...A STUDY ON RADIATION PROTECTION AMONG PATIENTS AND STAFF IN THE IMAGING DEPARTMENT AT KENYATTA NATIONAL HOSPITAL. RESEARCH DONE BY: DENIS NOVENA MUNG’AHU COLLEGE NUMBER: D/MIS/10007/191 RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL IMAGING SCIENCES-NYERI CAMPUS IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE STUDY. JANUARY 2013 KENYA MEDICAL TRAINING COLLEGE P.O BOX 466 NYERI. Contents DECLARATION 1 DEDICATION 3 List of abbreviation 4 Operational definition 5 Chapter 1 6 1.0 Introduction 6 1.1 Broad objective 6 1.2 Specific Objectives 6 1.3 Problem Statement 6 1.4 Research Question 7 1.6 Study Justification 8 Chapter 2 9 Literature review 9 2.0: Introduction 9 2.1: Practice of radiation protection principles by the radiographers 10 2.1.1: Beam collimation by the radiographer 10 2.2.2: Beam Limiting Devices 11 2.2.2: Technique Selection 12 2.2.3: Patient identification 12 2.2: The practice of the radiation protection principles 13 The principle of limiting time 13 2.2.2 The principle of distance 14 2.2.3 The principle of applying shielding 15 2.3 To determine patients' level of knowledge 15 2.4 Conclusion 16 Chapter 3 16 Methodology 16 3.0 Background information 16 3.1 Position and size 16 3.2 Topography, climate and temperature 17 3.3 Population 17 3.5 Design 18 3.6 Study area 18 3.7 Sampling size determination 18 3.8 Ethical consideration 19 CHAPTER 4 19 APPENDIX I...
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...with our portable x-ray machines by performing transformation upgrades to both existing analog units or to trade them in and use their value to offset the total price incurred by the purchase of new units. This paper will discuss several factors that may affect the decision making process, along with a preliminary analysis of the problem through the use of marginal analysis. Executive Summary The decision to purchase a new system or to upgrade the existing x-ray machine, the hospital administration must consider the lowest cost for the hospital. By minimizing the cost for the x-ray machine the hospital will lower cost for the patients and the community that it serves. Current system The current x-ray machine flat value would be $12,000 each. Each day the hospital uses the current machines to make 8.5 x-rays per day. The average revenue for each x-ray is $65.00. The hospital calculates the revenue of the machines by multiplying the number of x-rays by the revenue ($65.00 x 8.5 = $553 per day). Looking at the total revenue for the year, $553 per day x 365, the hospital sees revenue of $201845 per year. Cost consideration #1 The administration first looked at the cost of upgrading the existing x-ray machines. The cost to upgrade (2) GE AMX 4 Plus Portable X-ray Units is $88,000 each. The upgrade utilizes the existing units transport mechanism, battery pack and charging components, the current x-ray generator and x-ray tube. When the reconditioning...
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...doctor may be able to tell if a bone is broken. Bone is the hardest tissue in the human body, but when bones are subjected to forces that exceed their strength, they may break. Doctors can usually recognize most fractures by examining the injury and taking X-rays. Sometimes an X-ray will not show a fracture. In these situations, other tests can be performed. Looking at broken bones effects all the people. “From broken bones to disease the X-Ray is one of the most useful medical advancements in history.” (). “An X-ray is a common imaging test that has been used for decades to help doctors view the inside of the body without having to make an incision.”() Bone is living tissue. It consists of cells, blood vessels, connective tissue, proteins, and fibers, as well as minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. Bones break when they are extreme force or stress. X-rays of the injured area usually confirm the diagnosis of a broken bone. This is the most common way to evaluate a fracture, which provides clear images of the bone. The doctor will most likely use an x-ray to verify the diagnosis. They can show whether a bone is intact or broken. They can also show the type of fracture and exactly where it is located within the bone. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, as are radio waves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation and microwaves. One of the most common and...
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...The importance of X-Rays in the veterinary field is not one to be over looked. Animals are not just pets to some people. Some rely on their existence to perform everyday tasks that others may take for granted, such as opening the refrigerator or crossing the street. Some animals go beyond companionship and perform jobs that save many lives. Above all else, animals, whether domestic or wild, play an important role in our ecosystem (Importance of Animals and Plants in Ecosystem , 2014). So it is easy to understand why there are so many professionals that are dedicated to their health and well-being. Radiographs are not limited to human use but also benefit many other species. Since animals cannot speak and express pain like people can, radiographs are used to help veterinarians identify certain diseases or injuries. Conventional X-ray machines can be found in the veterinary office; however, since animals hardly stay still, sedation is often used. This may cause more complications to certain procedures. A new development, called the NOMAD Pro Veterinary, has changed the way many veterinarians are looking at X-Ray procedures. The NOMAD Pro Veterinary is a portable, battery operated X-ray device that is ideal for intraoral radiographs as well as limbs and extremities (Aribex). This lightweight handheld device weighs only 5.5 pounds, allowing for the operator to easily maneuver it. It is safe to use and its special lead-free internal shielding and an external backscatter shield...
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...Service Level Improvements County Hospital X-Ray Department Sullivan University MGT 620 David E. Beck Luke Bubenzer Joseph Brent Hardin Marco Monteiro Executive Summary County Hospital has identified an opportunity to improve the patient experience when utilizing the existing x-ray department. Patients have expressed dissatisfaction with the amount of time needed to complete the entire x-ray process. The process improvement team has identified several different tactics that can be pursued in order to improve the patient satisfaction. This proposal discusses several viable alternatives. X-Ray Department Current Operation Current system is not patient compatible in terms of time spent in the process. Current system is not patient compatible in terms of time spent in the process. The main concern with the current operation is the amount of time needed for each patient to complete the entire x-ray process. This process is defined as when the patient leaves his physician’s offices to go to the x-ray center. The process is complete when the patient leaves the x-ray center and the physician receives the developed x-rays via courier service. Excessive numbers of steps lead to patient dissatisfaction and excessive costs on wasted materials and labor. Excessive numbers of steps lead to patient dissatisfaction and excessive costs on wasted materials and labor. There are several keys steps in the process for each patient. The first step is that...
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...X-Radiation Project Abstract This project will look at the history of X-radiation in its notable historical forms and trace the use of the technology all the way to contemporary forms of X-Radiation, including computed tomography. The origins of the two technologies will be traced as well as the improvements that have been made to them over the past number of decades. The importance of the technology will be assessed in terms of its efficiency and usefulness in the context of modern medicine. The finding is that CT, CAT, and X-ray allow for great convenience, lower cost, and higher quality imaging than is possible without these technologies. Background & State of the Art The story of X-rays begins in the late Nineteenth Century when a German professor named Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen introduced the discovery that a cathode ray tube could create a fluorescent glow of crystals that were placed on a surface near the tube (NA, 2014). After giving the cathode ray tube a higher voltage and removing all air from the inside of the tube, the professor found that the tube gave nearby objects a fluorescent glow of light. The upshot for the professor from this improvised experiment was that the tube must be giving off a new kind of ray that scientists were not yet familiar with. The most significant part of Roentgen’s discovery, for modern medical purposes, at least, was that the new ray...
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...curious about the body, its structure, and how it functions. This led to the many creative individuals who helped pave the way for radiology; from as early as first century Archimedes and his explanation on the reaction of solids to George Eastman who produced a patented roll of film. All of these discoveries and inventions helped give birth to the discovery of x-rays by Physicist, Wilhelm Roentgen. His discovery of a new kind of ray, spurred the age of modern physics and turned the world upside down in diagnostic medicine. Wilhelm Roetgen was born on March 27, 1845 in Lennnep, Germany. His parents were Fedrick and Charolette...
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...ASSIGNMENT: CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE Name: Faisal Ahmed Moshiur Group: A Batch: 10 Roll: SH-99 Name: Faisal Ahmed Moshiur Group: A Batch: 10 Roll: SH-99 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO): An oscilloscope is easily the most useful instrument available for testing circuits because it allows you to see the signals at different points in the circuit. The best way of investigating an electronic system is to monitor signals at the input and output of each system block, checking that each block is operating as expected and is correctly linked to the next. With a little practice, we will be able to find and correct faults quickly and accurately. The screen of a CRO is very similar to a TV, except it is much simpler. We will not go into the similarities except to say that the "picture tube" on a TV and the "screen" on a CRO are both a special type of valve called a Cathode Ray Tube. It is a vacuum tube with a cathode (negative electrode) at one end that emits electrons and anodes (positive electrodes) to accelerate the electron beam up/down and left/right to hit a phosphor coating at the end of the tube, called the screen. The electrons are called cathode rays because they are emitted by the cathode and this gives the oscilloscope its full name: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope or CRO. Internal Components 1. An indirectly heated cathode which provides a source of electrons for the beam by "boiling" them out of the cathode. 2. The anode (or plate)...
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...The pancreas is located in the middle of the abdomen. It’s surrounded by the stomach, small intestine, liver and spleen. It’s about six inches long and shaped like a thin pear, wide at one end. It has three sections: wider right end is the head, the middle is the body and the left end is the tail. The pancreas has two functions; to make enzymes that help digest fats and proteins and the other, to produce insulin that controls the blood sugar level called glucose. It consists of Islet cells (1 of 3 types), which are endocrine glands. This means the Islet cells secret the insulin directly into the blood stream. The pancreas contains many more of these Islet cells than the body needs to maintain a normal insulin level. Even when half of the pancreas is removed, the blood sugar level can still remain normal. The pancreas is also made up of exocrine glands, which produce enzymes for digestion. When the blood sugar levels aren’t normal, it’s a disease called diabetes. Diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is a deficiency of the hormone insulin or the inhibition of its action with the cells. The insulin acts like a bridge between the glucose and the cells. In the US there are about 16 million people who suffer from diabetes. It is the seventh most common cause of all deaths. Diabetes is most common in Native American females over 45 years of age. There are two main types of diabetes. The firsts is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). In IDDM the body either doesn’t...
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...|1832 |Michael Faraday |Studied the effect of electricity on solutions, coined term "electrolysis" as a splitting of molecules with electricity, | | | |developed laws of electrolysis. Faraday himself was not a proponent of atomism. | |1859 |J. Plucker |Built one of the first gas discharge tubes ("cathode ray tube"). | |1869 |Dmitri Mendeleev |Arranged elements into 7 groups with similar properties. He discovered that the properties of elements "were periodic | | | |functions of the their atomic weights". This became known as the Periodic Law. | |1873 |James Clerk Maxwell |Proposed electric and magnetic fields filled the void. | |1879 |Sir William Crookes |Discovered cathode rays had the following properties: travel in straight lines from the cathode; cause glass to fluoresce; | | | |impart a negative charge to objects they strike; are deflected by electric fields and magnets to suggest a negative charge; | | | |cause pinwheels in their path to spin indicating...
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...navigation, search Fluoroscopy | Intervention | A modern fluoroscope | ICD-10-PCS | B?1 | MeSH | D005471 | A barium swallow exam taken via fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the internal structures of a patient through the use of a fluoroscope. In its simplest form, a fluoroscope consists of an X-ray source and fluorescent screen between which a patient is placed. However, modern fluoroscopes couple the screen to an X-ray image intensifier and CCD video camera allowing the images to be recorded and played on a monitor. The use of X-rays, a form of ionizing radiation, requires the potential risks from a procedure to be carefully balanced with the benefits of the procedure to the patient. While physicians always try to use low dose rates during fluoroscopic procedures, the length of a typical procedure often results in a relatively high absorbed dose to the patient. Recent advances include the digitization of the images captured and flat panel detector systems; modern advances allow further reduction of the radiation dose to the patient. Contents [hide] * 1 History * 2 Invention of commercial instruments * 2.1 Analog instrument * 2.2 Digital instrument * 3 Risks * 4 Equipment * 4.1 X-ray image intensifiers * 4.2 Flat-panel detectors * 4.3 Contrast agents * 5 Imaging concerns * 6 Common procedures using fluoroscopy * 6.1 Gastrointestinal fluoroscopy *...
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...every animal to receive the best of care. In recommending hardware one must first own a computer that has the following: hard drive, optical drive, and memory. A desktop would be an ideal choice with these functions. A PC would be preferred seeing as it can perform more of the functions needed in this particular field in health care. The computer should will need a lot of memory for files and back up files. Veterinary technicians will need to be able to record information...
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...SPEED READING (SKIMMING AND SCANNING) Skimming and scanning are two specific speed-reading techniques, which enable you to cover a vast amount of material very rapidly. SKIMMING Skimming is reading for an overview of the material, to get a general idea of what the text is about. It helps the reader form a general opinion about the text. It’s a method of rapidly moving your eyes over the text to get only the main ideas and a general impression of the text. Skimming is the most rapid of all reading. It doesn’t require reading every word. It is a useful study technique for reading course books or reading for assignments. If students first skim through the chapter to get a general idea and then go back to read in detail, they will better understand it. How to Skim: * Read the title. * Read the introduction or the first paragraph. * Read the first sentence of every other paragraph. * Read any headings and sub-headings. * Notice any pictures, charts, or graphs. * Notice any italicized or boldface words or phrases. * Read the summary or last paragraph. SKIMMING EXERCISE # 1: Here is a reading passage. Read ONLY the first line of each paragraph. Do not read the whole paragraph. Then answer the questions at the end. READING PASSAGE Here I want to try to give you an answer to the question: What personal qualities are desirable in a teacher? Probably no two people would draw up exactly similar lists, but I think the following would be generally accepted. First, the teacher's...
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...The main improvement of modern fluoroscopy 1. Background/ Introduction Fluoroscopy was invented at late 19 century,over a hundred years.Although now fluoroscopy is a very popular medical examination taken in hospital and gives a good diagnosis and treatment effectiveness evaluation.Like all other invention it is not born with perfection but with many correction to become better. It is all account for timeless trial and error. from the scientist. ; 2. Principles/ theoretical frameworks of the imaging equipment; The principle of fluoroscopy is similar to plain X-ray.When X Ray irradiated tissue with different radiodensity, the X Ray being attenuated differently and gives different light intensity.From it born till 1950s the people see the X ray by a cardboard with a layer of fluorescent substance which turns invisible X Ray into very weak visible light which allow continuous imaging without processing the x Ray film in the dark room for a long .After the commercialize of television the image is being processed by the analog and computer then show on television monitor. 3. In-depth Discussion; Just slightly more than...
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...Introduction X rays have been used in the healing arts immediately after their discovery. However, it was soon recognized that the radiation could cause harmful effects and henceforth one has never read the word ‘radiation’ in a newspaper or a magazine without the modifier ‘dangerous’, ‘deadly’ or ‘harmful’. Ever since its fatality was known, a great deal of effort has been devoted to developing equipment, techniques and procedures to control radiation levels and hence reduce unnecessary radiation exposure to radiation workers and the public. Because we are unable to conduct controlled studies, most of what we know about the harmful effects ionizing radiation has been gathered from health consequences results from its uses and its historical events such as Chernobyl, Nevada Test Site and the most recent Fukushima incident. Providing radiation protection for workers and the public is the practice of health physics. Health physicists delve into designing equipment, calculating and constructing barriers, and developing administrative protocols to maintain radiation exposures (Bushong, 2001). Based on the knowledge of the adverse effects of radiation to the human body, on would practice the principle of as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). One would practice the former principle through the use of cardinal principles which includes time, distance and shielding. Using these as foundation, radiation protection is further enhanced through radiation protection features that...
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