...The Supporting Role of Women in the First World War Topic #74: What Role did Women Play in the First World War Name: Nicole Terry Student Number: 0523481 Professor: Keith Walden Teacher Assistant: Alison Perry Date: March 12, 2014 Course: History 1500 The Great War began in August 1914 as a result of the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. With the initiation of the war the call for citizens to bravely fight for their county was shortly followed. But the call for action did not only signify male participation, but it required the mobilization of women as well. “Thus from the very start, wartime media … called upon women specifically” to support their country. During The Great War propaganda is essential to the mobilization of women. Women play a significant role in the First World War in providing a support system that help to reinforce their military. Women’s support is displayed in a variety of ways. The brave and the qualified women work alongside their male counterparts on the war front, as nurses and espionage members. While others provide support from the home front through the participation of females in the workplace and continuing to be the primary caregiver for the households and children. The importance of female involvement in The Great War lies in the significant consequences women’s participation has had subsequently. Without women’s involvement the story of the war would differ greatly. Women roles as nurses in the Great War is crucial to the support...
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...essay/ report/ project/ dissertation is the end result of my own work and that due acknowledgement have been given in the bibliography and references to ALL sources be they printed, electronic or personal Introduction Hong Kong, as one of the most westernized cities in Asia, women’s status has improved in a rapid pace over the past 30 years. The role of women changes with the growth of awareness of gender inequality, in which brought the rise of concern on women’s issues. The Hong Kong government has been implementing the conventions in order to eliminate discrimination against women by both Basic Law and local laws. With the well-established legal system in Hong Kong, right and quality of women are enshrined to a large extent. The formation of Equal Opportunities Commission in 1996 and the Women’s Commission is 2001 helped the development of policy infrastructure for gender equality. Besides, plenty of non-governmental organizations also help promoting gender equality in the society. Gender equality is an indicator of the progress of social development. While both genders appear to be equal in Hong Kong, hidden sex discrimination is still common, restricting the development of women. (Women’s Commission, 2012) Since there is no legal prohibition of sexual orientation-based employment discrimination in the private sector, gender discrimination is being hided to a large extent in private organizations and companies. This paper discusses the current situation of...
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...Gender Role Analysis The roles of gender in today’s society vary according to history, one’s personal biases, environment, and society’s input in education, government, and the workplace. History has shown that gender roles have made great strides of accomplishments in roles that were once very similar in each area of life; particularly the role of females in that they were considered to be the property of men and played the role of the helpmeet, which was a biblical term that was taken to what is considered extreme in today’s U.S. culture. Through various social movements throughout history gender roles have changed greatly. Those changes that were affected by such social movements caused great opportunities and advancement for women and minorities in education, government, and the workplace. Social Movements From the beginning of this nation women did not have the same rights as men and were considered to be more of a second class citizen. In the early years of this nation, women along with minorities were considered the property of men. Women were not permitted to be educated in most cases, did not count as a citizen, could not vote, could not own anything, could not enter into contracts, obtain credit, work without her father or husband’s permission and could not even receive a paycheck in her own name. Social movements have made great impacts on gender roles in society throughout history. From social movements in the beginning of this nations’ history such as...
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...Women in the workplace: Obstacles they may never overcome For decades, women have been striving for gender equality in the workplace. Since then, there have been several laws that have been passed to project and protect gender equality. One of these laws is the Employment Non-Discrimination Act, and this law prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Although these laws are enacted, many places of employment do not implement these laws. Because of this, gender equality in the workforce has been very delayed, and women are still struggling for equality. The feminist movement has been ongoing for several decades, and although the movement has made tremendous strides towards total gender equality in the workplace, there are some barriers that will never be overcome such as salary differences, gender stereotypes, and anatomical differences. What is Discrimination, and how does it affect women in the workplace? The legislation defines discrimination as treating one person in a less favorable way than another person (“overview…”). In the workplace discrimination is evident in all areas of work. Discrimination can range from unequal pay to sexual harassment. More specifically discrimination can be based off of 9 grounds: gender, civil status, family status, sexual orientation, religion, age, disability, race, and membership of the traveler community (“overview…”). Women in particular often experience this discrimination when trying to obtain a job...
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...By the 1960’s, women activists through the Women’s liberation Movement worked towards the collective struggle for equality and for equal oppurtunities in the workplace. This decade was a time for social change which would impact women’s rights in a number of different aspects, including their role in the military. During the sixties, the clash between traditional views on women’s roles and social movment for their equal oppurtunities resonated throughout the military. In 1960, the world of american women was limited in almost every aspect- From family life to the workplace. Typically, they were expected to marry young and devote their lives to domestic chores, their children, husband and housekeeping. and the 38% of american women who worked in the 1960’s were limited to jobs such as teachers, nurse or secretary. They were also unwelcome in more professional aspects. According to a reliable source “ in 1960, women accounted for 6% of american doctors, 3% of lawyers and less than 1% of engineers”. These women in these workplaces not only faced sexism but were also paid considerably lower salaries than men and denied opportunities to advance career wise as they would be harshly assumed by their employers of becoming pregnant and quitting theirs job, and...
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...The role of gender in workplace stress: A critical literature review Kristina 1 Gyllensten and Stephen 2 Palmer Abstract Objective The aim of this review was to evaluate research relating to the role of gender in the level of workplace stress. A further aim was to review literature relating to stressors of particular relevance to working women. These stressors included, multiple roles, lack of career progress and discrimination and stereotyping. Design Systematic review. Method Major databases were searched in order to identify studies investigating gender and workplace stress. A range of research designs included and no restrictions were made on the basis of the occupations of the participants. Results Much of the research indicated that women reported higher levels of stress compared to men. However, several studies reported no difference between the genders. Furthermore, the evidence for the adverse effects of multiple roles, lack of career progress and discrimination and were stereotyping was inconsistent. Conclusion The current review concluded that the evidence regarding the role of gender in workplace stress and stressors was inconsistent. Limitations of the research were highlighted and implications for practice were discussed. Key words: workplace stress, gender, stressors Introduction Workplace stress Stress in the workplace is a major problem for both organisations and employees, and it has been estimated that approximately 13.4...
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...Amendment Act 1959 (NSW) Married Persons (Property and Torts) Act 1901 (NSW) Married Women’s Property Act 1893 (NSW) Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cwlth) Women’s Legal Status Act 1918 (NSW) Affirmative Action (Equal Opportunity for Women) Act 1986 (Cwlth) Intro: Women over the years has been known of their traditional roles as domestic carers being exposed to different kinds of discrimination and it has only been recently that laws and legislations have been put in place in order to protect women in Australia.Victimisation and discrimination denoted Women seen as property of men, unito caro Women during the 19th were seen as the property of men and unito caro, one entity, ‘one flesh’ with her husband Not allowed to enter contracts; Married Women’s Property Act 1893 (NSW) can own property and enter into contracts Married Persons (Property and Torts) Act 1901 (NSW); the right to sue and be sued is granted The eventual change in traditional gender roles was caused by gradual empowerment of women To be allowed to vote: Legal responses: Education : women discriminated against due to sex, women was not a ‘person’ e.g. In 1899, Miss Ada Evans completed her law degree and was discriminated against when she was to apply into the NSW Bar. The law during the time restricted the rights of a women, requiring special rights and privileges that can only be made through legislation. Women’s Legal Status Act 1918 (NSW): allow women to enter professions without disqualified...
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...a drink. At that time, society considered this an acceptable way of life. Not everyone lived in this fashion but it remains the hallmark description of the time period. Men were programmed to get a job and provide for his family while the wife stayed home caring for the children and making sure her husband was satisfied. From experience to television shows people embraced this environment until women began challenging these traditional values. Today, women have traveled a long way to get where they are in the workplace. However, many of the historical customs continue and hinder women’s success. Due to these customs and competitive business environments a glass ceiling has been constructed above women in the workplace. In this thesis we will explore the cause of such discrimination from the glass ceiling from a feminist perspective starting in the 40’s up till today. The beginning of women entering the workplace is arguably when women began challenging their roles as a housewife when there was a shortage of workers during WWII. Since, so many men were overseas women claimed their position and realized they were capable of so much more than cooking or becoming a secretary. In fact, “World War II can be usefully viewed as providing an “exogenous” shock to female labor supply. As men were mobilized to serve in the war, women increased their labor force participation markedly. In 1940, only 28% of women over age 15...
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...Final Project Proposal This paper aims to explore how humor, a site of construction of gender identity and power relation, is employed by both males and females to negotiate their power relations and either subvert or confirm their gender roles. I believe this topic is of particular interest because though a number of studies have been conducted to examine the relation between gender practice and occupational practice, and ways of constructing gender roles via humor. Concentration is rarely deployed on humor use by males and females at workplace. This review is important because there is a growing number of female practitioners participating in different sectors and industries. They are frequently confronted with paradoxical situations of their gender role of feminity and their professional competence and leadership, usually tagged with masculinity. This paper will offer some insights to professional females about how they can resolve such paradoxes at their workplace through the employment of humor. Besides, this topic is of particular interest because it can be seen through the review of the body of literature, that the meaning and effect of humor, as a linguistic means can never be captured nicely. It can have different functions in different context, which is in accordance with the “ambiguity” and “polysemy”put forward by Tannen (1993), so this paper will probes into the fluidity and ambivalency of this linguistic means. Moreover, one big context in this review...
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...In the past century, there has been a dramatic change in how the world views women and their roles in society. Specifically, how life for Canadian women has changed and how women from different cultures and countries each face unique problems in being respected and treated as equal members of society. Women have gone from being valued only as housewives in the fifties to CEOs in modern times. This is a remarkable achievement which should have come sooner. Although, even in today’s society women are still subjected to unfair and unjustified prejudice, stereotyping, sexism and conservative old fashioned gender role ideas. Women were believed to be passive and weak which is a complete contrast to how most of the world views women today. When compared...
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...appearance (News Ltd, 2014). This is just one of the many obstacles women face when striving for equality in the workplace. This paper will explore the disadvantages women face in the workplace, including the gender pay gap, the under representation of women in senior leadership roles and sexual harassment. A plan to address these disadvantages will be outlined and justification of why it will work will be provided. At the outbreak of world war one far fewer women than men participated in work, and they tended to be lower-paid domestic occupations, as the women’s main role was seen to be in the home. The withdrawal of approximately half a million men, most of who had been in the workforce, still did not result in their direct replacement with women. Women’s contribution to the workforce rose, but the increase was in traditional areas of women work, for example in the clothing and footwear industry. Unions were unwilling to let women join the workforce in greater numbers in traditional male roles as they feared it would lead to a lowering of wages (Adam-Smith, 1996). Since the early 1900’s the country has come a long way and developed at a rate faster than anyone expected, take for example technology, people are walking around with the computing power that put a man on the moon in their pocket, yet in 2014 there is still gender inequality in the workplace. Lack of pay equity and equal opportunities is an issue for every women in the Australian workforce, and sex inequality...
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...balance in the last few decades has made substantial progress. This advancement of gender equality can especially be realized in the growing involvement of women in the global labor force as women today, make up 40 percent of the global workforce (World Bank, 2012). Women’s entry to higher education and training are increasing every year (International Labour Organization, 2015; Wirth, 2001). Thus, providing several women with the required qualifications to aim for careers in senior management positions. However, women can be seen as being significantly under-represented at the top of the organizational hierarchy. Women hold just ‘24 percent of senior management roles globally’ (Grant Thornton, 2013:...
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...org/2013/09/women-rising-the-unseen-barriers https://hbr.org/2013/09/women-rising-the-unseen-barriers Second-generation gender bias refers to practices that may appear neutral or non-sexist, in that they apply to everyone, but which discriminate against women because they reflect the values of the men who created or developed the setting, usually a workplace More than 25 years ago the social psychologist Faye Crosby stumbled on a surprising phenomenon: Most women are unaware of having personally been victims of gender discrimination and deny it even when it is objectively true and they see that women in general experience it. Many women have worked hard to take gender out of the equation — to simply be recognized for their skills and talents. Moreover, the existence of gender bias in organizational policies and practices may suggest that they have no power to determine their own success. For the purpose of this paper, I am interested in further exploring Women in Leadership The past two decades have seen notable progress for women in corporate America, as most forms of obvious gender discrimination have been eliminated and many companies have invested in women’s advancement initiatives and organizational change programs (Browne, 2013). However, in 2013 “Fortune 500 Women Executive Officers and Top Earners” report by Catalyst revealed that women held only 16.6 percent of corporate board seats in 2012, the seventh straight year of no growth. Reports also disclose that women held a mere 14...
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...Women’s social status has been steadily increasing within the last fifty years. Due to capitalism, education opportunities, and what Kristof and WuDunn call the “girl effect,” women’s positions in society have been elevating. In short, the “girl effect” allows women to have the same opportunities in education, jobs, and other aspects. Women are given opportunities to work more help benefit the family and community, but most importantly, it benefits women themselves. Because women are able to work outside the home, women’s gender roles are changing financially, and giving more independence. However, the unequal treatment between men and women still exists: women who work in the same position as the men may not earn as much. In “From the Frying Pan into the Fire,” Hochschild argues that the work requirements under capitalism change people’s thought and behaviors. Due to capitalism, women are jumping in the working field, and there exists a continuing competition between the home and the workplace. “The Girl Effect” shows how capitalism changes women’s gender roles,...
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...2006 c Some four decades ago, Betty Friedan helped launch the contemporary women’s movement with her publication of The Feminine Mystique. The book famously identified a “problem that has no name”: American women’s confinement to a separate and unequal domestic sphere. One factor contributing to women’s unequal status was their absence from leadership positions. Another aspect of the problem was the lack of cultural consensus that this absence was itself part of the problem, and a matter of social concern. Over the last several decades, we have named that leadership problem and created a cottage industry to address it. Women’s underrepresentation in positions of power generates an increasing array of committees, commissions, consultants, centers, conferences, and commentary such as the essays that follow. Yet while we have made considerable progress in understanding the problem, we remain a dispiriting distance from solving it. I. The Underrepresentation of Women in Leadership Roles The facts are frustratingly familiar. Despite almost a half-century of equal opportunity legislation, women’s opportunities for leadership are anything but equal. To be sure, the situation has improved significantly over this period, particularly if leadership is broadly defined to include informal as well as formal exercises of authority.[i] By that definition, the percentage of women in leadership roles is substantial and is increasing dramatically. That is particularly true in management...
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