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Wolf

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Seit mehr als 8 000 Jahren sind Hund und Mensch Gefährten. Die Vierbeiner stammen von Wolfsrudeln aus Ostasien ab. Wie die ungewöhnliche Beziehung begonnen haben könnte und wie das Hirngewicht zur Lösung des Abstammungsrätsels beitrug.
Eine kleine Gruppe Menschen sitzt um das Lagerfeuer und bereitet die Beute des Tages zu. In einiger Entfernung lauern Wölfe. Sie haben es auf die Knochenreste abgesehen, die am Lagerfeuer zurückgelassen werden. Deshalb beginnen sie den Nomaden zu folgen. Aber auch die Menschen profitieren von der Nähe der Wölfe, die nachts um ihr Lager ziehen und sie vor anderen wilden Tieren schützen. So könnte es gewesen sein vor etwa 40 000 bis 8 000 Jahren, als sich eine besondere Beziehung zwischen dem Menschen und dem wilden Tier anbahnte.

Irgendwann könnte der Mensch verwaiste Wolfswelpen – die Urahnen der heutigen Haushunde – bei sich aufgenommen und sie aufgezogen haben. Eine andere These ist, dass Wölfe die Abfallhaufen der Menschen plünderten, nachdem diese sich bereits in Siedlungen niedergelassen hatten. Wahrscheinlich waren es rangniedere Wölfe, die nicht so scheu waren wie die meisten anderen ihrer Artgenossen. Sie bildeten neue Rudel, die sich nach und nach in ihrer Gestalt und ihrem Verhalten veränderten.

Hunde spielten bei der Jagd, der Wache und im Krieg eine Rolle
„Die Menschen haben sicherlich gemerkt, dass die Wölfe ihnen nützlich sein können“, sagt die Verhaltensforscherin und Hundeexpertin Dorit Feddersen-Petersen. Die Geschwindigkeit mit der sich die Art und Zahl von Hunden vermehrt hat, deutet darauf hin, dass die Tiere eine wichtige Rolle für den Menschen gespielt haben. Frühe Wandmalereien zeigen Jagdszenen mit Hunden. Wahrscheinlich setzten die Menschen sie auch bereits als Wach- oder Kriegshunde ein. Die ältesten Knochenfunde, die von Hunden stammen sollen, sind 14 000 Jahre alt.

Wahrscheinlich habe damals eine Paralleldomestikation stattgefunden, erklärt Feddersen-Petersen. Das heißt, dass die Menschen Wölfe an mehreren Orten etwa zur gleichen Zeit zähmten. Unsere Hunde stammen also von mehr als einer Wolfslinie ab. Trotzdem gehen Forscher davon aus, dass die Wiege aller Hunde in Ostasien steht. Schwedische Wissenschaftler um Peter Savolainen und Carles Vilá fanden ähnliche DNA-Sequenzen bei amerikanischen, asiatischen und europäischen Tieren und schlossen daraus, dass sie die gleichen Vorfahren gehabt haben müssen. Im Laufe der Zeit traten in verschiedenen Generationen immer mehr Mutationen im Erbgut auf. Weil die genetische Vielfalt der Hunde aus Ostasien am größten ist, kamen Savolainen und seine Kollegen zu dem Schluss, dass die Tiere dort am längsten domestiziert sein müssen. Wahrscheinlich haben sich die Hunde zunächst über Asien und Europa verteilt und sind dann zusammen mit dem Menschen nach Amerika gelangt.
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