...IMPACT OF WORK LIFE BALANCE ON WORKING WOMEN: AN OVERVIEW Dr. Anju Sigroha*, Ms. Yogita Girdhar** and Dr. Sneha Sangwan*** ABSTRACT Female participation in the workplace has grown dramatically over the past couple of decades. This growth has been especially noticeable in the professional and managerial fields where women now occupy a significant number of positions. The increased female workforce participation has been accompanied by its own challenges like managing time, roles & responsibilities at workplace & at home. Work life balance is seen more as women issue due to the traditional mindset, where the woman is considered primarily responsible for the smooth running of the day to day affairs of the family irrespective of her job profile and official responsibilities. However, over the years, women have started receiving support & understanding at home, especially from their spouses. Nonetheless, there are some unspoken challenges which need to be dealt with constantly. If family responsibilities are allowed to interfere with work responsibilities on a regular basis, it may hinder women’s career progression, lower the job satisfaction levels, result in lack of concentration at work, increase absenteeism & may eventually lead to turnover. No matter how well they prove themselves, women find it increasingly difficult to climb up the career ladder as they are perceived to be more committed towards family than workplace. Even at family front, a working woman has to always...
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... This paper aids to the analysis of Web Applications, focusing on the aspects related to the interaction of business logic and Web browsers. The method adopted is based on the Model Driven Architecture. First, the Platform Independent Model of Web Applications is refined to create a new model called Abstract Description of Interaction (ADI). An ADI is a UML class diagram annotated with OCL statements to represent an abstraction of the interaction between the thin client and the business logic. Secondly, the ADI model is automatically transferred to an Alloy model and analysed using the Alloy Analyser. 1 Introduction Over the past two decades Web Applications have become increasingly vital, affecting almost all aspects of our daily life such as banking, retail, information gathering, entertainment and learning. Such applications are mostly mission critical [1]. Hence, ensuring the correctness of the specification and implementation is a primary concern and has received considerable attention [2–4]. To analyse these systems, it is important to create a formal model. For example, [2] uses µ-calculus to represent the model, while [3] makes use of a variant of automata as the analyzable model. Stotts and Navon [4] present a model based on Petri nets. Our approach makes use of MDA [5–7] transformations to automatically create the analysable model. Unlike other approaches [2–4] we use a formalism [8], which is ideal [9] for the analysis of object oriented systems, such as web applications...
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...Introduction to Law Series Part 1 - Law (What is Law?) In its broadest sense, means any rule of action or norm of conduct, applicable to all kinds of action and to all objects of creation. In a strict legal sense, law is a rule of conduct, just and obligatory, promulgated by legitimate authority, of common observance and benefit. (Sanchez Roman) Law is: 1.) A rule of conduct; 2.) Just; 3.) Obligatory; 4.) Promulgated by legitimate authority; 5.) Of common observance; and 6.) Of common benefit. <><><> Things to Ponder Why and how, law is a rule of conduct? Why and how, law is just? Why and how, law is obligatory? Why and how, law is promulgated by legitimate authority? What is promulgation? Why promulgate law? Who is legitimate authority? Why and how, law is of common observance? Why and how, law is of common benefit? ============================ Introduction to Law Series Part 2.1 - Evolution of the Concept of Law A.) Classical Greek Concept of Law ============================ Side Notes: - Literature is the reflection of reality. -Greek civilization is two things, politics and drama. -Greek drama is two things, tragedy and comedy -Alexander the Great's teacher is Aristotle. -Aristotle's school is the Lyceum. -Aristotle's teacher is Plato. -Plato's school is the Academy. -Plato's teacher is Socrates. -Socrates' teachers are the Sophists. -One of the sophists is Sophocles. -Sophocles is an ancient Greek tragedian (tragedy...
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...Research Work-Life Balance An audit of staff experience at Oxford Brookes University By Simonetta Manfredi and Michelle Holliday The Centre for Diversity Policy Research, Oxford Brookes University Work-Life Balance: An audit of staff experience at Oxford Brookes University ISBN 1 873576 70 6 Published by The Centre for Diversity Policy Research, Oxford Brookes University Wheatley Campus Oxon. OX33 1HX http://www.brookes.ac.uk/business/research/cdpr DiversityCentre@brookes.ac.uk All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. A catalogue record of this publication is available from the British Library. Printed in Great Britain 2004. Authors: Simonetta Manfredi Co-Director, The Centre for Diversity Policy Research, Oxford Brookes University Michelle Holliday Equal Opportunities & Diversity Co-Ordinator, Oxford Brookes University Work-Life Balance: An audit of staff experience at Oxford Brookes University Page no. Contents 1 Acknowledgements 2 Executive Summary 2 1 5 Introduction: 1.1 Purpose of the report 1.2 What is work-life balance? 1.3 Why does work-life balance matter...
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...THE IMPACT OF NON-WORK ACTIVITIES IN WORK BEHAVIOUR PROBLEM Nowadays, non-work activities are demanding increased attention, because people desire a career that leaves them with time and energy to devote to work and life demands. For many members of The Marketing Store, demands of work and personal lives can lead to conflict between the two roles and decrease overall life satisfaction. This report was designed to analyze the impact of non-work activities in work behaviour in The Marketing Store. Specifically the analysis of this report seeks answers to these questions: 1) Why should the management care about work-life balance? 2) What can the management do to reduce this conflict? 3) What can employees do to cope effectively with work-life balance? BACKGROUNG This report was authorized by Professor Rhonda Malomet. At her request, a study of the impact of non-work activities in work behaviour was developed. It was primarily based on interviews and survey. The purpose of this report was to analyze the current situation in The Marketing Store regarding the work-life conflict, and come up with suggestions that might contribute to reduce this conflict. The Marketing Store is a medium size company located at 1209 King Street West, Toronto. It is a marketing services agency, specializing in brand activation, in sales promotion, and field marketing. Among its clients are well known companies such as McDonald's, Coca-Cola, and Best Buy. Data for this report...
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...Thousand Oaks, New Delhi Convincing the toilers? Dilemmas of long working hours in Australia1 s Brigid van Wanrooy Australian National University s Shaun Wilson How Different Down Under? Work, employment and society Macquarie University ABSTRACT Australians work comparatively long hours and, in recent years, most of the growth in per capita working hours has come from workers already employed full time. Yet, despite the problems long working hours can cause, this trend has not attracted political attention. Increasingly, the Australian working time regime is a weak regulator of working hours and promotes only limited equality between the working hours of men and women. This article uses responses from the Australian Survey of Social Attitudes 2003 to investigate whether workers’ preferences are in accord with regime institutions. We find that people who work long hours are no less inclined than those who work standard hours or part time to see working hours as a choice and they do this despite more often reporting that their work interferes with family life and that employers expect long hours from them. We contend that seeing long working hours as a choice may be the product of the ‘liberal’ working time regime itself. Multivariate analysis of the responses suggest that structural pressures work to strengthen perceptions that there is a problem with long working hours and prompt the belief that long hours are not freely chosen. Implications...
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...Working Conditions as a Determinant of Health This summary is primarily based on papers and presentations by Andrew Jackson, Senior Economist, Canadian Labour Congress, and Michael Polanyi Assistant Professor, Saskatchewan Population Health Research and Evaluation Unit, and Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina. The presentations were prepared for The Social Determinants of Health Across the Life-Span Conference, held in Toronto in November 2002. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Health Canada. Current Situation Over the 1980s and 1990s, there has been an ongoing restructuring of the labour market and of employment relationships. The intent of these changes has been to promote productivity and competitiveness, as opposed to promoting a worker-centred agenda of “good jobs” (Lowe, 2000). In Canada, only two-thirds of the employed workforce are in “standard” salaried jobs with no defined end date (mostly provided by large firms and the public sector). In this shrinking core job market, workers who have survived layoffs, privatization and contracting-out are generally working longer and harder. Employers have tried to increase profitability and competitiveness and to contain budgets by boosting productivity. This has been accomplished largely by increasing workloads. For example, in the health sector, fewer nurses, social workers and other health professionals must now deal...
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...entrusted you with the task of evaluating the project. Meta 4 would be produced in the existing factory which has enough space for one more product. Meta 4 will require plant and machinery that will cost Rs.400 million. You can assume that the outlay on plant and machinery will be incurred over a period of one year. For the sake of simplicity assume that 50 percent will be incurred right in the beginning and the balance 50 percent will be incurred after 1 year. The plant will commence operation after one year. Meta 4 project will require Rs.200 million toward gross working capital. You can assume that gross working capital investment will occur after 1 year. The proposed scheme of financing is as follows : Rs.200 million of equity, Rs.200 million of term loan, Rs.100 million of working capital advance, and Rs.100 million of trade credit. Equity will come right in the beginning by way of retained earnings. Term loan and working capital advance will be raised at the end of year 1. The term loan is repayable in 8 equal semi-annual instalments of Rs.25 million each. The first instalment will be due after 18 months of raising the term...
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...HR353: Intro to Human Resources HR’s Role in Work/Life Balancing HR’s Role in Work/Life Balancing Some people think of work-life balance as options for working from home or the freedom to do as one pleases. It is much more than that. “It is the opportunity to work and recharge at our own pace and with some flexibility in regards of what is meaningful (i.e. Kids and hobbies)" (Truitt, 2014). While it is ultimately up to the individual to make the appropriate changes in regards to work-life balance, it is an HR professional's role to help set the standards. One issue that human resources sometimes wrestle with is work-life balance, the distribution of employees’ time and energy between work and family, health, activities, and all of life's other non-work necessities. "Studies have shown that too much work can lead to a variety of stress-related illnesses that sap workers’ vitality, making them more prone to errors on the job, absenteeism, burnout and turnover" (Hakala, 2008). It is beneficial for companies to encourage employees to sustain healthy work-life balances. Below are some tips that companies can use to keep their work forces beneficial and productive: 1. Management support for work-life balance is crucial and it must come from higher up. Having the support of management can facilitate the coordination of technical and information in an organization so that you do not have to, and also people are more susceptible...
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...Industrialization improved American life in many ways, however, industrialization also created difficulties for American Society. There are many examples to support industrialization after the Civil War. One example would be the proportion of high school graduates. America saw an upsurge in 17 year old graduates upright the Civil War. This meant that the nation was going to have more cultivated people who partook in government matters and a change in the type of people who detained jobs. However, the number of employed children under 15 years old was also increasing. This meant that these kids who were supposed to be getting an education, were being subjugated, sometimes earning a lot less than any other employed group of workers. The living circumstances these children were visible to might have been a reason for them working so young. The living conditions many children were open to were underneath what the poor have seen. Houses that were built to dwell in a family of four was shared by several families. Many of the houses didn’t have water supply and the streets were very dirty. Circumstances like these were meant to be repressed by the poor working people. It seemed that the rich were getting richer and the poor were getting poorer. Industrialization meant that the people with money will devote to have more money and the people that worked could spend the little money they earned buying those products. Industrialization meant exploitation of the working people. Women and children...
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...Social Inequality essay plans for Part b) 30 mark question Evaluate the usefulness of sociological explanations of ethnic inequalities.(30) Evaluate the view that society is institutionally racist (30) Adapt according to question given Introduction Ethnic inequalities are still significant in the UK – give a few examples. Suggest some explanations e.g Racism, Institutional racism, social class of ethnic minorities (Marxism), welfare dependency (New Right). This essay will identify and assess these explanations. AO1 Define types of Racism e.g Barker and new racism, institutional racism – McPhearson report on murder of stephen lawrence – racism in met police. Jenkins suggests recruitment to jobs is more word of mouth and disadvantages ethnic minorities. Modood 1994 28% of african caribbean people surveyed said they felt they had been refused a job on grounds of race. AO2 There are many government acts such as Race relations acts which should prevent discrimination AO2 However because racism is implicit (hidden) now it can be difficult to prove in court. AO1 Marxists such as Westergaard and Resler argue that race is a distraction from the real issue which is social class. It is capitalism which disadvantages certain groups and ethnic minorities are more likely to be in lower classes. AO2 However this ignores the existence of racism in society e.g in education where black boys have the highest exclusion rates in school. AO1 Another marxist explanation by Castles...
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...Work-Life Balance Work-life balance is a term which includes the proper prioritizing between the working life such as career and ambition, and lifestyle such as family, leisure, health and spiritual development. It is also very important to employee job satisfaction as most companies today are having difficulties to attract and retain their workers especially in the Millennial and Y generations. It is largely due to the dissatisfaction towards the lack of work-life balance as they prefers flexibility in where, when and how they work, even to the stage where they are willing to have a pay cut or forgo a promotion in order to manage their work-life demands better (Schulte, 2015). Therefore, it is necessary for the organizations to provide support to their employees such as flexible working arrangements, dependent care and personal or family leave in order to retain and attract their workers. Besides that, lack of work-life balance provided by the organization will also affect the company itself as employees who are constantly attached to their jobs would deal with the symptoms of burnout and stress and more likely to suffer health problems which then appears to take sick leaves more often, and less efficient, less sociable and overall harder to work with. Therefore, it is best for the both employer and employee to avoid such factors through smart human resource management, as with most things in life, moderation is key to success (Boundless, 2015). There are several...
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...equality because the hierarchies that dictate the duties and rights of citizens marginalize and deny rights to people of different genders, race, and class. The exclusionary principles of citizenship are apparent in the post modern-state citizenship regime and are exemplified through the disenfranchisement of women, people of color, and the working class. Wallerstein sheds light on the effect of the adoption of citizenship when he writes of how “the inclusiveness of citizenship was exclusion. Those who were not citizens of the state had become by definition aliens—citizens, perhaps, of some other state, but not of this state.” (Wallerstein pg. 2). This quotation shows how the idea of citizenship allowed many to have these rights to freedom and voting but also marginalized those who were not considered citizens. He also says that “all do not have the right to play an active role in the formation of public authorities; all are not active citizens. Women (at least at the present time), children, foreigners, and those others who contribute nothing to sustaining the public establishment should not be allowed to influence public life actively” (Wallerstein pg.3). Through this quote Wallerstein specifies which people citizenship excludes by...
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... Grandparents and father are from Madrid Spain, grandparents and mother and from Ecuador. On the other hand, my father is the youngest of a family of 12 kids. He became an industrial engineer and end up working in underground mining. His job was very dangerous, long days of work and the responsibility was huge. But the paid was very high. The think he liked the most was the option to travel to other places in and outside the country. The job most of the time was tragic and sad for the families of the miners; people will end up dying for many reasons. This job has been one of the longest job he did. My father salary was good when he started, then with time things change as the economy change, with the years the impact was mostly for newer people in the industry. Because of his position he had all the benefits working for the company. For example: if he wanted to invest stocks in the company, medical and insurance benefits. He was treated good most of the years he got to work for the company, the only think he mention about disliking in the company was the fact that he couldn’t have too much of a social life with people he was in charge at work. The work wasn’t like to work in a office and that you are able to have a more social life to know one another, when your working in a mining, the most important thing of the day is to get the work done and make sure about the security of the workers. When my father started his job in mining he got his...
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...SMRT Bus Driver Case: More pay but more work? A study of union, management and employees’ relationship and dispute management SMRT Bus Driver Case: More pay but more work? A study of union, management and employees’ relationship and dispute management 1. Negotiating Labour Agreement between Union and Management Both unions and management of organizations have their individual objectives that could be similar or different accordingly to their perspectives. In Singapore, with tripartism, both union and management together with the government would settle their differences through a collective agreement. From the perspective of the management, profitability, growth and effective human resource management are the three main goals. For the unions, besides the management’s goals, they are concern about the welfare of the employees. Some companies believe that it is better off remaining non-union and adopt a hard-bargaining approach towards the unions. However, some eventually accept the philosophy that with both parties cooperating, it will create a win-win situation for both and gain more out of the collaborations. Any interest dispute that was raised by employees or employers could be resolved via two collective bargaining approaches of distributive bargaining or mutual gain bargaining. The distribution bargaining approach creates a win-lose situation while mutual gain bargaining a win-win situation. In order to illustrate how...
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