...psychology can be explained in three different schools of psychology; structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism. The first school of thought is structuralism. The founder of structuralism was Edward Titchener. He believed that when working with someone or something that the mind, body, and soul were examined and not the external self. Titchener believed that the content of the mind was what psychology was all about. Unlike his teacher Wilhelm Wundt, “father of psychology”, Wundt believed that there were many different things that could affect the outcome of an experiment such as myth religion and language. His attempt to understand the human mind through the structure of consciousness is what has led into the first school of thought, structuralism. The second school of thought is functionalism. The founder of functionalism was William James. He believed that the mind had a role or function in the environment. After the thought of structuralism was founded, James began to think that the theories of structuralism led him to the idea that the mind worked in the role instead of the processes of the mind. James sees it as if someone was to physically harm themselves then the behavioral output will complement the pain. With that said, another theory came into play. That which would change the way we looked at the human mind once again. Now comes behaviorism. The founders of behaviorism were John Watson and B.F. Skinner. There theory is that the environment has a huge effect on the...
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...1. Describe some differences between scientific research and some informal research that you have done. Give an example of how your informal research activity could be done using a formal scientific approach. First, we need to understand the difference between “Scientific” and “Informal” research. Scientific Research is a method based on collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data within a framework. It is Information based on observation or measurement and free from bias or emotions. All aspects of the investigation are described in sufficient detail, so that the study can be repeated by anyone. Informal research is simply a set of data gathering that lacks the formality and controls that the full scientific method would require. As an executive for a large real estate franchise and Small Business owner I consistently use both all the time in order to analyze things. A good example is every month I review our production and financial numbers with a specific scientific method and approach to ensure all company ratios are in order and nothing looks out of the ordinary before I close month end. During that process, we have sales staff that excel and others that don’t if you only look at the numbers. However, sometimes the numbers are not all what they seem and some of our newer sales associates may not have the “official” numbers but by simply talking with them and reviewing what they have done, you can tell that many are on the verge of having an exceptionally successful...
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...approximately 26 to 36 out of 10,000 school-age children that are diagnosed with Asperger’s syndrome (Ehlers & Gillberg, 1993). Like classic autism, there is no known factor that causes Asperger’s Syndrome. Though many parents believe there is link autism by childhood vaccinations, there is no documented proof that the two are related (Downs, 2011). Treatment for Asperger’s Syndrome can be reviewed with the four major schools of psychotherapy; structuralism, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology and psychoanalysis. Structuralism is to analyze the mind in simple components and find how the components fit into a complex form, (Britannica, 2011). Behaviorism is a theory that all behaviors are learned through conditioning. Gestalt psychology theory is based off perception, (Britannica, 2011). Psychoanalysis is based on observation of individuals that are unaware of their behavior and emotions, (APSAA, 2011). Individuals living with Asperger’s Syndrome may not benefit from all four major schools of psychotherapy. Behaviorism and psychoanalysis may be the best method of treatment when coping with Asperger’s. Behavior psychotherapy is the clinical application of behavioral principles, (Pomerantz, 2008). Since Asperger’s Syndrome is not a curable disorder, behavioral therapy may help individuals with the disorder. Behavioral therapy can benefit the child with AS when paired with...
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...studies of B.F Skinner and Jean Piaget in the field of learning revolutionized the understanding of learning processes, and undoubtedly paved the way for future psychologists. The findings of B.F Skinner and his theory on operant learning expanded the horizons of his generation. Jean Piaget also constructed the basis by which we evaluate the logical capabilities of youth, and he developed a theory of schemas. Both of these eminent psychologists have left a mark on the field of learning, and while both are dissimilar, they have common themes and continuities that cannot be overlooked. Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born on March 20, 1904, to William Arthur Skinner (a lawyer) and Grace Madge Burrhus, born with an aptitude for mechanical toys and gadgets. In his adolescence he showed interest in works by Charles Darwin and Francis Bacon. In his early adult life he attended Hamilton College in Clinton, New York where he studied English language and Literature, during his time at University he was heavily engaged in the campus magazine, and was known for his hand in pranks. After graduation he was exposed to Behaviorism by the literary magazine Dial, and read further into Conditioned Reflexes by Ivan Pavlov, he soon realized that he was interested in human behavior and was convinced by a close friend that science was the next big thing, he decided to engage in work in psychology. He enrolled at Harvard in 1928, and began experimenting on animals in a lab at the school, after he earned...
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...Behaviourist Approach The behaviourist approach believes that all behaviours are as a result of learning or conditioning. The theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviours are acquired through conditioning is called Behaviourism. Conditioning occurs as a result of interaction with the environment. The environment (i.e. the people and the events in it) cause our behaviour. Behaviourist believe that we learn or we are conditioned to behave the way we do and our responses to environmental stimuli shape our actions. Types of Behavioural Conditioning The two ways in which we learn from the environment are through classical and operant conditioning. 1, Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a type of associative learning method discovered by Ivan Pavlov. Classical conditioning occurs when two things commonly occur together, the appearance of one bring the other to mind or a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. It is where an animal or human learns to associate something new with something that naturally causes a response. That “new thing” then causes the same response by itself. For example, a dog start salivating when presented with meat. Then the meat was paired with a ringing bell so whenever the meat is shown a bell would ring. After presenting the dog with the pairing a number of times, the bell ring without showing the meat but the dog still salivate. In this example…. Meat (unconditioned stimulus) >> salivation...
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...Behaviorists trust that practically every human feeling is "molded by propensity and can be learned or unlearned" (Williams, 2015)). Though Psychoanalysts trust that everything people do is totally controlled by the oblivious personality at some level. “When individual demonstrations - accomplishes something with arms, legs or vocal lines - there must be a constant gathering of predecessors filling in as a "cause" of the demonstration. This is the premise of Behaviorism as expressed by one of the originators of the hypothesis. They trust that everything people and creatures do be educated sooner or later in time, beginning at the embryonic level, and has either been unlearned or adjusted somehow and that these practices can be examined by "irrefutable perception" simply like any of alternate...
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...TOPIC SUBJECT HEADINGS For use in Online Catalog (OPAC) SUBJECT HEADINGS For Sample Database Searches Abortion Abortion; Pro-Choice Movement; Pro-Life Movement Abortion Acid rain SEE ALSO Pollution Acid Rain Acid Rain Adoption (interracial, unmarried persons, gays) Adoption; Gay parents; Interracial adoption Adoption AIDS AIDS (Disease); AIDS (Disease) in children AIDS (Disease); Pediatric AIDS (Disease) Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease Animal rights Animal experimentation; Animal rights Animal experimentation; Animal rights Anorexia and Bulimia SEE Eating disorders Athletes and drugs Doping in Sports Drugs and Athletes Banking Bailout (2008) Bailout Battered women SEE ALSO Wife Abuse Abused women Conjugal abuse Birth control Birth control; Contraception Birth control; Contraception Black Reparations Movement Reparations; Slavery--Law and legislation Reparations Body language Body language; Gesture; Nonverbal communication Nonverbal communication Bullying Bullying Bullying; Cyberbullying Business ethics Business ethics; Corporations - Corrupt practices Business ethics; Business enterprises, Corrupt practices Capital punishment (Death Penalty) Capital punishment; Death row Capital punishment Cancer Cancer--Prevention SEE ALSO types of cancer, such asBreast--Cancer Neoplasms--Prevention and Control;Cancer Treatment Censorship SEE ALSO Freedom of the Press Censorship; Prohibited...
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...Kenetta Cannon General Psychology Instructor Rykala Thomas 05 September 2013 Living In Fear John Watson’s theory of Behaviorism, which is that people respond to their environment, can be applied to my everyday life. In particular, I developed a fearful demeanor, because of the violence in my neighborhood. As a child I spent most of my youth living in rough communities, but this was not frightening considering I have a lot of siblings. My siblings and I were able to walk around and play outside peacefully. When there would be shootings or high volumes of crime my parents just would keep us inside. This situation also was not bad, because again there were many of us to play with each other. As an adult I am more conscious of my surroundings. Moreover I have a daughter and husband, whom I am afraid of losing, due to violence. In 2010, my husband was beat in the head and robbed while walking home from work. Ever since that incident we have changed. Even though we rent an apartment, we now have an alarm system. We start our car up from the house and move quickly to the car and vice-versa. We never walk anywhere in our neighborhood, and our four year old daughter never plays outside with the other children. During the holiday season starting around Black Friday and until after Christmas, our neighborhood has high volume of home burglaries. As a result, my family never shops during the daytime hours; we shop only during evenings or nights. If we...
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...expectations) are among the out-group. By defining themselves as an in -groups, it makes it easier for an individual to act out against those they consider a out-group member. The creations of in and out groups are fabricated at a young age. In the case of countries known for frequent acts of terrorism, their society teaches their inhabitants to hate out-groups, defining them as targets of destruction. Taylor & Horgan (2006) describe this phenomenon as “the incremental process through which youngsters become committed insiders of counter-culture youth groups” (p. 581). To be more basic in explanation, societal pressure and norms create terrorists. The old adage, “it takes a village to raise a child,” is true when it comes to making a terrorist. The social attitude of that community becomes a part of who ever lives in that area and therefore, sets the way they think. Another perspective is the view of Behaviorism. The Behavioral view believes that behaviors are classically conditioned through reinforcement, which comes through positive and negative reinforcement. There is also operant conditioning. Weiten (2011) states, “Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences” (p. 196). One could argue that Military training operates under the basic premise of...
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...THE STUDY HABITS OF CEU-AAT STUDENTS A research proposal presented to the faculty of: School of Accountancy and Management In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course: Communication Skills 14 (Technical Writing) By: Dianne Cruz JashleneDela Cruz Patricia T. Perez March, 2014 INTRODUCTION: The extent of student`s learning in academics may be determined by the grades a student earns for a period of learning has been done.It is believed that a grade is a primary indicator of such learning. If a learner earns a high grades it is concluded that they may also have learned a lot while low grades indicate lesser learning. However, many experiences and studies found out that there are also several factors that would account for the grades. No single factor can be definitely pointed out as predicting grades. It has been interplay of so many factors – gender, IQ, study habits, age, year level, parent`s educational attainment, social status, etc. In fact, almost all of existing environmental and personal factors are a variable of academic performance, However, at this point in time, we would like to know the study habits and its effects to the academic performances of Centro Escolar University, Manila – AAT Students.Habit is a second nature; it is routine of a person what he or she does in every condition. It cannot be changed; it may be good or bad. It does not get affected by the changing of place or schedules. A habit is something that is done on a scheduled...
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...2. VERSUS COMPARE a. In Realistic metaphysics, the thinker (subject) and the thing–thought–of (object) are taken to exist simulataneously and indepen dently. Both the thinker, the subject, i.e., the ‘I’, and the object, the things of the world, are taken to exist independen tly and on their own strength. The existence of the objects do not depend on the subject. Idealistic metaphysics starts with the examining the question of existence by first taking up and proving the existence of the ‘I’, the subject. This is seen in the famous Cartesian dictum: I think, therefore I am. The existence of every other thing is then taken up from the viewpoint of this ‘I’, their existence is secondary to the ‘I’ and their reality or not depends on the ‘I’. b. epistemological realism is the idea that observable characteristics exist in the observed object, independent of the observer. Likewise epistemological idealism is the idea that the characteristics exist in the mind of the observer independent of the object. example of "If a tree falls in a forest does it make a sound?" Someone who is a strict epistemological idealist will say, no, because no one is there to observe the tree falling to interpret what happened as making a sound and thus it cannot create a "sound". But someone who is a strict epistemological realist will say, yes, because sound is just pressure waves in the air and there does not have to be an observer in order to make a "sound". C 3. The present educational system...
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...Sources, such as the American Psychological Association, credit Plato, with founding the first formal institution of education, “After returning to Athens, Plato set up his own school, which was called the Academy. Philosophy and other subjects were taught there, and the Academy continued to produce scholars for many centuries after Plato died.” (Downey, 2006, para. 6). Aristotle, according to legend, was the teacher of Alexander the Great. The most notable theory from this time the Socratic Method, which consists of posing probing questions to students rather than espousing a hierarchy of knowledge. Brief History of its Founding Modern theories such as behaviorism, founded in the early twentieth century, are associated with theorists including Watson, Skinner, Pavlov and Thorndike. Watson known as the father of behaviorism proposed an alternative to the views of Wilhelm Wundt the founder of the discipline of psychology in1879. (Moore, 2011, p. 1). According to Moore, “Wundt assumed that the study of consciousness or subjective mental life was the appropriate subject matter for psychology.” (Moore, 2011, p. 1, para.1). Watson proposed that study and analysis should focus on observable behavior and that concerns with consciousness only hampered the process. (Driscoll, 2005, p. 31)...
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...Albert Bandura (born December 4, 1925, in Mundare, Alberta, Canada) is a psychologist who is the David Starr Jordan Professor Emeritus of Social Science in Psychology at Stanford University. For almost six decades, he has been responsible for contributions to many fields of psychology, including social cognitive theory, therapy and personality psychology, and was also influential in the transition between behaviorism and cognitive psychology. He is known as the originator of social learning theory and the theory of self-efficacy, and is also responsible for the influential 1961 Bobo doll experiment. A 2002 survey ranked Bandura as the fourth most-frequently cited psychologist of all time, behind B. F. Skinner, Sigmund Freud, and Jean Piaget, and as the most cited living one.[1] Bandura is widely described as the greatest living psychologist,[2][3][4][5] and as one of the most influential psychologists of all time.[6][7] In 1974 Bandura was elected to be the Eighty-Second President of the American Psychological Association (APA). He was one of the youngest president-elects in the history of the APA at the age of 46. Bandura served as a member of the APA Board of Scientific Affairs from 1968 to 1970 and is well known as a member of the editiorial board of nine psychology journals including the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology from 1963 to 1972.[8] At the age of 82, Bandura was awarded the Grawemeyer Award for psychology and is known as one of the most influential psychologists...
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...Advertising Photoshopped Women Lorrie Myren Western Governors University Issues in Behavioral Science GLT1-111.6.2-12 Evelyn Giddens, PhD Abstract In the United States, an estimated 50 percent of young women and girls are dissatisfied with their body image. This percentage can be as high as 80 percent according to some psychologists. In the last 20 years, this estimate has grown due to the increased use of digital enhancement used in media advertising, namely Photoshop. (Purtle, 2012) ("Mirror, mirror", n.d.) Studies have shown that American children receive an estimated 5,260 messages of attractiveness through the media, by adolescence. The United States also has the world’s highest rates of obesity and eating disorders. This statistic crosses a melting pot of backgrounds and cultures which eliminates any genetic reason; instead societal messages from the media should be addressed. (Ross, n.d.) Advertising Photoshopped Women Social problem Eating disorders in the United States has been a social problem for many years, with up to 24 million people of all ages and genders affected. 50 percent of these people also fit the criteria for depression and only 35 percent of these receive treatment. Considered a norm violation type of social problem, many eating disorders are directly and indirectly caused by the media advertising digitally altered body images in their campaigns. ("Eating disorders statistics", n.d.) Thus, the problem can now be considered a...
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...John had multiple affairs, leading to a divorce with Mary. A few years later John married his graduate student Rosalie Rayner and had two more children James and William. in 1906 John was hired as an instructor at the University of Chicago, and in 1907 John was hired as an associate professor of psychology at John Hopkins University. John had so much interest in psychology that he gave his own lecture “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it” at Columbia University in South Carolina. His speech had psychologist starting to question the ideas of the nature of consciousness and the methods of studying it, they were told to be Archaic Methods and inappropriate subject matter (Find the Right Therapist). Later on John proposed the Idea of “Behaviorism” which assumes that behavior is visible and can be matched with other noticeable events.(Theories of Learning in Educational...
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