...WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND MOBILE COMPUTING Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput. 2004; 4:247–249 (DOI: 10.1002/wcm.220) Guest Editorial Special Issue: Scalability Issues in Wireless Networks— Architectures, Protocols and Services By Amitabh Mishra, Guest Editor Scalability of computer-communication networks has been an important topic for quite some time. Internet community examined the services and protocols for scalability, and switching and routing researchers looked at the scalability of the switches and routers. Service providers studied the application architectures of the services for the scalable performance that they need to provide to subscribers and, the maintenance folks paid attention to scalability of service provisioning algorithms, protocols and software. Similarly, the wireless networking community has also started to look at the scalability issues that are relevant to wireless cellular, wireless local, as well as wireless personal area networks besides the emerging area of infrastructure-less networks such as ad-hoc and sensor networks. Surprisingly there is significant scope for research in the wireless scalability area as it relates to the ad hoc and sensor networks and this is one of the reasons why this topic was chosen for a special issue. A wireless sensor network is likely to have a large number of nodes perhaps in thousands to millions and that may create, potentially, numerous scaling problems in the networking protocols, addressing schemes, hardware architectures...
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...Wireless Sensor Networks and Their Usage Ali Raza,Shahid Rasheed & Shazib Javeed University Of Central Punjab Abstract Innovations in industrial, home and automation in transportation represent smart environments. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) provide a new paradigm for sensing and disseminating information from various environments, with the potential to serve many and diverse applications Networks (WSN), where thousands of sensors are deployed at different locations operating in different modes .WSN consists of a number of sensors spread across a geographical area; each sensor has wireless communication capability and sufficient intelligence for signal processing and networking of the data. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are used in variety of fields which includes military, healthcare, environmental, biological, home and other commercial applications. With the huge advancement in the field of embedded computer and sensor technology, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), which is composed of several thousands of sensor nodes which are capable of sensing, actuating, and relaying the collected information, have made remarkable impact everywhere? Key Words Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs) Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Introduction Sensor network is capable of sensing, processing and communicating which helps the base station or command node to observe and react according to the condition in a particular environment (physical...
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...1. Energy: The sensor nodes are generally inaccessible after deployment and normally they have a finite source of energy that must be optimally used for processing and communication to extend their lifetime. It is a well known fact that communication requires significant energy. In order to make optimal use of energy, therefore communication should be minimized as much as possible. 2. Redundancy: Due to the frequent node failures and inaccessibility of failed nodes, WSNs are required to have high redundancy of nodes so that the failure of few nodes can be negligible. 3. System Lifetime: The WSNs should function as long as possible. Their system lifetime can be measured by using generic parameters such as time until the nodes die or by using...
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................................................................................................................................. 10 LIMITATION ......................................................................................................................................... 10 POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS (IMPLICATION OF RESEARCH) .................................................... 11 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 12 APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Page | 1 ABSTRACT In the last ten years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have increasingly gained the attention of researchers. Depending on the...
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...2. Categorization of the Wireless Sensor Networks in healthcare systems 1. Monitoring of patients in clinical settings 2.Home & elderly care center monitoring for chronic and elderly patients 3.Collection of long-term databases of clinical data Monitoring of patients in clinical settings Presently Sensors are effective for single measurements, however, are not integrated into a “complete body area Network”, where many sensors are working cumulatively on an individual patient. Mobility is desired, but in many cases sensors have not yet become wireless. This creates the need for the execution of new biomedical personal wireless networks with a common architecture and the capacity to handle multiple sensors, monitoring different body signals,...
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...2009 World Congress on Computer Science and Information Engineering Simulation and Research on Data Fusion Algorithm of the Wireless Sensor Network Based on NS2 Junguo Zhang, Wenbin Li, Xueliang Zhao, Xiaodong Bai, Chen Chen Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District,Beijing, 100083 P.R.China information which processed by the embedded system to the user terminals by means of random selforganization wireless communication network through multi-hop relay. Thus it authentically achieves the purpose of ‘monitor anywhere and anytime’. The basic function of sensor network is gathering and sending back the information of the monitoring areas which the relevant sensor nodes are set in. But the sensor network node resources are very limited, which mainly embodies in battery capacity, processing ability, storage capacity, communication bandwidth and so on. Because of the limited monitoring range and reliability of each sensor, we have to make the monitoring areas of the sensor nodes overlapped when they are placed in order to enhance the robustness and accuracy of the information gathered by the entire network. In this case, certain redundancy in the gathered data will be inevitable. On the way of sending monitoring data by multi-hop relay to the sink nodes (or base stations) which are responsible to gather the data. It is necessary to reduce the redundant information by fusion processing. Data fusion is generally defined as a process...
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...Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks: application on Fire Detection Abstract: this paper is about fire detection in building using a modified APTEEN routing protocol. Here we design a system called iFireControl which is a smart detection system for buildings, which is more water efficient than many current systems, while keeping its robustness. introduction A Wireless Sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location. The more modern networks are bi-directional, also enabling control of sensors activity. The development of wireless sensor networks was motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance; nowadays such networks are used in many industrial and consumer applications, such as industrial process monitoring and control, machine health monitoring, Agriculture, Area Monitoring, Smart Home Monitoring, Seismic Monitoring etc. Wireless Sensor Networks provide a bridge between the real physical and virtual worlds; allow the ability to observe the previously unobservable at a fine resolution over large spatio-temporal scales. The WSN is built of “nodes” from a few to several hundreds or even thousands, where each node is connected to one (or sometimes several) sensors. Each such sensor network node has typically several parts: a...
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...in Wireless Sensor Network 1st Bhavya R Patel, 2nd Jignesh patel 1st PG Student, 2nd Asst.Prof. 1st Computer Engineering, 2nd Computer Engineering S.R.Patel Engineering College, Unjha, Mehsana,India 1bhavyapatel9@gmail.com, 2 jigneshpatel.er@gmail.com __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract-Sensor webs consisting of nodes with limited battery power and wireless communications are deployed to collect useful information from the field. Gathering sensed information in an energy efficient manner is critical to operate the sensor network for a long period of time. A data collection problem is defined where, in a round of communication, each sensor node has a packet to be sent to the distant base station. If each node transmits its sensed data directly to the base station then it will deplete its power quickly. Since wireless communications consume significant amounts of battery power, sensor nodes should spend as little energy as possible receiving and transmitting data. It is necessary for communication protocols to maximize nodes' lifetimes, reduce bandwidth consumption by using local collaboration among the nodes, and tolerate node failures. Most of the work in energy efficient data gathering application is motivated by LEACH by allowing rotation of cluster head for load distribution. In this paper, we have presented several existing methods for energy efficient cluster head selection in wireless sensor...
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...WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK COVERAGE: DEMONSTARTING POWER SAVINGS AND LIMITATIONS WITH MINIMIZED COVERAGE BY SIDNEY I. RUBEY A thesis submitted to the Graduate faculty of the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Computer Science 2011 This thesis for Master of Science degree by Sidney I. Rubey has been approved for the Department of Computer Science by ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Dr. C. Edward Chow, Chair ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Dr. Terrance E. Boult ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Dr. Xiaobo Zhou ----------------------------------------- Date Abstract This paper explores the competing issues of coverage efficiency and power available in wireless sensor networks. Specifically, a shortest distance routing protocol is implemented, and total network system lifetimes are determined using a variety of small percentages of the available system nodes. Using a network simulator developed in Java, wireless sensor nodes are simulated, and power consumption algorithms are included in each node that take into consideration all aspects of power consumption in the operation of the node. Simulating different coverage schemes on the same network system, same initial power sources, and routing protocol, an increase of overall system lifetime of 900% is demonstrated...
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...SECURE ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS By [Name] The Name of the Class (Course) Professor (Tutor): The Name of the School (University): The City and State The Date: Abstract. Wireless sensor networks (WSANs) are a group of sensors and actors that are linked by a wireless medium for the purpose of performing distributed sensing and action on a given task. This involves the sensors collecting information about the surrounding physical environment and sending the information to the actors which take the decisions and perform some needed action basing on the information received from the sensors about the surrounding environment. These sensor networks are sometimes referred to as wireless sensor and actuator networks. They monitor physical or environmental conditions such as sound, pressure, temperature among others and send the collected data to the required location. Effective sensing and acting requires a distributed local coordination methods and mechanism among the sensors and the actors in addition to this, sensor data should be valid in order for right and timely actions to be performed. This paper describes secure routing in wireless sensor networks and outlines its threats on security. Keywords: Wireless sensor and actor networks; Actuators; Ad hoc networks; Sybil attack; Real-time communication; Sinkhole; Routing; MAC; adversary. Introduction With the recent rapid improvement on technology, many networking technologies have been created to make...
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...Acoustic Sensor Networks Ian F. Akyildiz, Dario Pompili, Tommaso Melodia Broadband & Wireless Networking Laboratory School of Electrical & Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 Tel: (404) 894-5141 Fax: (404) 894-7883 e-mail:{ian, dario, tommaso}@ece.gatech.edu Abstract— Ocean bottom sensor nodes can be used for oceanographic data collection, pollution monitoring, offshore exploration and tactical surveillance applications. Moreover, Unmanned or Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (UUVs, AUVs), equipped with sensors, will find application in exploration of natural undersea resources and gathering of scientific data in collaborative monitoring missions. Underwater acoustic networking is the enabling technology for these applications. Underwater Networks consist of a variable number of sensors and vehicles that are deployed to perform collaborative monitoring tasks over a given area. In this paper, several fundamental key aspects of underwater acoustic communications are investigated. Different architectures for two-dimensional and three-dimensional underwater sensor networks are discussed, and the underwater channel is characterized. The main challenges for the development of efficient networking solutions posed by the underwater environment are detailed at all layers of the protocol stack. Furthermore, open research issues are discussed and possible solution approaches are outlined. I. I NTRODUCTION Ocean bottom sensor nodes are...
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...Abbreviated version of this report is published as "Trends in Computer Science Research" Apirak Hoonlor, Boleslaw K. Szymanski and M. Zaki, Communications of the ACM, 56(10), Oct. 2013, pp.74-83 An Evolution of Computer Science Research∗ Apirak Hoonlor, Boleslaw K. Szymanski, Mohammed J. Zaki, and James Thompson Abstract Over the past two decades, Computer Science (CS) has continued to grow as a research field. There are several studies that examine trends and emerging topics in CS research or the impact of papers on the field. In contrast, in this article, we take a closer look at the entire CS research in the past two decades by analyzing the data on publications in the ACM Digital Library and IEEE Xplore, and the grants awarded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). We identify trends, bursty topics, and interesting inter-relationships between NSF awards and CS publications, finding, for example, that if an uncommonly high frequency of a specific topic is observed in publications, the funding for this topic is usually increased. We also analyze CS researchers and communities, finding that only a small fraction of authors attribute their work to the same research area for a long period of time, reflecting for instance the emphasis on novelty (use of new keywords) and typical academic research teams (with core faculty and more rapid turnover of students and postdocs). Finally, our work highlights the dynamic research landscape in CS, with its focus constantly ...
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...the key components of SmartGrid. Keywords: HAN(Home Area Network), DER(Distributed Energy Resources), WSN(Wireless Sensor Network) I INTRODUCTION SmartGrid[1] will integrate the sensor technology, communication technology, alternate energy resources with electric power system, to enable the existing electric network with the abilities of self-healing, interaction, compatibility, integration.[4, 5].Conventional power systems areexperiencing transition from centralized supply side management to decentralized supply&demand side management due to power system restructuring and addition of distributed generations (DGs) with renewable power sources in the past two decades. Therefore load management in the new operating environment becomes more difficult[8]. Home Area Network (HAN) extends smart grid capabilities into the home using different networking protocols. HAN is an important component of the smart grid. It provides energy utilization for both customers and providers. Customers can remotely turnoff the devices based on the real time information from the provider. This enables for the smoothening of the demand curve and better load control. In the following sections we discuss the prototype implementation of HAN based on ZigBee technology. ZigBee technology is based on the IEEE802.15.4 standard. IEEE802.15.4 is an economic, high-efficiency, low-rate standard for personal area network and peer-to-peer networks, which is working in 2.4GHz, 868 and...
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...Cue-based Networking using Wireless Sensor Networks: A Video-over-IP Application Yeonsik Jeong ∗ School †‡ , Sriram Lakshmanan∗ , Sandeep Kakumanu∗ , and Raghupathy Sivakumar∗ † Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia of Multimedia System Engineering, SungKongHoe University, Seoul, Korea Email: {ysjeong, sriram, ksandeep, siva}@ece.gatech.edu, ysjeong@mail.skhu.ac.kr Abstract—In this paper we present a new approach called cue-based networking that uses hints or cues about the physical environment to optimize networked application behavior. We define the notion of cues and describe how cues can be obtained using a wireless sensor network as the underlying platform. We identify both the research and system challenges that need to be addressed to realize benefits of the approach under a target application of video delivery over IP networks. In the process, we identify a key challenge of wireless sensor networks, namely the timeliness-robustness tradeoff. We design an adaptive algorithm that balances this tradeoff satisfying both timeliness and robustness requirements. Through an implementation of the video delivery application using the proposed algorithm in a real home environment, we highlight the practical benefits of the proposed approach. I. I NTRODUCTION Optimizing the behavior of application and network protocols has been a continuing endeavor since the origins of the Internet. In this paper we present...
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...AN ENTERPRISE SETTING 2 A1 - Abstract Since 1999 wireless devices have become a necessity in enterprises. While increasing convenience, connectivity, and productivity, they also pose an unprecedented threat to network security guarding, which has literally taken to the airwaves. This paper will deal with vulnerabilities and risks regarding access points (APs) in a wireless network (WLAN) connecting to a wired local area network (LAN) in enterprises. Data for this paper will come from published academic papers, industry publications including white papers and surveys, and industry specialists. It will also include definitions of terms, policy and procedures that affect access points, and current practices regarding rogue APs. A case study will be presented for a fictional enterprise with multiple locations that has standard procedures, policies, and protocols in place, but recent events have questioned their ability to control access points with the discovery of rogue devices hidden in several office locations. Industry warnings about access points span the past thirteen years, and still new articles appear saying similar warnings, with only the solutions evolving with the technology. Suggested solutions will include security literacy regarding APs and their devices and their compliance; security audits to re-evaluate configurations of current hardware and software, inventory of current APs, wireless devices, ports, stations and their...
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