...ABSTRACT Shards of Memories, Fragments of Sorrows: Mothertongue Transforming Spaces Occupied by Women in South Africa through Theatre This paper sets out to explore how processes of theatre making employed by The Mothertongue project, provide spaces for women to remap their personal narratives. Mothertongue works from the premise that the development and subsequent performance of stories in theatrical processes affords women the opportunity to re-write and remap their personal narratives and in so doing insert their voices into the landscape of South African Theatre. In an attempt to redress the gender imbalances and androcentricism prevalent in post-apartheid theatre, this paper speaks to the relationship between theatre, liminality and communitas. I am interested in unpacking how collaborative processes of theatre-making provide spaces for women to remap their personal narratives. Remapping in this instance refers to processes of transforming lived experience through story. I address how, through engaging in ritual activities that are central to the stories performed, actors, audiences and the owners of the source stories are invited to physically participate in remapping and transforming lived experience. Linked to this is the choice of form(s) and how this affects or impacts on the performed stories as well as on the construction of performed rituals and ultimately on the processes of remapping personal narratives. I focus specifically on Mothertongue’s 2004...
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...phase. With that came the migration of single women to the city, women who left their small towns in order to find paid jobs in the city of Toronto. These were young single women who broke free from the unpaid working women of the past, although their freedom to work came with a price. While these young working girls were trying to make into the world, many discouraged such notions of working in the city factories and shops due to the idea that these women would jepordize their shift into a housewife or motherhood. This idea was known as the girl problem, a delimma that needed to be dealt with because of the cross between exploiting women for cheap labor or creating women who would be healthy, respectable mothers someday. While these women worked to stay alive, they were given low wages, while men who worked were paid much higher. Their freedom as working women who spent their time working during the day and shopping and entertaining themselves was looked upon as suspicious. Due to suspicions of women working, the police developed a way of monitoring what women did in the public sphere. Also an oganizaiton known as YWCA became over-seerers of women, they began to deecide wh was a retspectable women or who was a deviant in society. Many of these women just wanted to have the same freedoms that a single man might have, they face discrimintation in the workplace and were serverly underpaid and exploited. In order to survive many women had to turn to prostitution, thes result was...
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...history of alcohol can be aligned synonymously with the history and control over women excluding them from the public sphere. Starting with Ancient Greek and Roman times, and then moving to the Middle Ages and the two world wars, I examine how different countries attempted to remove women from spaces where men drank and socialized, to the ways they were removed from the production of alcohol with the rise of mass production after industrialization. It is through this examination that I enable a better understanding of larger history of alcohol, and how its production and sociality can be linked to the historical oppression of women. Ancient Greek and Roman cultures had some of the first recorded accounts of alcohol being used in a social...
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...In contemporary society, women live a contradiction – they exist as a subject as well as an object. Drawing upon the works of de Beauvoir and Merleau-Ponty, Iris Marion Young explores feminine embodiment in her works called “Throwing like a Girl: A Phenomenology of Feminine Body Comportment, Motility, and Spatiality.”1 She combines the lived body theory of Merleau-Ponty and the theory of the situation of women expressed by Beauvoir to explore the modalities of feminine body experience. 2,3 By investigating the different ways men and women hold themselves and use their body, one can comprehend the root of the differences between the sexes. By exploring observations in daily life, such as throwing a ball, Young explores the reason for terms such...
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...Women were not allowed into NASA’s Astronaut Training Program before 1978. For this research paper, I will be discussing the first ten women who have taken trips out of this planet and details about their missions. On June 16, 1963, Valentina V. Tereshkova was the first woman to ever go to space. She was also the youngest woman to go into space at 26 years of age. The former Russian cosmonaut piloted Vostok 6. She completed almost three days in space and orbited the Earth forty-eight times. Tereshkova had no experience at all as a pilot, but she was accepted into the Soviet Space Program because of her 126 parachute jumps. She had 18 months of training along with 4 other women, out of the 5 she was the only one who went into space. The second...
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...Have you ever gone to a supermarket or mall, and driven around the lot several times looking for a parking space? Each time you pass the front of the building you see all of those handicapped parking spaces that are not being used and you may think to yourself, “I need a special parking space!” Recently, this has become a hot topic among pregnant women. In several states including: Texas, Mississippi, Vermont, and Georgia, the legislature has attempted to pass a bill that would amend the standards, already set forth for disabled parking permits, by including pregnant women. The legislation would allow pregnant women to apply for and receive a temporary disabled parking placard that would enable them to park, in any handicapped parking space available, for up to two months after their child is born. This brings forth the question of whether or not pregnancy is a disability. Proponents for this type of bill argue that pregnant women “should be extended the courtesy of handicapped parking privileges,” (http://stork.glokraemer.com). Their reasons vary, but basically it comes down to convenience. Pregnant woman don’t want to walk the extra hundred feet because they are tired. If they have other children while pregnant it is easier for them to only walk thirty-five feet to the store while holding a toddler’s hand and carrying the extra weight of pregnancy. What they fail to realize is that once they get into the store they are going to walk around shopping while holding their...
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...Women and Religion in Brazil Faith has always been considered to be a strong source of motivation in the lives of many Brazilian men and women. For many years, Brazilian women from African decent in particular have been regarded as the backbone of the church. Many congregations of churches are predominantly women, while spiritual leaders of many churches are nearly all male. Brazilian women have experienced a system of oppression, racism, and sexism, yet have remained supportive of their male counterparts. The significant contribution Brazilian women have made to the development of the Brazilian church often goes unnoticed. Although Brazilian women were not able to achieve ordination within the religious structure, their leadership and ability to persuade spiritual leaders made them an influential voice in the Brazilian church. This research paper will examine the roles of Brazilian women in the Brazilian Church in the progressive era with a particular interest in the early nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. During the progressive era, Brazilian women re-shaped the Brazilian church to a public political forum where Brazilians could engage in discourse and educate others, setting the stage for organized political movement. At the same time that middle-class Brazilian women were encouraging Brazilians to embrace “La Raca Negra” they were also endorsing the “politics of respectability” in their efforts to work for the uplift and reform of their own race....
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...------------------------------------------------- Define the meaning of heteronormative space, and explain why geographers have argued that the relationships between sexuality and space have created distinctive outcomes for gay men and women. Homosexuality has long been excluded from geographical enquiry, especially in relation to place and space. This is true to say for many other identities such as race and the homeless. However in more recent times topics such as homosexuality become more relevant to all aspects of study, hence why geographers have began to study the relationships between sexuality and space more in depth, creating distinctive outcomes for gay men and women. This ever expanding body of work on sexuality has demonstrated that space can no longer be ignored, and is as a matter of fact central to the politics of sexuality. Heteronormativity is a cultural bias in relation to concurring with opposite-sex relationships in a sexual manor and opposing same sex relationships in a sexual manor. Ultimately hetronormative space is our everyday places where we spend time, be it on campus, at home, in work or out in a bar or restaurant. However, this does not mean that anyone in this space is homophobic; it is just what society has created. While saying this, gay spaces and communities do exist particularly in big cities such as London, Sydney, San Francisco and New York, but for the most part, gay and lesbian men and women experience the heterosexuality of their environments every day, particularly...
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...2. Find one example of alliteration in the speech. In JFK’s speech he used alliteration, one example is “feeding the fires of war”. 3. Based on this speech passage, how does President Kennedy view space? JFK views space as a place for knowledge, not war. A place that must be explored and used for the right purpose. 4. Explain what he means when he says, “For space science, like nuclear science and all technology, has no conscience of its own.” When JFK says “For space science, like nuclear science and all technology, has no conscience of its own.” he is saying that some parts of science can be used for good and bad, but as humans we need to use science solly for good. The Mercury 13: Paving the Way for Women in Space 1. Why couldn’t women become astronauts in the early 1960s? Woman could not become astronauts in the 1960s because only test pilots can become astronauts and woman cannot become test pilots. 2. Who was Dr. William Lovelace? Dr. Lovelace developed the astronaut test for the Mercury project, she believed that woman should be allowed to become astronauts just like...
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...displays Benvolio’s failure to indicate how the public demonstration of violence is part of the dominant masculinity. For instance, the fact that he partakes in it rather than opting out indicates the pressure men face in public spaces to perform...
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...evaluating information. It is also an attitude that shows the ability to explore, probe, ask and search out answers and solution. 3. “Space Invaders” The method does Stengel uses in his introduction to generate reader interest is narrative ( a short story or anecdote). Furthermore, when i was reading the introduction the author spark my curiosity to continue reading the text. It was interesting to me because this is the way that people live today. Its very common looking around, and detect many space invaders. For example, in elevators, people are wedging themselves in just before the doors close or on the street, pedestrains are zigzagging through the human traffic. In short, the phenomenon of invading personal space has become more serious in the current society and this space varies across individuals according to factors such as culture, age, and gender. 4. According to the author, I understand “personal space” as the area around a person which they prefer not be occupied by another person. It is the surrounding area that psychologically, subconsciously, they regard as "their turf," the area that they will feel uncomfortable or react in some negative way if a person enters it. In addition, the writer gives several explanation to this pervasive phenomenon. The shrinkig of personal space is due to factors ---- the geographical space, the general decline of manners, and more more impudent...
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...conventionally thought to be masculine, and the physical female body feminine, those connections are not inherently biological (Acker, 2916). Our bodies are how we ground our personal identities and how we recognize other people’s identities, especially with regards to gender (Johnston, 2009). There is also a relationship between our personal identities, and the spaces we navigate in society. Spaces can be made to include or exclude based on gender, and those decisions are a result of power relations and societal norms. Although shopping centers are places for every consumer they are quite explicitly gendered spaces. I will be using the specific example of Hillside Shopping Centre to demonstrate the gendered aspects of the space, such as facilities, marketing, and stores....
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...on public spaces social value. Urban areas give an opportunity for people of various and social and cultural backgrounds to come together in shared spaces. It is believed that sharing the same space creates community and bonding. Urban spaces offer the opportunity to socially exchange with people one does not meet daily in that life. Everyday Encounters in Urban Spaces reinforce prejudice Wiesemann (2011) argues that everyday encounters in public spaces reproduce ethnic differences and reinforce prejudices and how images of other can create behavior in interactions. Wiesemann (2011) conducted a study in Germany on the Turks and Germans; the Turks are the largest minority group in Germany. Discovered that strangeness is not fixed but they become strangers through everyday encounters. Importantly, prejudice towards these groups is shaped through frequent everyday encounters and recently mobilized political discourse in each context. Cultural differences are emphasized in order to justify negative attitudes such as the superiority of men and to women which are seen as old fashioned and backward. These cultural differences justified are seen through the negative attitudes that the Germans have. The female Germans were not happy with the way Turks controlled women and occasionally gave them eye contact as a sign of disapproval. They identified Turkish women by their headscarves these scarves were a sign of patriarchy in the eyes of German women and also that Turkish women walked behind...
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...While women’s proximity to absinthe often prompted depictions of transgressive femininity, these abject concerns are pacified by Privat-Livemont’s presentation of the woman in Absinthe Robette (fig. 1) as an art-object. Exemplary of the nineteenth-century commercial use of women in popular images to promote absinthe consumption, the print demonstrates strategies employed to engage with contrary discourses for and against absinthe consumption, women in public drinking spaces, and Art Nouveau aesthetics. In Henri Privat-Livemont’s 1896 advertisement, Absinthe Robette, a woman in semi-transparent drapery holds a fluted glass in the air. Her attire evokes the shifts worn by prostitutes—as seen in Félicien Rops’ Song of the Cherub (fig. 2)—signalling...
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...Gabby Macari Clase tres El cinco de octubre Ellen Ochoa: Hispanic-American Astronaut Ellen Ochoa is a Hispanic-American astronaut, inventor, and engineer, who was born on May 10, 1958 in Los Angeles, California. Despite being born in Los Angeles, Ochoa grew up in La Mesa, California, and considers this city to be her home. She is a second generation immigrant, meaning that both of her parents came to the United States from somewhere else. They both came to the United States from Sonora, which is in northwest Mexico. As a young girl, Ellen was always interested in space exploration, which led to her dream of becoming an astronaut. Despite being the child of two immigrants, Ellen Ochoa achieved an extensive education. She graduated as valedictorian...
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