...Effective Reading Instruction Strategies for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities April Scruggs scruggs_am@students.lynchburg.edu Graduate Student – Lynchburg College SPED 644 – Academic Instruction Reading is the cornerstone of instruction for all students regardless of their ability level because it sets the foundation for future progress and success in virtually all other facets of life (Kliewer & Landis, 1999). Recent legislation and research has suggested that we should be more successful in teaching every student to read (Brower, Wakeman, Spooner, Ahlgrim-Delzell, & Algozzine, 2006). There are various strategies that educators use to teach reading in a typical classroom setting. However, these strategies are not always the same in special education classrooms, especially in terms of teaching students with significant cognitive disabilities. Browder et al. (2006) defined students with significant cognitive disabilities as students classified as having moderate or severe mental retardation, who may have additional disabilities such as autism or physical disabilities. Individuals with severe cognitive disabilities may use nonlinguistic communication … and exhibit learning characteristics that require greater time to learn and intensive forms of instructional support (p.392). As shown by Katims (2000), reading instruction has been viewed in a variety of different ways for students with significant or severe...
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...Development and Child Growth ECE 205 Introduction to Child Development April 9, 2012 We talk about the descriptions of child development and growth stages and what they mean and how we look at those stages and how a child will develop and growth through these changes as well. When we talk about growth we are talking about the actual size and the physical changes that a child makes over time, We talk about how the cells in the body change and with time change and expand or enlarge which is what increases the growth and the height of a child, also their weight, the circumference of their head, hands, shoe size, arm growth, and last but not least there body shape as well. Allen, K & Martoz, L (2010) When we look at children they all develop differently some will growth mentally at a faster pace than others, and others will grow physically faster than others. Infants will become more of their surroundings and with those stages of infant growths and starting out would be the rooting and sucking reflex which is a very big part of growth because that is a part of survival and that also starts to create them to be able to turn their heads. Some of the other major growths that happen with infants when they are starting to grow would be the Moro reflex, Palamar grasp reflex, babinski reflex, and last but not least the stepping and walking reflex. As those stages start to happen then you have the cognitive development and those stages would start out by the senorimotor stage...
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...Notes Achondroplasia is a bone growth disorder that causes disproportionate dwarfism. Dwarfism is defined as a condition of short stature as an adult. People with achondroplasia are short in stature with a normal sized torso and short limbs. It is the most common type of disproportionate dwarfism. Achondroplasia is a disorder of bone growth. It is the most common form of disproportionate short stature. It occurs in one in every 15,000 to one in 40,000 live births. Achondroplasia is caused by a gene alteration (mutation) in the FGFR3 gene. The FGFR3 gene makes a protein called fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 that is involved in converting cartilage to bone. FGFR3 is the only gene known to be associated with achondroplasia. All people who have only a single copy of the normal FGFR3 gene and a single copy of the FGFR3 gene mutation have achondroplasia. Most people who have achondroplasia have average-size parents. In this situation, the FGFR3 gene mutation occurs in one parent's egg or sperm cell before conception. Other people with achondroplasia inherit the condition from a parent w Is achondroplasia inherited? Most cases of achondroplasia are not inherited. When achondroplasia is inherited, it is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Over 80 percent of individuals who have achondroplasia have parents with normal stature and are born with achondroplasia as a result of a new (de novo) gene alteration (mutation). These parents have a small chance of having...
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...English 10 2/13/14 Cri Du Chat Cri Du Chat or 5p- is a genetic disorder which is also known as cat’s cry. When the baby is born it has a really high pitch cry when the baby is born. The history of Cri Du Chat was founded in 1963 by a genetic scientist named Jerome Lejeuna. This disorder happens when the 5th chromosome is deleted from the chromosome. This is where the chromosomal is deleted and is gives a physical appearance of downward slant on the eyes, low birth weight, slow growth, and low set of ears, small head size, low birth weight, and weak muscle tone in infancy. Affected individuals also have distinctive facial features, including widely set eyes, low-set ears, a small jaw, and a rounded face. Some children with Cri Du Chat syndrome are born with a heart defect; when the kids are born and start to get older have verbal trouble. But kids are happy and socially active when kids and adults. There are also mental aspects to cri du chat, slow development of motor skills intellectual disability, and a high pitch cat’s cry. There is no treatment for Cri Du Chat, the only thing that a person can do to help it is go to physical therapy for educational intervention and for the therapy is only physical and mental. This paper will discuss the diagnosis, causes, symptoms, and treatments of cri du chat and the lifestyle have diagnosed for Cri Du Chat. Cri Du Chat is not an inherited gene, but doctors believe that the disorder is caused by the egg or sperm cell when the parents...
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...Down syndrome Brianna Koehn General Psychology: PSY 1130 AAW3 September 27, 2012 Hurley, Dan (2011). A Father’s Search for a Drug for Down Syndrome, The New York Times The magazine article is very touching. It tells the story of Dr. Alberto Costa and his daughter Tyche, who has Down syndrome. Dr. Costa is a doctor and a neuroscientist and after the birth of his daughter he has devoted his medical research to Down syndrome. He has developed some promising treatments. The magazine article also notes the efforts of other researchers who have been developing noninvasive tests to allow pregnant women to determine whether their unborn babies have Down syndrome. Many pro-lifers fear that these tests will result in a “cure” for Down syndrome by eliminating children with Down syndrome. The article notes the problems researchers have had obtaining funding for Down syndrome research, perhaps because the “problem” will soon be solved by aborting babies with Down syndrome. Dmitriev, Valentine, and Patricia L. Oelwein, Advances in Down Syndrome. Seattle: Special Child Publications, 1988. This volume covers a wide range of intervention strategies including medical, educational, special needs, parental, and living skills. Although the readability lags in places due to complex subject matter, overall this is not a concern. Concise summary and conclusion statements are used effectively to enhance the clarity of main points and important concepts. The intervention...
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...psychometric findings (Katz, 2008) There are many causes of intellectual disability, but doctors find a specific reason in only 25% of cases (Mental retardation, 2010). Intellectual disability affects approximately 1-3% of the population. Persons with intellectual disability can expect to live 50 years and beyond depending on the severity of their health problems (Staff, 2009). With early intervention and improved health care, life span continues to increase. Prior to researching mental retardation, my personal awareness was very limited. I have not had much experience or interaction with persons with intellectual disabilities. On occasion, if I shop at a particular grocery store within my community, there is a young grocery bagger with Down syndrome, but I rarely shop at that store. My parents taught me to be respectful and to not tease anyone who appears or acts differently. Having little exposure to persons with intellectual disabilities my opinions and biases were that...
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...Intellectual disabilities commonly known by “Mental Retardation”, is dubbed for a term used to describe a person's ability to learn at a less than expected level and function in one's daily life. There are several known types of cognitive functions ranging from mild to severe that are viewed as with some form of Intellectual disability or another. The hypotheses of individuals who display or experience mental retardation normally have some type of mental or physical impairment. Due to the barriers and stigmas associated with around the term mental retardation, association, institutions and various fields are adapting to the new terminology intellectual disabilities. According to my reading, in 1990, Congress passed a Law 101-476, recognizing the Individuals with Disabilities Education Acts (IDEA). (Thomas, 2013) Special education terminology has historically under gone construction several times in the United States. (Thomas, 2013) As I began to discuss various questions related to individuals with Intellectual disabilities, you will see how the terminology, law, and the identification of ID is very much an open wide debate. Interesting enough, what was perceived as my understanding of children with Intellectual disabilities was not to far off in terms of my opinion. I would venture to say that, maybe I was not as informed as previously thought off. Now, moreover, in knowing that there are different levels of disabilities, ignorant people, I including, almost categorize...
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...Brown v Board of Education made it so that everyone has the right to the same opportunities in education regardless of their religion, race, sex or anything else. It made it so that everyone was equal in education. Parc v The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was a case that made it so that children from ages 6 to 21 that were considered mentally retarded were to be provided a free public education. Mills v Board of Education was another case that was where 18,000 children were out of school with behavioral problems, hyperactivity, epilepsy, mental retardation, and physical problems. Again in this case it was ruled that these students were to be provided adequate schooling. Section 504 of Public Law 93-112 says that people with disabilities cannot be excluded from any program solely because of their disability. They can only be excluded in the case that they have a learning disability that may prevent them from learning marching band formations even with accommodations, or if test scores are below the university admissions standards and indicative of likely failure. Public Law 94-142 is where it gives people ages 3 to 21 with a free and appropriate education for all children with disabilities, procedural safeguards to protect the rights of students and their parents, education in the lease restrictive environment, individualized educational programs, parental involvement in educational decisions related to their children with disabilities, and also fair, accurate, and nonbiased...
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...specific. * An ultrasound is a machine that uses sound waves to produce an image of the unborn baby for analysis. * The baby is in the breech position, which means that butt is facing down and usually 95% of the time the baby will turn around closer to birth. * Dr. Cohen identified the placenta which feeds the baby oxygen and nutrients. He also identified the cerebellum which is hotdog shaped and is very important. If the cerebellum is normal you have a lower risk of spina bifida. He also identified the spine, heart and the thigh joints of the baby. * The important health information that is learned is that they make measurements of the limb lengths, if the femur length/thigh bone length is short; it is associated with Down syndrome. #4 on page 6; Describe two structural abnormalities and/or markers of chromosomal abnormalities discussed by Dr. Cohen as he performs the ultrasound. * Down syndrome is one of the abnormalities that Dr. Cohen discussed. Down syndrome is a genetic chromosome 21 disorder causing developmental and intellectual delays. As I described in the last answer of #3, if the thigh bone length is short it can be associated with Down syndrome. They can also do a blood test on you to determine the number of chromosomes and see if they have down syndrome or not. * Spina bifida is one of the other abnormalities that Dr. Cohen mentioned. Spina bifida is a birth defect in which a developing baby's spinal cord fails to develop...
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...20 Facts Chromosome 1. Having a miscarriage can be due to a chromosome disorder 2. Monosomy is similar to those who have down syndrome 3. Infants with monosomy often have numerous birth affects 4. Down Syndrome affects between 1 in 600 to 1 to 800 infants 5. Women between the ages of 18 to 25 have a low risk of having a down syndrome baby 6. Age is the factor in calculating risk of trisomy 7. Familial Down Syndrome is second form of down syndrome 8. Familial down syndrome occurs as a results of the fusion of chromosome 21 to another all to some 9. About 10% of the live born children of carries have trisomy 21 10. Trisomy of chromosome 21 is commonly called down Syndrome 11. People with down syndrome are usually mentally retarted and often have heart defects 12. Babies born to mothers over 35 have a high risk of having a baby with down syndrome 13. Age 50 and over is probability of having a child with down syndrome is 1 in 12 14. Majoring of down syndrome causes seem to a rise nondisjunction during meiosis 15. Roughly 75% of the nondisjunction responsible for down syndrome occur during the first phase of meiosis 16. Cell division – monoamines can occur in cells as a result of mistakes 17. Occurs when once extra copy of a chromosome is present is called Trisomy 18. Monosomy occur when one chromosome lack its homoloy 19. 8% of all conceptions are aneupliod 20. Monosomy 21 and Monosomy 13 are result...
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...How to Understand Intellectual Disabilities Jennifer L Givens Grand Canyon University: SPE 526 April 9, 2014 Abstract The ability of educators to meet the requirements of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 2004, as well as, have the ability to teach individuals with disabilities requires that all educators take a deeper look into and understand the main diagnoses of these disabilities. The disabilities focused on will include intellectual disability, traumatic brain injury (TBI), autism, severe disabilities, and deaf-blindness. By expanding on these noted definitions, characteristics and causes of these five disabilities it will allow educators and parents to have a deeper understanding of the needs of their disabled learner. This allows the public education system to provide equal educational opportunities for all students which is required by law under IDEA. How to Understand Intellectual Disabilities The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 (IDEA), created definitions to help in the understanding of many different disabilities. These definitions then help create diagnoses that allow students to receive a free and appropriate education (FAPE). This type education falls under the category of public schools providing special education services for their students (U.S. Department of Education, 2004). All children deserve a fair shot at life and have the right to learn to the best of their ability. While each discussed disability...
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...Aging and Disability Worksheet Makeithra Joyce University of Phoenix ETH/125 July 27, 2015 The aging population and individuals with disabilities are two of the man categories that experience discrimination and negligence of human rights. These two groups experience issues in society, and difficulty living quality lives. Legislative acts have been enacted to help to eliminate these issues. Finance, health, loneliness are three issues faced by the aging population. Many seniors do not work. After retirement, many of these adults have difficulty maintaining income. Many of these adults receive Social Security income, and for many, that is their only source of income. Quality of health care decreases for many seniors. Costs of health care increase and are unaffordable for these people. Many elders are also prescribed a variety of medicine for very similar ailments, which lead to additional health problems. Older people are at higher risk for psychological disorders. They are at a great risk for depression and mental illness. Poverty affects the aging population in a very negative way. Poverty amongst the aging population decreases opportunities for elders to live quality lives. Poverty affects the everyday lives of older people. It limits the amount of things they can do on a daily basis and makes it very difficult to enjoy their lives. Many seniors aren’t able to keep up with the costs of health care, housing, insurance, medicine and a multitude of every day necessities...
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...What is Patau Syndrome? Patau syndrome, also known as 'Trisomy 13,' is a form of genetic disorder in which all or a portion of the person's chromosome thirteen appears three times instead of twice in the cells of their body. In some people who are affected by the syndrome, only a percentage of the cells may contain the extra thirteenth chromosome, referred to as 'mosaicism'. The extra material interferes with the person's regular process of development, which leads to severe intellectual disability and physical abnormalities in a number of parts of their body. Patau syndrome is considered as the 3rd commonest autosomal trisomy. This along with Down syndrome (T21) and Edward syndrome (T18) which are the only three trisomies to be compatible with extra-uterine life. Patau syndrome occurs in approximately one out of every ten-thousand to sixteen-thousand infants. Most conditions of Patau Syndrome cannot be inherited. During the formation of the sperm or egg, a problem with cell division can cause an extra chromosome 13 in the cells. This is not the fault of the parent, but rather a random occurrence. Another type of Patau Syndrome can be inherited. Translocation trisomy 13 can happen when an unaffected parent carries a rearrangement of genetic material from chromosome 13 and another chromosome and passes this material on to the child.Due to the presence of a number of life-threatening medical issues, many babies with Patau syndrome die in the first few days or weeks...
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...GOD ‘S CHILDREN Charles Mauldin Belhaven University 01/18/2016 GOD ‘S CHILDREN How might GOD use people with disabilities, mental retardation and ADHD to his glory? Jeremiah 29:11 states: For I know the plans I have for you,” says the Lord. “ They are plans for good and not for disaster, to give you a future and a hope. When our circumstances look hopless, God has a plan for his people. The abilities we have been blessed with at times lie dormant, a display of love given to maybe a person in need, shines the light on all involved. R OMANS 8:28 States: And we know that GOD causes everything to work together for the good of those who love GOD and are called according to his purpose for them. Our purpose as people of GOD are interwoven to one another, this is my belief, I cannot be selfish and expect to receive any good while my purpose is to dispense the gifts GOD has blessed me with. I wonder if children or people with exceptionalities are guardian angels watching over us instead of we thinking we are watching over people with disabilities. Because God is good, some of his creation will live with a disability. Many hold the view that a good God would never purposely create that kind of suffering for any of his creation. But God uses disabilities to point us toward himself (www.hopeingod.org/document/beyond access). Why is it important that disability is normal in the bible, Disability has existed in every culture, people with disabilities can be very talented...
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...baby has Down's syndrome By DAILY MAIL REPORTER UPDATED: 12:13 GMT, 7 March 2011 Doctors have developed a blood test to check unborn babies for Down’s syndrome. The approach could save pregnant women from having the invasive examinations currently available, which raise the risk of miscarriage. Current blood tests can only tell if a baby is at risk of Down's Syndrome. Scientists from Cyprus, Greece and Britain said the new technique correctly identified 14 Down syndrome cases and 26 normal foetuses in a blind test. They believe it will also be possible to diagnose the condition earlier on. Study author Philippos Patsalis, of the Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, said: 'The method is simple and fast and easy to perform in every genetic diagnostic lab worldwide because it does not require expensive equipment, software or special infrastructure. 'The test is the first worldwide to demonstrate 100 per cent sensitivity and 100 per cent specificity in all normal and Down's syndrome pregnancies examined.' Down's syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes physical and learning disabilities and raises the risk of heart disease. Infants with the condition have three copies of the Chromosome 21 instead of the normal two. It affects about one in every 700 live births but women of 40 are 16 times more likely to have a Down's child than a 25-year-old. At present all pregnant women are offered screening to see if their baby is at risk of Down's syndrome. For a firm diagnosis...
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