...Learning Personality Theories Learning Team C PSY/405 Theories of Personality January 23, 2012 Professor XXXXX Learning Personality Theories Personalities develop and learn from observing others, society, experiences, and the environment. Different theories have been created to explain how a person learns and develops. Three learning personality theories discussed here are the behavioral analysis theory, the social cognitive theory, and the cognitive social learning theory. The strengths and limitations of the three theories will be analyzed that will provide small, but noticeable edges on the other. A description of how each theory affects personality will be discussed. In closing, an explanation of how each learning theory proposes interpersonal relationships are influenced will be examined. Strengths and Limitations Behavioral Analysis Theory An advantage of the behavioral analysis theory is that it is based on observable evidence. This theory contains important concepts such as reinforcement, used as effective therapies to treat undesirable behaviors. Although proven to be an effective therapeutic theory it has many weaknesses. It does not account for learning that does not involve negative or positive reinforcement, nor does it explain adaptive behavior. Proponents of this theory also argue that this approach is too deterministic and cannot be accurate, as it does not account for free will or emotion (Feist & Feist, 2009). Social Cognitive Theory Much like behavioral...
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...Social Exchange Theory Social exchange theory is a social psychological and sociological perspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties. Social exchange theory posits that human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives. The theory has roots in economics, psychology and sociology. Social exchange theory features many of the main assumptions found in rational choice theory and structuralism. Social exchange theory was introduced in 1958 by the sociologist George Homans with the publication of his work "Social Behavior as Exchange". He defined social exchange as the exchange of activity, tangible or intangible, and more or less rewarding or costly, between at least two persons. After Homans founded the theory, other theorists continued to write about it, particularly Peter M. Blau and Richard M. Emerson, who in addition to Homans are generally thought of as the major developers of the exchange perspective within sociology. Homans' work emphasized the individual behavior of actors in interaction with one another. Although there are various modes of exchange, Homans centered his studies on dyadic exchange John Thibaut and Harold Kelly are recognized for focusing their studies within the theory on the psychological concepts, the dyad and small group. Lévi-Strauss is recognized for contributing to the emergence of this theoretical perspective from his work...
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...Kevin Powell Warren Tillson Social Exchange Theory Social exchange theory is a social psychological and sociological perspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties. Social exchange theory posits that human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives. The theory has roots in economics, psychology and sociology. Social exchange theory features many of the main assumptions found in rational choice theory and structuralism. Social exchange theory was introduced in 1958 by the sociologist George Homans with the publication of his work "Social Behavior as Exchange". He defined social exchange as the exchange of activity, tangible or intangible, and more or less rewarding or costly, between at least two persons. After Homans founded the theory, other theorists continued to write about it, particularly Peter M. Blau and Richard M. Emerson, who in addition to Homans are generally thought of as the major developers of the exchange perspective within sociology. Homans' work emphasized the individual behavior of actors in interaction with one another. Although there are various modes of exchange, Homans centered his studies on dyadic exchange John Thibaut and Harold Kelly are recognized for focusing their studies within the theory on the psychological concepts, the dyad and small group. Lévi-Strauss is recognized for contributing to the emergence of this theoretical...
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...Marxist literary criticism has, as the name indicates, its basis in the theories of Karl Marx and his associates. The main idea of Marxism is that “instead of making abstract affirmations about a whole group of problems such as man, knowledge, matter, and nature, he examines each problem in its dynamic relation to the others and, above all, tries to relate them to historical, social, political, and economic realities” (BO). Marx argued that the real foundation of society was the economic structure, that political and legal superstructures rose from this base, and that “[i]t is not the consciousness of men which determines their existence; it is on the contrary their social existence which determines their consciousness” (BO). The most fundamental argument of Marxist literary and cultural theories is that they do not see art as something that is separate from society – art is, as Eagleton says, “part of the ‘superstructure’ of society” (5) – and the central concern of Marxist literary criticism is the relationship between the economy and the literature. Marxist critics argue that art is social because it is produced and received in concrete contexts, and because the creator is someone with a class, gender and racial identity – the author is, unavoidably, “part of her own context” (Haslett 8). Art, in Marxist readings, “is interpreted as a material practice, perhaps because it relies on ‘technology’… is concretely realised in situations which themselves are material… ...
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...Rheolaeth Business Ethics and Social Responsibility SBUS6003 October 2015 – Term 5 February 2016 – Term 6 SBUS6003 Business Ethics and Social Responsibility MODULE CODE: TITLE: DATED: SBUS6003 Business Ethics and Social Responsibility 02/06/2011 LEVEL: CREDITS: 6 20 TEACHING METHODS: Lectures Workshops Independent Study JACS CODE: N200 8% 16% 76% AIM(S) • To introduce students to the particular problems and opportunities experienced in adopting or ignoring corporate social responsibility. • To develop students’ understanding of the relationship between business ethics and management decision making • To develop students understanding of sustainable business issues and how they can be managed, promoted and developed in a business context. LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this module students should be able to: • critically evaluate the tipple bottom line of sustainability as a key goal for business ethics; • critically evaluate the role of ethical theory in decision making in business. • critically appraise stakeholder expectation and its relationship with corporate governance and social responsibility; • research and critically analyse ethical challenges in different organisations; • investigate and critically evaluate an organisation’s management of corporate social responsibility. CONTENT • Environmental orientation and the three main goals of sustainable development; Social, economic and environmental...
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...sociologists interpret social life and place the theory into one of three major frameworks. A theory is a statement pertaining to how some parts of the world fit together and how they work. (Henslin, 2013) The three theories sociologists have created are based on observations made while examining social life during interactions at the macro level and micro level. These theories include: symbolic interactionism, functional analysis and conflict theory. The main focus of symbolic interactionism is that symbols, those to which we formulate meaning, help us to understand how we view the world and communicate with one another. (Henslin, 2013) Symbolic interactionism observes face-to-face interaction on the microsociological level. When we look at objects and give them meaning, we know how to behave in the various relationships of our world. Symbolic interactionism is present everywhere in our daily lives. If we view a stop sign while driving, we know that this symbol requires us to stop. George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) is a sociologist and one of the founders of symbolic interactionism. Mead taught his views on symbolic interactionism at the University of Chicago. After his death, many of his lectures were compiled into a book, Mind, Self and Society. (Henslin, 2013) The second theory, functional analysis, is based on the idea that society is made up of interrelated parts that work together in harmony as a whole. (Henslin, 2013) Functional analysis theory observes events that...
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...Ethics and Social Responsibility Ethics and Social Responsibility To gain further understanding into ethical and social responsibility one should begin by comparing the similarities and differences between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. Through further insight of these similarities and differences one can begin to comprehend the importance ethics and social responsibility plays in personal and business success. The analysis below describes the differences in how each theory addresses ethics and morality. The analysis also includes a personal experience explaining the relationship between virtue, values, and moral concepts as they relate to one of the three theories. The conclusion explains how this information on ethics and social responsibility provides a road to success or failure, depending on the implementation of the knowledge one gains from the data and the decisions one makes. Utilitarianism Theory Working in teams is a very big part of today’s work environment. People work in teams at work as well as in the home. Teamwork is also a big part of the learning environment at University of Phoenix as well as other higher learning institutions. A good team player develops skills that can lead to successful completion of projects and helps with decision-making. Putting the best interest of the team before one’s personal interests is utilitarianism (Boylan, 2009). According to Boylan, “utilitarianism is a theory that suggests that an...
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...Structuralism Essay Introduction Functionalism created a number of concerns in the late 1950s that shaped a “climate of receptivity to a rather different form of analysis, known as ‘structuralism’” (Bell, 1997, pg.42). Structuralism aimed to uncover the underlying meanings and patterns of social constructs. These meanings can only to be found by interpreting the ritual participants unconscious understanding of the symbols used and the overall context. Levi-Strauss is the founding father of structuralism, as it is applied to anthropology. Many have refined his thesis such as E.E.Evans-Pritchard and Arnold van Gennep. This essay outlines the main features of the theoretical position, the key proponents of the theory as well it critically examines structuralism as a theory used for ritual interpretation. Main features of Structuralism Bronislaw Malinowski among other ritual theorists “began to ask: if such symbols, beliefs, and patterns of ritual activity do not serve simply to maintain the patterns of social relationships, then what do they mean to the people who use them? (Bell, 1997, pg.34). Spawning from functionalism, structuralism is the theory that analyses the function of rituals and how they promote social order and community. Furthermore, structuralism aims to analyse the meaning of ritual activity such as the ideologies and core group values that are conveyed through symbols and the underlying patterns (Bell, 1997). “Structuralism in its widest sense is all about...
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...Final Exam Social Psychology Professor Anderson-Woodard Alfreda Leonard June 17, 2011 Cognitive dissonance - was originally based on the concept of cognitive consistency, but is now more related to self-concept theory. When people do something that violates their view of themselves, this causes an uncomfortable state of dissonance that motivates a change in either attitudes or behavior. Cognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable feeling caused by holding conflicting ideas simultaneously. The theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance. They do this by changing their attitudes, beliefs, and actions.[2] Dissonance is also reduced by justifying, blaming, and denying. It is one of the most influential and extensively studied theories in social psychology. Observational learning (social learning) - suggests that behavior can be acquired by observation and imitation of others, unlike traditional learning theories which require reinforcement or punishment for learning to occur. Self-perception theory - emphasizes that we observe ourselves in the same manner that we observe others, and draw conclusions about our likes and dislikes. Extrinsic self-perceptions can lead to the overjustification effect. Self-verification theory - focuses on people’s desire to be known and understood by others. The key assumption is that once people develop firmly held beliefs about themselves, they come to prefer that others see them as they...
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...Management theories IJMR 2007managerial and relational Reviews of corporate social responsibility © Blackwell Journal of Ltd 2007 1460-8545 Oxford, UK ARTICLES Blackwell Publishing Ltd Utilitarian, managerial and relational theories of corporate social responsibility Davide Secchi Concepts and theories of corporate social responsibility (CSR) have been examined and classified by scholars since the mid-1970s. However, owing to the evolving meaning of CSR and the huge number of scholars who have begun to analyze the issue in recent years fresh efforts are needed to understand new developments. Since there is a great heterogeneity of theories and approaches, the task remains a very hard one, mainly because heterogeneity derives from multi-disciplinary diversity. The criterion for selection is to consider the role that theorists confer to the firm. Following this idea, three groups of theories have been discerned: (1) the utilitarian group, in which the corporation is intended as a maximizing ‘black box’ where problems of externalities and social costs emerge; (2) the managerial category, where problems of responsibility are approached from inside the firm (internal perspective); (3) relational theories, or those in which the type of relations between the firm and the environment are at the center of the analysis. The three perspectives allow the reader to understand the most significant differences between the various theories of CSR. The objective is to classify the theories and to...
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...institution of science suffer from a curious limitation. It is as if all those who analyse the subject were overawed by the grandeur of modern science, and their studies were in the nature of tributes laid at the feet of this great saviour. All analysis starts from the assumption that modern science is a set of value-free theories that uniquely explain reality. After the scientists in the early 20th century started overhauling their theories in a big way, it was granted that the value-free theories of science that explain reality may do so only partially at a given time, but as science progresses, its theories explain more and more of reality and the process converges towards the ‘ultimate’, ‘unique’ law that explains everything. Committed to this idealist picture of a unique value free science, the philosophy of science is reduced to a set of attempts at finding the epistemological criterion, internal to science, that allows the scientist, unencumbered by any extraneous considerations, to choose the true theory out of a competing set; the sociology of science is reduced to writing down the set of social norms, self-imposed by the scientific community, which ensure that the technical criterion that guarantees the selection of the ‘true’ theory is strictly adhered to and the historiography of science is reduced to writing a catalogue of the achievements of modern science, discovering the contributions made by more ancient sciences to the modern science and , more...
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...STUART DODD (1900) Contributed the S theory as a qualitative systematic theory of society. The symbol S representing situation. Situations are of 4 components; time, space, population, and characteristics. GEORGE ZIPF (1902-1950) The guiding postulate of his theory is the “principle of least effort”- that is, in situations allowing alternatives, people choose those procedures that result in the "least average rate of probable work” WILLIAM OGBURN (1886-1959) Contributed the “hypothesis or theory of culture lag”- the lag between the adaptive culture (nonmaterial culture) and the more advanced material culture. HUMAN ECOLOGY ROBERT PARKS (1864-1959, American) Introduce the term human ecology competition as the basic process in human relationships; biotic factors as the proper field of study in human ecology. ERNEST BURGESS (1886-1996, American) Introduced the Concentric Zones Theory in the development of cities. AMOS HAWLEY His “ecological theory” proposes five ecological processes which bring about changes in the pattern of relationships: concentration expansion or centralization, contraction or decentralization, segregation and conversion. WALTER FIREY Advanced the socio-cultural ecology; posited the theory that space may have symbolic value; cultural definition and cultural values in the giving of meaning to space. EUGENE ODUM Advance the “equilibrium theory” or a balanced development that is maintaining...
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...sphere. It is through political activity that economic control develops into a vast social and cultural leadership....
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...Bibliography Parker, Marilyn. Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company, 2005. Parker's book offers detailed information about nursing theorists and their work towards developing nursing theories. She intends to honor the work of the theorists by emphasizing the significance of the theories in the field of nursing and its development as a profession. she includes illustrations and statements that are very helpful in understanding the theories. Each chapter was developed having different pattern depending upon the context and its scientific perspective. It aims to give an encouragement for contributors and to make each chapter complete and interesting. This book offers assistance to nursing students in exploring and appreciating nursing theories and their use in nursing practice and scholarship. Rather than a practical handbook to producing and/or publishing, this book is indispensable because of its honest perspective and its encouraging approach. This book is very useful in making concept analysis because every concept is clear and organized in a way that it can easily be understood. Moreover, its content are very detailed and extensive which made it very favorable. Walker, L.O.,& Avant, K.C. Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing(3rd ed.). Norwalk, CT: Appletion & Lange, 1995. The book of Avant and Walker offers detailed and easy-to-understand information about constructing theories in nursing and a very detailed step in analyzing...
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...Title of Assignment: A critical review of two articles relating to aspects of contemporary organizational design 1) M Orlitzky, F L Schmidt & S L Payne, Corporate Social and Financial Performance: A Meta-Analysis, in Organization Studies, 2003; 24; 403-441 2) E J Walton, The Persistence of Bureaucracy – A Meta-Analysis of Weber’s Model of Bureaucratic Control, in Organization Studies, 2005; 26; 569-600 Organisational Design is concerned with constructing and changing an organisation’s structure to achieve the organisation’s goals. In order to understand organisation, we have to look at the two dimensions; structural and contextual. Structural dimensions provide labels like formalization, specialization, hierarchy of authority, centralization, professionalism and personnel ratios, to describe the internal characteristics of an organisation, and they create a basis for measuring and comparing organisation. Whereas contextual dimensions, they characterize the whole organisation, including its size, technology, environment and goals, and also describe the organisational setting that influences and shapes the structural dimensions. For some time, researchers have studied the relationship between a firm’s corporate financial performance (CFP) and its corporate social performance (CSP). Although many studies indicated that CSP is a determinant of CFP, other aspects of some research have been inconsistent. Some studies are criticized for using unrealizable CSP measures;...
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