...The Estates General in 1789 The summoning of the estates general was one of the largest and most impactful events in the history of the french revolution. The summoning of the estates general, in fact is the event that sparked the flame that would soon become the revolution that would change the nation. In this essay I will discuss this event, in terms of why this summoning was called, what happened during the summoning, and how it turned out for everyone involved. How this event played out is vital to understanding the history of france, as well as the history of europe as a whole. Why was the estates general summoned? The estates general was summoned for a variety of reasons. Some of these reasons were more impactful than others. First...
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...French Revolution Storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789. Participants French society Location France Date 1789–1799 Result A cycle of royal power limited by uneasy constitutional monarchy; then the abolition and replacement of the French king, aristocracy and church with a radical, secular, democratic republic, which, in turn, becomes more authoritarian, militaristic and property-based. Radical social change based on nationalism, democracy and the Enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights. Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. Armed conflicts with other European countries. Part of a series on the History of France Prehistory[show] Ancient[show] Early Middle Ages[show] Middle Ages[show] Early modern[show] 19th century[show] 20th century[show] France portal v t e The French Revolution (French: Révolution française; 1789–1799), was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France that had a lasting impact on French history and more broadly throughout Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed within three years. French society underwent an epic transformation, as feudal, aristocratic and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from radical left-wing political groups, masses on the streets, and peasants in the countryside.[1] Old ideas about tradition and hierarchy regarding monarchs, aristocrats, and the Catholic Church were abruptly overthrown by new principles of Liberté, égalité...
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...AP COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY GRID name(s) Jason SNAPSHOT: Compare and Contrast The French & Haitian Revolution |INTRODUCTION | | | |Historical context (what, where, when) | |Haitian revolution & French Revolution (1789-1800’s) | |Thesis similarity | |Inspired by the enlightenment | |Thesis difference | |France overthrew monarchy (internal) Haiti overthrew imperialist power (external) ...
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...The Enlightenment removes some of the power of the French government and the church, and inspires a new type of society that is based on rationale, and not inherited power. More and more people are taking in this idea of equality and individual freedom. The American Revolution showed the French people that it is possible for a government with Enlightenment ideas integrated. Some American diplomats such as Benjamin Franklin have lived in Paris, where they talk with French authorities and respected people. Also, contact between the Americans and the French that helped the Americans win the war helped spread these revolutionary ideas to other people in France. This is important to the thesis because it shows one of the causes of the French Revolution, and the effects of The Enlightenement can...
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...1. Pest infestation has gone up: Pests which we used to control by bio degradable methods have become resistant to many pesticides and now these chemical pesticides have become non effective. 2. Loss of Bio Diversity: Due to heavy use of chemical pesticides, insecticides and fertilizers we have lost many birds and friendly insects and this is a big loss in long term. 3. Chemicals in water: These chemicals which we have been using in our farms go down and contaminate ground water which effect ours and our children health. 4. Excess use of fertilizers have made the soil infertile. 5. Overuse of chemical fertilizers may affect human's health. The Story of Village Palampur I. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT A. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS Questions Within The Lesson Q.1. What is the difference between multiple cropping and modern farming methods? Ans. Difference between Multiple Cropping and Modern Farming : Multiple cropping and modern farming are two ways of increasing production from the same piece of land. Under multiple cropping, production is increased by growing more than one crop on a piece of land during the year. It is the most common way of raising agricultural Under modern farming method, production is increased by using modern technology in place of traditional agricultural practices. Under this method, high yielding varieties (HYVs) of seeds are used in place of simple seeds. HYV seeds promise to produce much greater labour and capital. They...
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...Schools should offer more world history classes because the lack of knowledge leaves people at a disadvantage, it’s important to know how other countries shaped theirs, and students will regain interest if they’re taught something new. By the time students reach high school, they’ll have spent the past nine years learning about only American history and chances are that they know next to nothing about the rest of the world. It may not seem like it, but learning just a little information about other countries can drastically open a person’s eyes. “Our view of history shapes the way we view the present, and therefore it dictates what answers we offer for existing problems. Let me offer a few examples to indicate how this might be true.” (Crabtree) Who was Benjamin Disraeli? Charlemagne? Li Si? Unless students have already learned about these people from somewhere else, they most likely have never even heard their names before because schools don’t teach about them, despite their importance in history. Disraeli was a well-known English prime minister, Charlemagne was a French king and one of the first people to build schools so that others could earn an education, and Li Si was a Chinese advisor who organized many laws that we still use to this day. Ironically, Li Si...
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...Ben Franklin’s envoy to France is one of, if not the most, important event in American history because without his endeavors, America would have likely lost the Revolutionary War. Every single event which is in The American Pageant following the end of the Revolutionary War would likely have never happened without French support during the revolution. Their navy is what won the Battle of Yorktown where General Cornwallis of the British surrendered, winning America the war. Franklin’s envoy is also an indication of American Foreign Policy in its earliest days. After making a hard alliance with France, America soon realized the mistake they had made and this would cause America to pursue an isolationistic foreign policy in later years. The results of the negative drawbacks of the treaty are best seen in Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation during the conflict between France and Britain and his advice during his Farewell Address warning Americans to avoid long lasting treaties. The much later Monroe Doctrine also represents this isolationist ideal since it told European powers that they were no long welcome on the American Continent. Franklin’s belief of religious toleration also had influence in the country of France itself. Before Franklin arrived in France, the Edict of Fontainebleau was in effect which revoked the Edict of Nantes (which...
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...once in power, supported by the people? | Analysis of both the Russian and French revolution to evaluate the extent of the support and effectiveness of revolutionary policy once implemented | When considering the term revolution, one must analyse its true meaning. Revolution implies the overthrow of government; in particular oust of a ruler or political system. There were many policies implemented in France and Russia during the revolution process. Policy refers to a programme of actions adopted by an individual, group, or government, or the set of principles on which they are based upon. The revolutionaries during the French (occurring in 1789) and Russian revolutions (occurring in 1917) implemented many policies that would inevitably change not only the face of their individual countries but also the whole world in its geographical, political and fiscal stability. Such radical change is perfectly exemplified in the policy and decision making that the revolutionaries had to sanction and control after the take over from their previously unfair and unjust political systems. The revolutionaries were divided among factions based on ideological belief. Some were left wing some were right wing, whilst other considered moderates, thus a social division of fundamental belief was created. At times some sanctions and policies did not represent the best interest of the wider populous and consequently was only to be attributed to a diminutive minority. Both revolutionary groups exterminated...
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...INFLUENCE OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION ON BRITISH ROMANTIC POETS English Literature III Vítor Moura Introduction The French Revolution marks a turning point in world history and it is often said that it changed politics forever. Therefore, it is no surprise that its importance also reached the main literary movement of that time. Although not all of the poets were directly influenced by the Revolution, some of them were affected indirectly by the mood that ran across Europe. In this essay I will show that connection, influence and involvement between those writers and the revolutions; the one that happened in France and the one that could have happened in England. First Generation Romantic Poets First of all, it is essential to understand what the French Revolution was and why it happened. Without going into the details, we can say that it started in 1989 in an attempt to overthrow the monarchy in France and replace it with a republic. After a period of three years of tension and indecision, a republic was proclaimed in 1892 and in the following year King Louis XVI was decapitated. This was followed by the dictatorship of Robespierre and the Jacobins, the Directorate, and culminating in Napoleon Bonaparte’s dictatorship. The Revolution shook Europe all over defying order and everything old; it gave birth to new ideas that inspired European society, from music to philosophy and literature. Meanwhile, on the other side of the English Channel, the empire was being governed...
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