...representation in media and pop culture, visibility of the transgender (trans) community has been steadily increasing over the last decade (Roberts & Fantz, 2014). Until recently, transgender-related issues have often been loosely addressed under the umbrella of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) issues. Upon isolating investigation to the T (trans) portion of the population, research has shown that the transgender community faces stigma and discrimination at alarming rates across numerous areas of life (Cruz, 2014; Grant, Mottet, & Tanis, 2011). This population is met with systemic discrimination in women’s shelters that refuse to help male-to-female transsexuals (MTFs), attaining surgery because many states...
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...Youth, Part 1 March 2008 Growing Up Transgender: Research and Theory by Seth T. Pardo As transgender identities become increasingly visible, those who work with and those who love trans youth seek resources to understand what it means to grow up “trans.” With little to guide us, adults may fall back on outdated theories or confuse transgender and gay identities. This article offers an introduction to current research and theory behind transgender identity formation, and suggests a framework for understanding gender that moves beyond a rigid binary system. Part two of this series will focus on moving from risk to resilience with trans youth. Gender is one of the few characteristics we are conditioned to see as a binary construct; height, weight, IQ, and hair length, for example, are all perceived along continuums. Also, because Western society is deeply rooted in the notion that there are only two sexes, our language keeps us trapped in a binary discourse about gender. At birth we are named and identified by our external sexual (genital) features; soon after, we develop sexspecific behaviors or gender roles based on our social experiences as males and females. But sometimes a child demonstrates cross-gendered behaviors, or thinks s/he should have been born (or even is) the opposite sex. Cross-gender identification may be demonstrated by preferences for activities associated with the opposite Seth T. Pardo is a doctoral student working with Ritch C. Savin-Williams in the Department...
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...American Dream by James Truslow Adams in 1931, "life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement" regardless of social class or circumstances of birth. The idea of the American Dream is rooted in the United States Declaration of Independence, which proclaims that "all men are created equal" and that they are "endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights" including "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”. Yet, it is still legal in 29 states to be fired for just being gay. In 33 of the 50 states of the United States of America, one can be fired for being transgendered. These states do not have legal protections for members of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Community (Solmonese, 2009). So does the “American Dream” only apply to “first class citizens”? This paper explores if the Employee Non Discrimination Act (ENDA) would protect employment decisions, which should be based upon a person's qualifications and job performance, not sexual orientation or gender identity (Solmonese, 2009). For over 50 years when there has been a case of an American being denied employment or promotions for reasons that were unrelated to their skills in the workplace, Congress responded by passing laws which were aimed at designing a system based solely on employee- merit and guaranteeing that subjective considerations do not govern access to employment (Herman, 2009). A specific act that has...
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... LGBT stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender and along with heterosexual they describe people's sexual orientation or gender identity. These terms are explained in more detail here. Lesbian A lesbian woman is one who is romantically, sexually and/or emotionally attracted to women. Many lesbians prefer to be called lesbian rather than gay. Gay A gay man is one who is romantically, sexually and/or emotionally attracted to men. The word gay can be used to refer generally to lesbian, gay and bisexual people but many women prefer to be called lesbian. Most gay people don't like to be referred to as homosexual because of the negative historical associations with the word and because the word gay better reflects their identity. Bisexual A bisexual person is someone who is romantically, sexually and/or emotionally attracted to people of both sexes. Transgender or Trans Is an umbrella term used to describe people whose gender identity (internal feeling of being male, female or transgender) and/or gender expression, differs from that usually associated with their birth sex. Not everyone whose appearance or behaviour is gender-atypical will identify as a transgender person. Many transgender people live part-time or full-time in another gender. Transgender people can identify as transsexual, transvestite or another gender identity. Gender Identity One's gender identity refers to whether one feels male, female or transgender (regardless of one's biological sex). Gender...
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...AN EXAMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST TRANSGENDER AMERICANS IN THE WORKPLACE HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON HEALTH, EMPLOYMENT, LABOR AND PENSIONS COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND LABOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION HEARING HELD IN WASHINGTON, DC, JUNE 26, 2008 Serial No. 110–99 Printed for the use of the Committee on Education and Labor ( Available on the Internet: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/house/education/index.html U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 43–027 PDF WASHINGTON : 2008 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 0ct 09 2002 10:55 Dec 17, 2008 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 G:\DOCS\110TH\HELP\110-99\43027.TXT HBUD PsN: DICK COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND LABOR GEORGE MILLER, California, Chairman Dale E. Kildee, Michigan, Vice Chairman Donald M. Payne, New Jersey Robert E. Andrews, New Jersey Robert C. ‘‘Bobby’’ Scott, Virginia Lynn C. Woolsey, California ´ Ruben Hinojosa, Texas Carolyn McCarthy, New York John F. Tierney, Massachusetts Dennis J. Kucinich, Ohio David Wu, Oregon Rush D. Holt, New Jersey Susan A. Davis, California Danny K. Davis, Illinois ´ Raul M. Grijalva, Arizona Timothy H. Bishop, New York ´ Linda T. Sanchez, California John P...
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...Inception of the Idea Even before we come into this world our partial identity is established, and right at the birth doctors announce, “It a boy/girl!” This announcement is based on our physical characteristic that is our genitals and reproductive system. On the basis of our (this) identity, we are raised and perceived in the society. But what happens when the biological sex does not match the brain sex (neurological sex)? It leads to an intense gender dysphoria . During my growing up years, I witnessed an incident that involved social discrimination; disgust and disrespect in Indian society towards the transgender community, and much to my dismay, even today the situation is not too different. In India outcasting a Kinner/Hijaras on the basis of their choice for their own gender identity (due to androgynous gender or neurological sex) is a tradition followed for many years. This complexity of society has inspired me to observe the behavioural nuances of the third sex and the society within which they live all around the world. However keeping accessibility in mind, I have decided to limit my current research within three countries: India (where the idea originated), Singapore (my current residence) and Thailand (where gender variant people are more visible than anywhere else in the world). I intend to be as objective as possible with my approach by first interviewing and then photographing the gender variant people. My main objective is to capture the process of transformation...
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...Abstract The problem question for this research is: Barriers to Gender Equality in the Botswana Legal establishment: A critical analysis. The purpose of the study is to examine the extent of gender disparities in the legal profession in Botswana as well as elucidating on the social-economic and political forces giving rise to such differences. It is a theoretical desktop study, reviewing the battle between men and women in the legal profession: men determined to maintain a strangle hold on the legal profession, and women struggling to enter the professions. One of the most dramatic changes in the legal profession in recent years has been the influx of women. In many countries women now constitute close to half of all law students, although it will be the turn of the century before this representation is fully mirrored among practitioners. In this paper, we make an analysis of the barriers to gender equality between first and third world countries. We try understand the reason why there is a gender gap in the legal establishment in countries such as the United States of America, Canada and Australia, entry into the so-called-learned profession has been a march in developed countries with very low or limited discrimination as compared to the third world country of Botswana. INTRODUCTION Barriers to women’s entry into the legal profession seem to have disappeared. Over the past decade the number of women graduating from law school and practicing law has grown enormously in...
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... Section one HOMOSEXUALITY IN TANZANIA 1.0 Introduction Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual activity between members of the same sex or gender. As an orientation, homosexuality refers to "an enduring pattern of or disposition to experience sexual, affectionate, or romantic attractions" primarily or exclusively to people of the same sex. "It also refers to an individual's sense of personal and social identity based on those attractions, behaviors expressing them, and membership in a community of others who share them.’’(Giddes2009) The homosexuality rights leads to the formation of International Lesbian and Gay’s Association in 1978 in USA (ILGA). (Giddes1989) Transsexual is a process by which a person who strongly identifies with the opposite sex and may seek to as a member of this sex especially by undergoing surgery and hormone therapy to obtain a necessary physical appearance (as by changing the external sex organs). The most common terms for homosexual people are lesbian for females and gay for males, though gay is also used to refer generally to both homosexual males and females. The number of people who identify as gay or lesbian and the proportion of people who have same-sex sexual experiences are difficult for researchers to estimate reliably for a variety of reasons, including many gay people not openly identifying as such due to homophobia...
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...connection might they have to your becoming culturally competent with any special population? ALLIES CO-CREATING A CULTURE of RELATIONSHIP BUILDING VS. RELATIONSHIP DESTROYING Multi-Layered Ethnic Culture Living Culture in an Organization Living Culture in a System Community Historical Culture COMPETENT CULTURE BROKERING Each layer of culture impacts the capacity of an individual, family, community and organization to change and heal. Developing a prACTice of paying attention to culture is a core competency of helping a change process. It is helpful to explore our own awareness of culture. 1. What cultures do I belong to? 2. What are the characteristics of these cultures? 3. How do my cultures impact my way being in the world? As we seek and value relationships and ACTivities that give our lives purpose and meaning, we become more interested in connections with people, places and things whose values and principles are in sync with our own. We seek values and a principle-based culture that encourages our creativity and success as individuals, families and communities and organizations. Cultural competence refers to an ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures, particularly in the context of human resources, nonprofit organizations human resources non-profit organizations and government agencies whose employees work with...
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...Tennessee Williams (1914-1983). http://main.uab.edu/Sites/students/life/safe-zone/33566/ Homosexuality is worldwide and has a global impact on society. It transcends borders, cultures, and governments. The homosexual society even bears its own international flag, a rainbow which signifies the bond between different people all over the world. The society shows how peace can be achieved throughout the world, an issue that is important to everyone. The global impact that homosexuals have on society is the reason for researching their behavior and discovering the factors that may cause their sexual orientation. In the Philippines, the term “gay” has been used roughly to include homosexuals, bisexuals, transsexuals, transvestite, cross-dressers, and effeminate men. Filipino gays are...
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...GUIDANCE Good equality practice for employers: equality policies, equality training and monitoring Equality Act 2010 Guidance for employers Vol. 7 of 7 Equality and Human Rights Commission www.equalityhumanrights.com Contents Introduction 5 Other guides and alternative formats 5 The legal status of this guidance 6 1 | Good equality practice for employers: equality policies, equality training and monitoring 7 What’s in this guide 7 What else is in this guide 8 Equality policies 10 Who should have an equality policy? 11 Leadership 12 Assessing the impact of workplace changes on equality 12 Telling people about the policy 12 Involvement and consultation 13 Staff forums 13 Equality training 14 Workforce monitoring 15 Do I have to monitor equality? 15 Types of information to monitor 16 How much monitoring? 16 Who to tell and why? 16 Can I ask about health or disability? 17 What you can do with the data once it has been collected 17 Privacy and confidentiality 18 Reporting 19 Recruitment information 20 Workforce information 21 2 | When you are responsible for what other people do 22 When you can be held legally responsible for someone else’s unlawful discrimination, harassment or victimisation 23 How you can reduce the risk that you will be held legally responsible 24 How you can make sure your workers and agents know how equality law applies to what they are doing 25 Using...
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...NAZ ON GAY PRIDE: HAS HOMOSEXUALITY BEEN LEGALISED IN INDIA? Sujoy Chatterjee Student, National Law University, Jodhpur I. INTRODUCTION: HISTORY OF S.377 Sir Fitz-James Stephen, in his treatise on the History of Criminal Law , has opined, “The Indian Penal Code may be described as the criminal law of England…to suit the circumstances of British India.” S.377 of The Indian Penal Code, which proscribes “Unnatural Offences”, is one such import of Victorian standards of morality as prevalent in Britain at that time. S.377, at the time of its introduction in India in 1861, was contrary to existing Indian law which did not treat sodomy as a crime. S.377 proscribes “carnal intercourse against the order of nature”. The marginal note refers to the acts proscribed as "unnatural offences", but this expression is not used in the text of S.377. The expression "carnal intercourse" is used in the text of the Section, as distinct from the expression "sexual intercourse", which appears in S.375 and S.497 of the Indian Penal Code. But the expression “carnal intercourse” itself is not defined, nor does S.377 provide any explanation or illustration as to what acts are proscribed. This was initially a source of great confusion as to what acts fall under the ambit of the term “carnal intercourse”. In Government v. Bapoji Bhatt it was held that the act of putting a penis in a boy’s mouth is not covered by S.377, since this provision is based on English sodomy law and hence requires...
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...Resources for Teaching Prepared by Lynette Ledoux Copyright © 2007 by Bedford/St. Martin’s All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. 2 1 f e 0 9 d c 8 7 b a For information, write: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 (617-399-4000) ISBN-10: 0–312–44705–1 ISBN-13: 978–0–312–44705–2 Instructors who have adopted Rereading America, Seventh Edition, as a textbook for a course are authorized to duplicate portions of this manual for their students. Preface This isn’t really a teacher’s manual, not, at least, in the sense of a catechism of questions and correct answers and interpretations. Because the questions provided after each selection in Rereading America are meant to stimulate dialogue and debate — to generate rather than terminate discourse — they rarely lend themselves to a single appropriate response. So, while we’ll try to clarify what we had in mind when framing a few of the knottier questions, we won’t be offering you a list of “right” answers. Instead, regard this manual as your personal support group. Since the publication of the first edition, we’ve had the chance to learn from the experiences of hundreds of instructors nationwide, and we’d like to use this manual as a forum where we can share some of their concerns, suggestions, experiments, and hints. We’ll begin with a roundtable on issues you’ll probably want to address before you meet your class. In the first section of this manual, we’ll discuss approaches to...
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... AN INTRODUCTION Sigmund Freud, pioneer of Psychoanalysis, was born on 6th May 1856 in Freiberg to a middle class family. He was born as the eldest child to his father’s second wife. When Freud was four years old, his family shifted and settled in Vienna. Although Freud’s ambition from childhood was a career in law, he decided to enter the field of medicine. In 1873, at the age of seventeen, Freud enrolled in the university as a medical student. During his days in the university, he did his research on the Central Nervous System under the guidance of German physician `Ernst Wilhelm Von Brucke’. Freud received his medical degree in 1881and later in 1883 he began to work in Vienna General Hospital. Freud spent three years working in various departments of the hospital and in 1885 he left his post at the hospital to join the University of Vienna as a lecturer in Neuropathology. Following his appointment as a lecturer, he got the opportunity to work under French neurologist Jean Charcot at Salpetriere, the famous Paris hospital for nervous diseases. So far Freud’s work had been entirely concentrated on physical sciences but Charcot’s work, at that time, concentrated more on hysteria and hypnotism. Freud’s studies under Charcot, which centered largely on hysteria, influenced him greatly in channelising his interests to psychopathology. In 1886, Freud established his private practice in Vienna specializing in nervous diseases and soon afterwards got to his fiancée...
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...AIDS LEGAL Network Q A Publication of the AIDS Legal Network • September/November 2008 Patrick Eba One size punishes all… A critical appraisal of the criminalisation of HIV transmission Lauded by lawmakers as an expression of their strong will to ‘fight AIDS’, HIV-specific laws have become a ubiquitous feature of the legal response to HIV in sub-Saharan Africa1 As of 1st December 2008, twenty countries in ECOWAS Parliament, the West African Health Organisation sub-Saharan Africa had adopted HIV-specific laws.2 (WAHO), the Center for Studies and Research on HIV-specific laws or ‘omnibus HIV laws’, as they are Population for Development (CERPOD), the Network of sometimes ironically referred to, are legislative provisions Parliamentarians in Chad for Population and Development that regulate, in a single document, several aspects of HIV and the USAID West African Regional Programme.3 and The stated objective of these HIV-specific laws, as communication; HIV testing, prevention treatment, care provided under several of their preambulary provisions, and support; HIV-related research; and the protection of is to and AIDS, including HIV-related education people living with HIV. The emergence of HIV-specific …ensure that every person living with HIV or laws in sub-Saharan Africa can be traced to the adoption presumed to be living with HIV enjoys the full of the Model Law on STI/HIV/AIDS for West...
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