...Religious texts, regardless of the faiths from which they spring, give the faithful advice on how to live, show a glimpse at history, and set the social norms and rules by which the religion’s adherents are supposed to live. One piece of literature, “The Laws of Manu”, sets strict guidelines on the place in society for both men and women. An epic called “The Ramayana” details the life of Rama and his wife Sita, ultimate examples of right behavior according to the social norms. Both “The Laws of Manu” and Valmiki’s “Ramayana” portray the roles of women in the Classical Period of Hinduism (ca. 500 B.C.E.-500) from different perspectives, but in the end set fort the same rules and ideals, including the dominance of men over subservient women. In the Ramayana, Sita, the wife of Rama, is portrayed as an ideal Hindu woman, beautiful, chaste, and fully aware of her duties. During the wedding, her beauty is extolled in phrases like “the sweet-eyed Sita”, with the “bridal blush upon her brow” (Valmiki, 64). Her father Janak gives his “beauteous daughter” to Rama in marriage, pronouncing in the wedding vows that she is “the best of women” (Valmiki, 64). Sita’s beauty in the Ramayana is surpassed and eclipsed by her complete submission to her duty as wife. In her wedding vows, Sita is given to Rama by her father, with the father telling Rama that she is to be “henceforth sharer of thy virtue,” “faithful wife,” and “of thy weal and woe partaker” (Valmiki, 64). She is thus bound...
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...The Dharma Sastras The Dharma Sastras are texts in Hinduism that are concerned with the legal precedent or law that is in relation to dharma (Rodrigues, 535). Dharma as it relates to the Dharma Sastra’s acts as a guide to what a Hindu must do in their life to fulfil their dharmic duty. In relation to religious texts for Hindu’s the Dharma Sastras are considered smrti [all texts containing traditions] not sruti [divinely heard or from the gods] an example of these are the Vedas (Banerji, 1). As the Dharma Sastras are smrti which are of human authorship they are not as revered as are the main sruti texts of the Hindu religion. The exact origin of the Dharma Sastras is not known but it is believed that the Dharma Sastras can be traced back to Vedic times. The Dharma Sastras were believed to be written because the Dharma Sutras[texts that contained dharmic law and ...
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...Bharat Ratna Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar "Father Of Indian Constitution" India’s first Law Minister Architect of the Constitution of India ii http://www.ambedkar.org Born April 14, 1891, Mhow, India Died Dec. 6, 1956, New Delhi Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, was the first Minister of Law soon after the Independence of India in 1947 and was the Chairman of the drafting committee for the Constitution of India As such he was chiefly responsible for drafting of The Constitution of India. Ambedkar was born on the 14th April, 1891. After graduating from Elphinstone College, Bombay in 1912, he joined Columbia University, USA where he was awarded Ph.D. Later he joined the London School of Economics & obtained a degree of D.Sc. ( Economics) and was called to the Bar from Gray's Inn. He returned to India in 1923 and started the 'Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha' for the education and economic improvement of the lower classes from where he came. One of the greatest contributions of Dr. Ambedkar was in respect of Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy enshrined in the Constitution of India. The Fundamental Rights provide for freedom, equality, and abolition of Untouchability & remedies to ensure the enforcement of rights. The Directive Principles enshrine the broad guiding principles for securing fair distribution of wealth & better living conditions. On the 14th October, 1956, Babasaheb Ambedkar a scholar in Hinduism embraced Buddhism. He continued the crusade for...
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...In Latin America, the popularity of the sport is growing rapidly and the most recent of talent into the NBA is migrating from Latin America. The cultural popularity of the sport was growing exponentially and is well documented in China with the likes of Yao Ming and Jeremy Lin who are Asian sensations. With Latin American backgrounds integrating into the game of basketball, I wonder how these international translations are in turn changing the game we see at home. In Latin America, where the climate and geographies are so much different than the one in the United States, we find growth in basketball. Though the NBA in Latin America is growing, it is still not a hit in Central and South America. Though whenever you go either it is Latin America, China, America, etc… there is always someone playing the game. Even in the likes of Mexico, they are mostly known for militant based political revolution than anything else, but basketball courts do exist. The courts might be used for other things like farming during the day, but you will always see some kid playing and working on his game. Just like what I do when I am in my hometown hooping outside of my house, no court just the concrete and the hoop I have next to my garage. The growth of basketball throughout Latin America region is unexpected, only because they compete for national attention in their number one sport soccer. Basketball has to compete in Central American countries like El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Cuba, and...
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...The Long Road Out Of Eden A scrutiny of marital relationships and the subsequent consequence on the individuality of women as seen in Astitiva Submitted by: Pavithra Sagar 05D1829 III PSEng Submitted to: Ms. Abhaya Dept. Of Media Studies Christ College “In olden times, sacrifices were made at the altar – a custom which is still continued” Helen Rowland Although marriage might have been instituted in the Garden of Eden when man was in innocence (Gen 2:18-24), marriages are seldom believed to have been made in heaven, unless couples habitually wear rose-tinted glasses. Essentially and realistically, marriage is but a contract or a traditional bargain which is drawn up between men and women. As defined by the World Book Encyclopedia. ‘It is the relationship between a man and a woman who have made legal agreement to live together. When a man and a woman marry, they become husband and wife’. Almost every society has certain traditional ideas about marriage and many roles and duties of the husband and wife are based on religious codes. Most marriage laws that are based on religious edicts favor men. Genesis, the story of creation reveals how God created Man and Woman and placed them in the Garden of Eden. There, they dwelt as equals as both were created in the image of God and thus had undifferentiated roles, duties, shared the same status and their relationship was a ‘partnership of equals’. It was only after the deception of the...
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...ROLE OF MEDIA IN CONDEMNING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN Ankita Yadav LL.M.- 2nd Semester Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University Phone No. -9453014362 Email Address- ankita2189yadav@gmail.com INTRODUCTION The media's the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that's power. Because they control the minds of the masses. - Malcolm X Media is considered fourth pillar of a country thus it has lots of responsibility towards society. Media in a democratic country is considered to be a pedagogue of freedom and making society aware about the realities by reporting. It has to reflect the realities of society and report the truth in order to protect the basic human rights especially of marginalised sections of society like women. In Indian society, woman occupies a vital position but unfortunately venerable place. The Vedas glorified women as the mother, the creator, one who gives life and worshipped her as a ‘Devi’ or Goddess. It can be inferred via a relatively high position occupied by the women in Rig Vedic era, where they were part of the governance institutes like Sabha and Samiti. India's major religion i.e Hinduism portrays women as a representation of power i.e. Shakti in the form of Durga and Kali. From Vedic period onwards to the mid of 19th century, the condition of women kept on deteriorating. They were excluded from education, property and cultural rituals, and their primary...
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...Greece, Rome, India and China The Classical Era was home to several civilizations; Greece, Rome, China and India, each with its own unique religion, philosophy, social order and gender roles. These Classical societies laid the foundation for future civilizations and in some cases their influence is still felt today. Women in this era were not equal to their male counterparts; however each Classical civilization had its own ideas about gender roles and the ways in which families should be developed. Women in Classical Greece played into society in their gender roles and the stability of society. Wives of the artisan class were to care for all things within their homes including managing the family budget, cooking and cleaning. Greece holds a sharp contrast to Roman, Chinese and Indian women in that the upper class elite women had the ability to become educated. Often families with wealth sent their daughters to get a proper formal education, while women in agricultural areas wove wool and took care of all matters of the home. As stated in “Aristotle: On a Good Wife” (Aristotle, The Politics & Economics of Aristotle), Aristotle describes the ways in which men and women of the Greek Classical Era should behave. Men in the family unit were to rule over their wives like a “divine” law. They also had to take great care in the way in which they shaped their wives, always in a discreet and mannerly way. Child rearing was the responsibility of both parents, as Aristotle believed children...
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...as his abuse of the better half of humanity, the female sex”-Gandhi. The struggle women face for equality is a battle fought all over the world, but especially so in India. India was recently rated the worst place in the world to be a woman, defeating Afghanistan and Somalia. Women of India struggle to survive at every age from birth onward, facing hardships of neglect, rape, murder, poor healthcare and diet, violence, abuse, prejudice, and discrimination. The notion that Indian men have a hatred for women has really hurt India’s economy. Female tourist have become scared and turned off by the idea of visiting the country. India is the world’s largest democracy yet women there are treated as lesser beings. India has had women as prime ministers, a president, and other high ranking political positions and still they struggle to fight for equal rights for its women. This is ironic because many current politicians and powerful people in India are women. Although many politicians have made promises to change the poor treatment of their women little change has been seen. Many politicians in office currently have been charged with crimes against women as well. People are standing up to their politicians and government and letting their voices be heard. India has had an up and down battle with gender equality through the ages. It is believed that in ancient India women were equal to men, and women had many freedoms they now are deprived of such as the right to marry who they wished...
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...Introduction: In the 2nd millenium BCE, along the banks of the Indus river, the darker-skinned inhabitants of well-developed cities of the Indus Valley were overwhelmed by the lighter-skinned invaders who were nomads from Persian and areas to the west. Each group contributed ideas to the culture that emerged, and from the dynamic mix and forging of a society, came the mixture of ideas we call Hinduism. I. Historical Development—Origins II. Shruti and Smriti: Revelation and Scripture a. The Four Collections for the Vedas b. Gods of the Rig Veda i. Agni—God of fire used in sacrifice ii. Indra—Warrior, slays demons, preserves humans, drinks Soma iii. Soma—deified plant (see Haoma of Persians) may have come with the Aryans, hallucinogenic? iv. Varuna—god of sky, protector of truth v. Mitra—ally of Varuna, personifies covenant or contract c. The Brahmanas and Aranyakas III. The Upanishads do not deny the Vedas, but go beyond them, speaking of Brahman, who is behind the changes in the univers, and Atman, who is behind the changes in the individual. Sacrifice become psychological instead of offerings of meat and vegetables. Teaching of rebirth and re-death (that is, another life comes after this one, but at the end of that life is another death). Cycle is unrelenting. a. The Gurus, or teacher of the Upanishads is more seer than prophet or priest. They are...
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...gone his father 3 ars and the house was a mess futhermore buddy was nowhere to be found . zimba father s came back shottly later and a big argument ensued which resulted in him and his brother getting kicked out . when zimba and his rother left the house he decided to go to lino house to find out what happeed .once theu got there lino said he disnt know that he got drunk or drugged but was in no way responsible and tat he was a victim too in this whole ordeal .they decided to find some kind of way to retrieve the property that was taken so they all got into manu s car who zimba brother with lino and find out .along the way zimba got upset at lino blaming the whole ordeal on him n proceeded aat hitting him up repeatedly it was a very tense ride . zimba finally decided to go talk to his older brothers yves and michelle who didn leave to far from their locations as they got there .yves and michelle were entertaining two womens zimba proceeded to tell them the story and as that was going on michel gf received a call from there father rlaying to him what had happened yves got mad and out of nowhere satrted beating on lino who ran out the house .after yves came back zimba his brother and the girls started talking but not shortly after the police came knocking with lino about his beating i tipped yves so he could escape but it was too late they were already in the house and had him by the neck we tried to come down the situation and with a lil bit of money and persuasion he was let go...
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...MANU/SC/0131/2012 Equivalent Citation: 2012(3)ALT(Cri)91, 2012CriLJ3516, 2012(1)Crimes241(SC), 2012(2)J.L.J.R.91, (2012)2MLJ32(SC), 2012(2)PLJR217, 2012(2) SCALE682, (2012)5SCC1 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Suo Motu Writ Petition (Crl.) No. 122 of 2011 (Under Article 32 of The Constitution of India) Decided On: 23.02.2012 Appellants: Ramlila Maidan Incident Vs. Respondent: Home Secretary, Union of India (UOI) and Ors. Hon'ble Judges/Coram: Swatanter Kumar and Balbir Singh Chauhan, JJ. Counsels: For Appearing Parties: P.P. Malhotra, ASG, Rajeev Dhavan, Amicus Curiae, Ram Jethmalani, P.H. Parekh, Sr. Advs., Udita Singh, L.R. Singh, Shubhranshu Pedhi, Anil Katiyar, Lata Krishnamurti, Balajji Subramanian, Manu Sharma, Karan Kalia, Pranav Diesh, Sanjay Jain, Vikas Garg, B.K. Prasad, Siddhartha Dave, Shailender Sharma, S.N. Terdal, D.P. Mohanty, Subhasree Chatterjee, Anand Shankar Jha, Ekansh Misra, Advs. for Parekh and Co., Kamini Jaiswal, Shomila Bakshi, Abhimanyu Shrestha and Kumud L. Das, Advs. Subject: Constitution Subject: Criminal Acts/Rules/Orders: Constitution of India (44th Amendment) Act, 1979; Constitution of India (First Amendment) Act, 1951; Constitution of India (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963; Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2010; Constitution of India (Forty-Second Amendment) Act, 1976; Bombay Police Act, 1951 - Section 33(1); Delhi Police Act, 1978 - Section 17(1), Delhi Police Act, 1978 - Section 28, Delhi Police Act, 1978 - Section 29, Delhi...
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...The Caste System of India December 1, 2012 The caste system in India is one of the longest lasting hierarchical systems in the world. It was first mentioned in Manusmriti or Laws of Manu, the ancient book of the Hindu code that was written around 1500 BC. Even though this book was written over three thousand years ago, it still testifies to the existence of four classes: Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaisyas, and Shudras. Brahmins are listed as priests, Kshatriya as the warriors, Vaisyas as the merchants, and Shudras as the artisans. First three classes are called Dvija or “twice born,” and they are considered sacred. Shudras are simply servants, as the verse 1.91 in Manusmriti describes: “One occupation only the lord prescribed to the Sudra, to serve meekly even these (other) three castes” (p. 9). The classes are ranked very distinctly: “But for the sake of the prosperity of the worlds he (the Lord) caused the Brahmana, the Kshatriya, the Vaisya, and the Sudra to proceed from his mouth, his arms, his thighs, and his feet.” (v. 1.31, p. 4). Therefore, it is very clear that the Brahmins were the highest regarded caste, while the Shudras were equivalent to ‘feet’. However, there is one more group that the Indian caste system does not recognize as a caste – Dalits. Dalits are called many different names: Panchamas ("fifth varna"), and Asprushya ("untouchables"). The distinction between them and the four castes is very well defined:...
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...keeping a family intact. Their important role is to be a householder, the protector of the family, which is regarded as the superior one. Under the classical Hindu ethical code, the Laws of Manu, being the householder is where it all begins. For example, in the Hindu story, The Brahman in the Graveyard, the third priest staying at the cremation site, resembles protection and honor for his wife on a daily basis. In the Hindu story, Good King Nala’s Downfall, King Nala’s addiction with gambling led him to abandon his wife Damayante, is an improper behavior of being a man. The moral of these stories teach men to be the head of the family, as the ones responsible for the welfare, protection, and morality of the family. A woman’s role is important in keeping a family together. Women should be faithful and devoted to their husband in any situation. In the Hindu story, Savatri and the God of Death, Savatri, a wife with courage and wisdom, is an example of an obedient servant to her husband. In the Buddhist story, The Radiant Sambula, Sambula, a wife that never left her husband’s side during his hardship, is an example of a virtuous woman, who gains trust and should be treated according to dharma. On the other hand, in the Hindu story, The Carpenter’s Wife, the wife’s actions goes against the Laws of Manu and becomes an immoral creature, who resort to all kinds of activities to satisfy her natural ways. In the Buddhist story, The Queen Who Cried Rape, represents a seductive woman that one...
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...American Oriental Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/604266 . Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . American Oriental Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the American Oriental Society. http://www.jstor.org THE YOUNG WIFE AND HER HUSBAND'S BROTHER: RGVEDA 10.40.2 AND 10.85.44 M. B. EMENEAU and B. A. VAN NOOTEN UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Textual problems are presented by devikdmd in the marriage verses RV 10.85.44 and AV 14.2.1718; problems of interpretation are presented by these verses and also by the occurrence of devf- in RV 10.40.2. These problems we hope we have solved, or at least eased, by consideration of the social structure involved in the niyoga institution described in the smrti texts, the similar custom seen in many communities in present-day North India, and the related 'jesting relationship' described for roughly the same communities (and others). Chronological problems are discussed, especially the establishment...
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...The Joint Family system, the caste system, and the agricultural background of ancient Indian society left no room for unemployment. Manu, the law-giver of ancient India, ordained that the king should support all his subjects as earth does for all the living beings, without discrimination. The epic Mahabharata mentions that the king should look after the welfare of the disabled, helpless, orphans, widows, victims of calamities, and pregnant women by meeting their minimum needs. Kautilya, the greatest economist of the medieval period of Indian history, said, "In the happiness of his subjects lies the king's happiness, in their welfare his welfare..." Mahatma Gandhi viewed work more as duty than as right. This is in consonance with Hindu thought in treating duty as an aspect of dharma. Planning and Right to Work The Annual Report of the Ministry of Labor says the overall unemployment rate is more than 2.56%. The rate of educated unemployment is nearly 9.6%. The Five Year Plans adopted by India aim to create jobs. In fact, the Eighth Plan envisages full employment by 2000 A.D., but in the past, the achievements have fallen short of the target. In view of the acute cyclical unemployment prevailing in India, it may not be practicable to guarantee right to work when this would cost a whopping 48% of the annual national budget. As envisaged...
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