...Gender discrimination is a non-tradition security threat to Pakistan and it has implications for Pakistan security. Pakistani women are more than half of the total population, but women are treated inhumanly within their homes by their husbands or dominant males through different ways like Domestic Violence, Sawara, Vani, Karo Kari, Honour Killing, Acid Throwing, Forced Marriages etc. Gender discrimination is also deeply rooted in Pakistani society in education and employment sectors. The security of a state like Pakistan is connected with the security of whole population and a country cannot be considered secure until its whole population feel secure. For the progress and prosperity of a country there is needed to eliminate the discriminatory attitude of the society towards the women. There are multiple ways to improve gender balance in the country which will reduce gender discrimination. Key Words: Gender Discrimination, Education Sector, Employment Sector, Gender and Human Security. I. Introduction This study discusses gender discrimination as „non-traditional security‟ threat to the country. It argues that women are more than half of the population and the security of women is associated with state security. This is so because no country can be secure until its whole population feels secure. Pakistan needs to empower its women for the progress and prosperity of a country. Balance has been maintained by the nature in all things of the world in order...
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...in the position of women, a fear of divorce and a decline in the stigma attached to alternatives to marriages. A change in the attitudes toward marriage, there is less pressure to marry and there is more freedom for individuals to choose the type of relationship they long to be in, this could be cohabitation or just a relationship without living together. In today’s society, there is a widespread belief that the quality of a relationship has higher importance over the legal status. The norm that everyone ought to marry has been greatly weakened and the level of stigma toward those who hadn’t married no longer was as strong as it used to be. In previous years, men who were single didn’t need to marry but women who were single needed to marry as they were not financially independent; people now choose to live as creative singledom, which means anyone, any gender, can live financially independent and not have the need to get married. Secularisation means that society has moved from religion to a nonreligious society. This influences first time marriage as churches influences on marriage is declining so that people have the right to choose not to marry. According to the 2001 consensus, 3% of nonreligious people were married in comparison to 17% of people with a religion. This shows that religion within our society does not hold as much power as it used too, also it shows that marriage is becoming less important as it doesn’t hold the same status in our society anymore. The change...
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...LANGUAGE AND GENDER 1. Introduction Women speak because they wish to speak, whereas a man speaks only when driven to speech by something outside himself--like, for instance, he can't find any clean socks. (Jean Kerr) Do men and women speak differently? Can Language be sexist? Is there vocabulary that is more typical for women than for men? My term paper shall try to answer those questions, look at typical forms of language use in relation to gender and I will aim to find possible reasons that explain a gender-based difference. But first it is important to explain why in sociolinguistics the term gender is used rather than sex. While sex refers to biological characteristics, gender is “a social category that is connected to the roles of women and men in society” (Becker & Bieswanger 2010: 185). My term paper will start with some general definitions about gender and language like gender-exclusive speech difference, gender-preferential speech features and gender and class. I will focus especially on women´s linguistic behaviour and answer questions like “Do women talk more than men?”. I will try to find explanations for a different linguistic behaviour. After focusing on explanations for a possible different use of language I will finally give features of women´s language that will make differences obvious. At the end of my paper I will also try to explain what is meant by a “sexism in language” and whether or not English is a sexist language and what could be done...
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...Over time, the roles of both men and women have changed slightly, but in a lot of cases they still remain the same. In the Odyssey one can see there are unquestionably different expectations for men versus women during this time period. To this day, there is little information on Homer himself. Even though there is not much information about the author himself, it is known that “The epic poem Odyssey focuses on the Greek character Odysseus and his ten year journey from Troy to Ithaca after the fall of Troy (Trojan war).”("Odyssey by Ancient Greek Poet Homer.") This story takes place directly after the Trojan War. The society is still recovering from the war and tragedy. Although gender expectations are true in the early years that the Odyssey...
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...Appendix H Student Name ETH/125 Due Date Instructor’s Name Site Image Thoughts National Organization for Women This site is dedicated to the women’s rights movement, covering such issues as ending sex discrimination, stopping violence against women, promoting diversity, and ending racism. I was very pleased to find this movement covers such a wide variety of issues we face in today’s society. American Civil Liberties Union This site is dedicated to an America free of discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. This means an America where GLBT people can live openly, where their identities, relationships and families are respected, and where there is fair treatment on the job, in schools, housing, public places, health care, and government programs. Appendix H • What has been the status of women in the United States throughout history? Throughout history American women have been subjected to such stereotypes that they are the weaker sex and are incapable of performing work that requires physical labor or intellectual reasoning. The attitude toward women was that their primary purpose in life was to have children and tend to household chores. Traditionally American women learned from their mothers to cook, clean, and tend to the children. Scholastic testing created in the 1960’s showed that girls scored much higher in early grades, but once they reached high school their grades were significantly lower. The reasoning behind this was...
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...Running head: HOW WOMEN'S RIGHTS CHANGED MY LIFE How Women's Rights Changed my Life Victoria Callan SS310-07: Exploring the 1960's - Professor Morris How Women's Rights Changed my Life Changes and important events form our lives today. Similarly, many significant events happened in the 1960s. These events greatly impacted not only my life, but that of societies’ throughout the world. To begin with, I would like to start with the women’s rights revolution in December of 1961. That month, President Kennedy founded the Commission on the Status of Women, and Eleanor Roosevelt became its chair, for improving the status of women and the quality of their lives. Two years later the commission published its report called American Women, which commented on the status of US women, and made recommendations for improving their roles in society. In 1963 the Congress passed the Equal Pay Act, requiring equal pay for work without regard to sex. During the next year, the Congress introduced Title VII of the Civil Rights Act that banned discrimination based on color, sex, race, religion, or national origin by employers, and employment agencies (Fuentes, 2011). Later, however, age and handicapped discrimination were added. Although, sex discrimination still existed, it became obvious that females were being granted more opportunities and step by step they managed to break through the wall of offensive attitudes from male employers. It was...
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...MAGAYA v MAGAYA 1999 (1) ZLR 100 (S) Division: Supreme Court, Harare Judges: Gubbay CJ, McNally JA, Ebrahim JA, Muchechetere JA Subject Area: Civil Appeal Date: 2 November 1998 & 16 February 1999 Judgment Number: S-210-98 Constitutional law — Constitution of Zimbabwe 1980 — Declaration of Rights — s 23 — protection against discrimination — discrimination on grounds of sex — exemption of customary law from prohibition of discrimination Customary law — succession — heir at customary law — whether female able to inherit late father’s estate Human rights — women’s rights — discrimination on the grounds of sex — whether Legal Age of Majority Act had created positive rights or had only removed legal disabilities The deceased died intestate. His estate consisted of a house and some cattle. He had entered into marriages with two wives, both marriages being according to African law and custom. The appellant, a female, had been born 1941 and was the child of the deceased’s first wife. The respondent, a male, had been born in 1946 and was the child of the deceased’s second wife. The appellant was thus the eldest child of the deceased. The respondent was not the eldest male child of the deceased, but the eldest male child had declined the heirship. A community court had originally appointed the appellant as heir to the estate, but on application from the respondent to the community court, the appointment of the appellant had been set aside and, after a hearing at which all...
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...Evolutionary Psychology human-nature.com/ep – 2006. 4: 406-425 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ Original Article An Evolutionary Interpretation of Gift-giving Behavior in Modern Norwegian Society Iver Mysterud, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway. Email: mysterud@bio.uio.no Thomas Drevon, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway (Current address: USIT, Web gruppa, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1086 Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway) Tore Slagsvold, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway Abstract: We have studied gift giving at Christmas among 50 graduate students in Norway. The students invested more the closer the coefficient of relatedness. However, partners ranked highest, which is natural for people at the start of their reproductive career. All students gave to their parents, siblings, and children, most gave to their grandparents, and only a third gave to some, but not all, of their genetic aunts/uncles. Twenty percent gave to first cousins, and none to second or third cousins. Similar patterns for gifts received were found. There were also sex differences (e.g. women had larger exchange networks than men), and birth order effects. Firstborns spent more on relatives than laterborns. However, middleborns gave more to their male friends than both firstborns and lastborns. We conclude that the results are consistent...
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...2324-8041 Published by Redfame Publishing URL: http://ijsss.redfame.com Social Norms and Impediments of Women Development in Bangladesh Abul Kalam Lecturer in Sociology, Department of Economics, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT)Mirpur-2, Dhaka, Bangladesh Correspondence: Md. KALAM, 32-44 Steinway Astoria, NY11103, United States. Received: January 11, 2014 doi:10.11114/ijsss.v2i2.365 Accepted: February 17, 2014 Available online: March 3, 2014 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v2i2.365 Abstract This study focuses upon the contemporary process of Social Norms and Impediments of Women Development in Bangladesh. The development of women in organizations, Decision making, Political participation and gender mainstreaming is currently seen as the dominant conceptual model for promoting social justice and women equality. This study intends to see the position of women, discourses and various political, economic and social factors that surrounded these events. The impediments of women in Bangladesh were being pulled in different directions as a result, the context of social norms and gender inequality that existed at global, national, community and domestic levels. Child marriage is one of the main impediments of women empowerment and implementation of the government‟s vision-2021. In Bangladesh, the patriarchal capitalism puts women in such a position within their communities that they always remain subordinate under male domination and...
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...Vasconcellos Fabiana Vasconcellos ENG 201 – 526 Apr. 20, 2010 Prof. J. Wynter Societies can be stratified in various ways, such as religion, social class, language, race, ethnicity, gender and sex. These distinctions are either socially constructed or born within the individual. Sex; for example, is based on the ascribed status since it is “imposed by nature” (Renzetti and Curran 137) and biologically determined. In contrast, gender is socially constructed since it “refers to the constellation of traits and behaviors that compose the categories masculine and feminine” (Renzetti and Curran 252). These gender distinctions are reinforced by stereotypes that contribute to social inequality and discrimination in the western societies. Throughout history, our society has always complied with gender roles, however today we are walking through a path to reverse them. Having been conformed to mother’s role for 40 years, Sarah Pen the main character in Mary E. Wilkins Freeman’ “The Revolt of the Mother” gains self-confidence to challenge traditional gender roles and reverses them in order to live in a better home. Our society has always characterized men and women in different ways and expected different behaviors from them. “[M]en have generally been the dominant sex and women have been subordinate to them” (Robertson 217). Men are also “strong”, “rational” and “aggressive” while women are “weak”, “emotional”, and “submissive” (Basow 1). These masculine and feminine traits show...
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...2012 Marsha Ferrer Communication Theory During the 50’s large U.S. organizations usually operated as Monolithic Organizations. This organization is dominated by white male majorities, with few women and minority men in the management jobs. Women, minority men and foreign nationals had to adapt to the organizations norms in order for them to survive. In the 60’s and 70’s these organizations transitioned away from these norms because of the civil-rights and feminists movements (Cox, 1991). In today’s society many of these organizations are becoming Multicultural rather than Monolithic. The characteristics that set multicultural organizations apart are; an absence of discrimination, low levels of intergroup conflict, and full structural integration with full integration of informal networks. The Multicultural organization is an ideal organization for the present and the future. The organization that I belonged to was that of the Multicultural aspect. Women were managers, and held the sought out highest positions in the organization. The minority men also held the positions that were considered the most financially stable. Of course there are always gender and cultural differences in every organization. It is evident that people who are similar are likely to understand each other better. We had high status caregivers giving care to poor illiterate patients. These patients status was called Socioeconomic Status (SES). The factors that classified someone to be this group are...
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...Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Publications Department of Anthropology 6-1-2004 An Integrated Analysis of Pre-Hispanic Mortuary Practices: A Middle Sicán Case Study Izumi Shimada Southern Illinois University Carbondale Ken-ichi Shinoda National Science Museum, Tokyo Julie Farnum Montclair State University Robert Corruccini Southern Illinois University Carbondale Hirokatsu Watanabe Terra Information Engineering Company Follow this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/anthro_pubs © 2004 by The Wenner‐Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Published in Current Anthropology, Vol. 45, No. 3 ( June 2004) at 10.1086/382249 Recommended Citation Shimada, Izumi; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Farnum, Julie; Corruccini, Robert; and Watanabe, Hirokatsu, "An Integrated Analysis of PreHispanic Mortuary Practices: A Middle Sicán Case Study" (2004). Publications. Paper 8. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/anthro_pubs/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Anthropology at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact jnabe@lib.siu.edu. C u r r e n t A n t h r o p o l o g y Volume 45, Number 3, June 2004 2004 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. All rights reserved 0011-3204/2004/4503-0004$3.00 An Integrated Analysis of PreHispanic Mortuary Practices A Middle Sican Case Study1...
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...Deviance is a fundamental aspect in any society. In American culture, we thrive off deviance. Deviance plagues our news stations, heightens the views of reality television, and sells billions of dollars in product promotion worldwide. In Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adler’s Constructions of Deviance, various theories of deviance are explained and examined through topics such as prostitution, eating disorders, various crimes, and ultimately society’s view of what is right and wrong. In Robert Jensen’s Getting Off: Pornography and the End of Masculinity the deviance of the sex industry and the women-hating culture is exposed. In my own life, deviance has taken over my identity, plagued my choices and in the end changed my life. It is with...
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...Impact of changing bridal selection criteria on Women ' s empowerment in Bangladesh A Dissertation by Shegufta Yasmin I D 05362001 Approved hy: Supervisor: Dr. Ferdous Jahan Academic Coordinator BRAC Development Institute, BRAC University --------------Director Professor Syed M. Hashemi BRAC Development Institute BRAC University Acknowledgement 1. Shegufta Yasmin bearing ID 05362001 am expressing my heart full gratitude to Almighty Allah for giving me the capability to complete this dissertation successfully. Next I am cordially grateful to Dr. Ferdous Jahan. Development Studies Program, BRAC University for her sincere help to give me a chance to complete my dissertation. Without her support it was impossible for me to complete this dissertation. Abstract A woman I girl is usually it burden for it family in our country . Generally no mother or father feels happy if they give birth of a baby girl. Then and then they start to do worry for the baby if it is not have fair skin colour . Parents start thinking of its marriage . This is the scenario of it girl. An infant also has to suffer for her beauty. A girl's journey starts just after her birth . In it teenage a girl can understand her parent ' s tension for her marriage . She starts to suffer in inferiority complex or superiority complex for her complexion etc. Both are harmful . Its like a poison for it girl's mind that she thinks herself outcast only for her physical beauty . On the...
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...Diversity Organizations The status of women in the United States throughout history has been less than our male counterparts. Women in this country have often been looked at as inferior to men. They are looked at just things to reproduce and maintain the house. Women where also treated as if they where not as smart as men, and could not handle an intellectual conversation. More doors are open to Women today in the United States. Women are able to hold powerful positions in the government, and corporate world. There was a time when women were not allowed to have any role or say in the law making decisions. The role of women has changed since the 60’s 70’s and 80’s. Some women do not even choose to be mothers. That is still somewhat of a taboo, but it is not that uncommon. Women can now choose their careers, over being a wife and or mother. Women are owning fortune 500 companies and being powerful forces in the business world. Women are also demanding and earning the same if not more than some males on the job. A women can be the breadwinner in the family. Women have proven that they can do both, They can run a business and a household. This upcoming Presidential election, we will be having a Woman running for president. The government is no longer an all boys club. The idea of having a woman president is proof of how far women’s rights have come. Women are now more respected and their opinions valued. Of course there is still those who do not want to evolve,...
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